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PubMed2002

From the philosophy auditorium to the neurophysiology laboratory and back: from Bergson to Damasio.

Henri Bergson (1859-1941) was probably the most influential French philosopher at the turn of the twentieth century. In 1927 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. Far beyond the restricted academic philosophical milieu, the impact of his thinking reached personalities as diverse as Claude Debussy, Marcel Proust, George Bemard Shaw, and the impressionists. His essay The Laughter (Le Rire) is one of the most profound and original ever written on the sense of humor. Bergson's opinions, with their emphasis on life, instinct and intuition, represented a deviation from the rationalist mainstream of western philosophical tradition. In some circles he was received with skepticism and irony, as in Bertrand Russel's History of Western Philosophy. Today, unbiased by theoretical "bergsonism," neurophysiologic research--as undertaken mainly by Antonio Damasio's team at Iowa University--confirms many of his hypotheses and elucidates their mechanisms. In this new light, intuition and "recognition by the body" should not be seen as the personal fantasy of an original thinker but as fundamental cognitive tools.

Agnosia↗
PubMed1975

Forecasting patient tray census for hospital food service.

Five computerized forecasting models were tested with data on daily patient tray demand in a large medical center food service, and results were compared with intuitive forecasts made by the food service supervisor. All five models gave more accurate results than the intuitive procedure; an adaptive exponential smoothing model was most accurate. The effects of model complexity and data storage requirements are discussed, and simple exponential smoothing is suggested for forecasting patient tray demand in this setting.

Computers↗
PubMed2002

The cognitive demands of an innovative query user interface.

Too often, online searches for health information are time consuming and produce results that are not sufficiently precise to answer clinicians' or patients' questions. The PERSIVAL project is designed to circumvent this problem by personalizing and tailoring searches and presentation to the demands of the user and the particular clinical context. This paper focuses on a cognitive evaluation of one component of this project, a Query User Interface (QUI). The study examines the system's ability to allow users to easily and intuitively express their information needs. We performed several analyses including a cognitive walkthrough of the interface and quantitative estimations of cognitive load. The paper also presents a preliminary analysis of usability testing. The analyses suggest that there are features in the QUI that contribute to a greater cognitive load and result in greater effort on the part of the subject. The results of usability testing are consistent with these findings. However, subjects found it to be relatively easy and intuitive to generate well-formed queries using the interface. This study contributed to the iterative design of the interface and to the next generation of the PERSIVAL system.

Attitude to Computers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Robotically assisted endoscopic ovarian transposition.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian transposition is the anatomical relocation of the ovaries from the pelvis to the abdomen. Transposition is beneficial in women who are to undergo pelvic radiation, because it allows maintenance of ovarian function and preservation of assisted reproductive capacity. METHODS: The da Vinci surgical system (Intuitive Surgical, Mountainview, CA, USA) was used to perform an endoscopic ovarian transposition. The ovaries were mobilized on their respective infundibulopelvic ligaments and sutured to the ipsilateral pericolic gutters. RESULTS: A series, of laboratory sessions using the da Vinci system was completed at our institution's training facility. Surgical experience included cadaveric pelvic dissection and abdominopelvic procedures on anesthetized porcine models. Additional didactic and laboratory training, including a certification examination, was obtained from Intuitive Surgical, Inc. The first clinical case of robotically assisted endoscopic ovarian transposition was performed. CONCLUSIONS: Robotically assisted endoscopy was successfully used for ovarian transposition.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[The medicine of nurturing life energy--health creation and self-organization].

It is reality that human's body and mind are being created by life energy through every moment of life. As modern medicine does not consider this life energy itself, the most modern people hardly does not think it's intuitive meaning and use it to actualize their health and happiness in life. They can consider the outcome of life phenomena in the fields of physical, psychological, sociological and ethical sides, but they can not ask what life energy is, and subsequently can not use it in their life. Therefore, they live to make effort to actualize how to change life style considering of medical scientific facts (Evidence-Based-Medical Health Care). The intuitive life's action which can contact with the outer worlds, has the dynamic relationship with them and it creates new body and mind continuously. Modern medicine has not researched this dynamic life energy itself. What has life energy, single gene, single cell, single organ such as the brain and heart and single human beings, have been maintained their life by using their common and universal two life energies which are called self-organization, self-creativity and communicative ability. These two life energies of them were communicating with themselves or each others and their environments, and recreating their form and function continuously every moment of lives. It was conceptualized "Body-Mind-Spirit (Life-energy)-Life Dynamics". All of life phenomena which are not only diseases but also health, come from the results of "Body-Mind-Spirit-Life Dynamics". When we communicate with the outer worlds in "Real Self", human beings will keep the highest state of "Body-Mind-Spirit-Life Dynamics". We clarified that human beings can actualize the healthy and happy lives by themselves from understanding this idea, it also means for them to be able to create healthy personality through their lives and we clarified new assessment way of life energy simultaneously.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗
PubMed2003

Considerations for the representation of meta-data for the support of structured data entry.

OBJECTIVES: Research and decision support require patient data to be structured. Flexible data representation, to cope with expansion and new recording demands, can be achieved through abstraction of the data model. Such a model, however, does not include explicit information for the support of structured data entry (SDE), i.e. the definition of what is relevant to say in a specific context. The objective of this paper is to provide considerations for an intuitive conceptual representation of such meta-data for domain experts. METHODS: The content of meta-data for SDE is compared with that of controlled medical terminologies in the context of its purpose. RESULTS: Upon analysis of medical descriptions, a network and a tree both emerge as an intuitive structure to represent meta-data for the support of SDE. The pros and cons of a tree versus a network are dominated by the challenges of representing multiple contexts for description. Meta-data for SDE only partially overlap with the content of controlled medical terminologies. CONCLUSIONS: Integration of meta-data for SDE and controlled terminologies would benefit standardization and retrieval, but the requirements for flexible data entry are at odds with the rigidity and limited granularity of a standard. The preferred strategy seems to be a mapping between the concepts from a terminology standard and meta-data for SDE.

Data Display↗
PubMed1992

Meridional profiles of variance-covariance of dioptric power. Part 1. The basic theory.

It has recently become possible to calculate and represent variation or spread of dioptric power in a meaningful way. This is important for the proper analysis and interpretation of data on dioptric power in a number of areas of the vision sciences. The representation takes the form of a symmetric matrix of six (usually) variances and covariances. Although the matrix is satisfactory for several formal statistical purposes, such as the testing of hypotheses, it does not give an intuitively satisfactory picture of the extent and nature of the variation, nor is it easy to interpret in a way that could be useful to the researcher or clinician. A useful graphical representation of variation can be constructed from the variance-covariance matrix. It consists of curves that show the meridional dependence of the variation. These meridional profiles of variation give a complete and intuitively satisfactory picture of the nature and extent of the variation of power and are potentially of general use to researcher and clinician. A complete theoretical basis is provided for the construction of meridional profiles of variation of dioptric power. An accompanying paper employs the theory to construct profiles for a number of representative samples of dioptric power.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

A new instrument for controlling pressure exerted on the sclera during contact Nd:YAG laser cyclodestruction.

We tested the device described by Rol et al in their article in this issue, designed to define and precisely control the pressure applied to the sclera during contact cyclodestruction with a cw-Nd:YAG laser. Since scleral transparency, and hence transmission of laser energy, depends on the pressure applied, control of this parameter represents an important advance toward the goal of standardizing the cyclodestructive procedure. In eight of nine cadaver pig eyes, pressure was exerted on the sclera using the pressure-controlling device, with a setting of 0.25 N for two of these eyes, and one of 0.4 N for the other six. In the remaining eye, pressure was controlled intuitively by an experienced surgeon. Applying forces of 0.25 or 0.4 N yielded similar success rates, although these fluctuated greatly even under constant pressure conditions (from 17% to 50% at 0.25 N; from 27% to 42% at 0.4 N). The highest success rate (55%) was achieved by the intuitively controlled pressure irradiations of the experienced surgeon. The variation in coagulation intensity that occurred despite constant pressure suggests that additional factors contribute to the results achieved. Nonetheless, this pressure-controlling probe represents an important achievement. It will permit not only the novice but even experienced operators to adhere unambiguously to a protocol of quantitative, reproducible parameters, and will also help researchers to better understand the relationship between energy delivered and intraocular pressure reduction achieved in contact cyclophotocoagulation.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Perception of quality and trustworthiness of Internet resources by personal health information seekers.

OBJECTIVES: This paper focuses on one dimension of personal health information seeking: perception of quality and trustworthiness of information sources. DESIGN: Intensive interviews were conducted using a conversational, unstructured, exploratory interview style. SETTING: Interviews were conducted at 3 publicly accessible library sites in Arizona, Hawaii and Nevada. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-eight non-experts were interviewed. RESULTS: Three separate and distinct methods used to identify credible health information resources were identified. Consumers may have strong opinions about what they mistrust; use fairly rigorous evaluation protocols; or filter information based on intuition or common sense, eye appeal or an authoritative sounding sponsor or title. CONCLUSIONS: Many people use a mix of rational and/or intuitive criteria to assess the health information they use.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1992

The SQLX system: generating explanations for clinical rules encoded in SQL.

We have developed a system to provide case-specific explanations for SQL query results. The explanation facility, called SQLX, is intended to improve user acceptance of clinical rules that are encoded in the SQL query language and are triggered by updates to a relational database. Our design goal is to combine the efficiency and familiarity of the SQL query model with a more intuitive and case-specific display of query results. SQLX defines an augmented SQL syntax that allows the incorporation of explanation text directly into query specifications. A query analyzer determines which retrieved data logically contribute to rule firing, and combines the data with explanation text to generate a case-specific explanation. Although features of the SQL query model limit the use of this method as a general-purpose rule-explanation facility, the current design accommodates a wide range of SQL query formulations and can provide efficient processing and intuitive explanations of many clinical rules.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed2004

A comprehensive review of anti-reflux procedures completed by computer-assisted tele-surgery.

Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common esophageal disorder. Although GERD is an illness primarily treated by medical management, patients refractory to, or those unwilling to endure long-term medical therapy often undergo anti-reflux surgery. Laparoscopic surgery made the surgeon's task technically more challenging. While laparoscopy provides a good field of vision, all depth perception is lost. Furthermore, the movements of the chopstick-like instruments are counter-intuitive with limited degrees of freedom, diminished tactile feedback, and disassociated movement. Now that advanced minimally invasive surgeons have acquired the necessary skills to overcome these hurdles, technology has developed a way to make laparoscopic surgery easier. The latest advance in laparoscopic surgery is computer-assisted telesurgery (CATS) which allows the surgeon to be seamlessly submerged into the surgical field while being seated at a distance from the patient. The technological advances afforded by CATS make minimally-invasive surgery easier by adding stereoscopic vision, which provides depth perception, and the endo-wrist, which provides wrist-like dexterity within the abdominal cavity. The advantages of CATS are: the ergonomic positioning of the surgeon thus decreasing fatigue; stereoscopic vision with possibility of 10x magnification; wrist-like manual dexterity with intuitive motion; motion-scaling and tremor elimination all of which enhance precision and accuracy. A small yet growing body of evidence has provided information which suggests that the use of CATS for anti-reflux surgery is equivalent to the current gold standard, unassisted laparoscopy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Statistical and integrative approach for constructing biological network maps.

A goal of systems biology is to build a concrete biochemical network map, which provides an important instruction to trace the pathways of interest or to understand the mechanism of a biological system. In the postgenomic era, not only the concrete biochemical maps, but also postgenomic maps (mRNA coexpression and protein-protein interaction networks) have been extensively produced. In the biochemical map, the individual reactions are reliable, but the number of the reactions is limited, because molecular biology requires extensive experiments to verify them. By contrast, postgenomic data provide much information regarding interactions, but are coarse-grained. To expand the biochemical network, an intuitional approach, which superposes postgenomic data on the map one by one, has been carried out, but it is not effective when a large amount of the coarse-grained data is handled. In order to effectively integrate such postgenomic interactions into a biochemical map, a statistical approach would be suitable rather than intuition. In this article, we proposed a novel statistical approach that integrates postgenomic interaction networks into the biochemical network, predicting novel pathways. A statistical correlation for such different types of networks identifies functional modules; subsequently the superposition of the different networks on the functional modules predicts inter-modular relations, which are the key pathways to construct a large-scale biochemical network.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2005

Interactive 3D region extraction of volume data using deformable boundary object.

This study aims to establish an interactive and intuitive region extraction environment for volume data. A volume clipping method using deformable boundary object is proposed to support 3D region extraction task. Slice-based volume rendering of boundary elements enables to visualize clipped results in real time. Geometrical transformation and physics-based deformation support intuitive modification of 3D region of interest. Some extraction tasks are tested using CT data set on the developed system. All tests confirmed real-time visualization of clipped results is effective for interactive 3D region extraction in volume visualization and virtual object modeling.

Elasticity↗
PubMed2003

Statistical and visual morph movie analysis of crystallographic mutant selection bias in protein mutation resource data.

The relationship between protein mutations and conformational change can potentially decipher the language relating sequence to structure. Elsewhere, we presented the Protein Mutant Resource (PMR), an online tool that systematically identified related mutants in the Protein DataBank (PDB), inferred mutant Gene Ontology classifications using data-mining, and allowed intuitive exploration of relationships between mutant structures. Here, we perform a comprehensive statistical analysis of PMR mutants. Although the PMR contains spectacular conformational changes, generally there is a counter-intuitive inverse relationship between conformational change and the number of mutations. That is, PDB mutations contrast naturally evolved mutations. We compare the frequencies of mutations in the PMR/PDB datasets against the PAM250 natural mutation frequencies to confirm this. We make available morph movies from PMR structure pairs, allowing visual analysis of conformational change and the ability to distinguish visually between conformational change due to motions (e.g., ligand binding)and mutations. The PMR is at http://pmr.sdsc.edu.

Bias↗
PubMed2006

Neuro-ontological interpretation of spiritual experiences.

The prevailing neuroscientific paradigm considers information processing within the central nervous system as occurring through hierarchically organized and interconnected neural networks. The hierarchy of neural networks doesn't end at the neuroaxonal level; it incorporates subcellular mechanisms as well. When the size of the hierarchical components reaches the nanometer range and the number of elements exceeds that of the neuroaxonal system, an interface emerges for a possible transition between neurochemical and quantum physical events. "Signal nonlocality", accessed by means of quantum entanglement is an essential feature of the quantum physical domain. The presented interface may imply that some manifestations of altered states of consciousness, unconscious/conscious shifts have quantum origin with significant psychosomatic implications. Healing methods based on altered states of consciousness and common in spiritual or shamanic traditions escape neuroscientific explanations based on classical cognition denoted here as "perceptual-cognitive-symbolic" (characteristic of ordinary states of consciousness). Another channel of information processing, called "direct-intuitive-nonlocal" (characteristic of non-ordinary states of consciousness) is required to be introduced for interpretation. The first one is capable of modeling via symbolism and is more culturally bound due to its psycholinguistic features. The second channel lacks the symbolic mediation, therefore it has more transcultural similarity and practically ineffable for the first one, though culture specific transliteration may occur. Different traditional healing rituals pursue the same end: to destroy "profane" sensibility. The ritual use of hallucinogens, the monotonous drumming, the repeated refrains, the fatigue, the fasting, the dancing and so forth, create a sensory condition which is wide open to the so-called "supernatural". According to contemporary anthropological views, the breakdown of ordinary sensibility/cognition is not the ultimate goal, but the way to accomplish healing, that is psychointegration in the widest sense. From the perspective of system theory, integration needs information to be brought into the system. According to the presented model, when the coping capability of the "perceptual-cognitive-symbolic" processing is exhausted in a stressful, unmanageable situation, or its influence is eliminated by the use of hallucinogens or in case of transcendental meditation, a frame shift occurs, and the "spiritual universe" opens up through the "direct-intuitive-nonlocal" channel. There is little chance either for a psychointegrative effect, or for a meaningful "opening" without ritual context, and with the recreational use of mind altering strategies. .

Cognition↗
PubMed1991

Efficiency of cohort sampling designs: some surprising results.

Cohort sampling designs are proposed which one would intuitively expect to be more efficient than nested case-control sampling. Two of these designs start with a nested case-control sample and distribute controls to sampled risk sets other than those for which they were picked. The third design has the goal of maximizing the number of distinct persons in a nested case-control sample. Simulation results show surprisingly little gain, and more often a loss in efficiency of these new designs relative to nested case-control sampling. This is due to the sampling-induced covariance between score terms. We conclude that the often stated intuition that nested case-control sampling does not make good use of sampled individuals' covariate histories is false.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Personality characteristics and career choice among dental hygiene students enrolled in non-baccalaureate programs.

The purpose of this study was (1) to determine the personality characteristics of dental hygiene students, and (2) to determine if dental hygiene students have personality characteristics similar to those of the general population. Students from three non-baccalaureate degree programs were requested to complete a demographic questionnaire and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Eighty-six percent of the 124 students responded. The MBTI data was analyzed using frequency distributions, electivity indices, and chi-square analyses. Individuals categorized as ESFJ (extraversion, sensing, feeling, and judging) and ISFJ (introversion, sensing, feeling, and judging), two of the possible 16 MBTI personality types, comprised 39% of the sample. These two personality types were found in significantly greater numbers in the study population than in a random sample of the general population. People with the ISTJ (introversion, sensing, thinking, and judging), INFP (introversion, intuition, feeling, and perception), and INFJ (introversion, intuition, feeling, and judging) MBTI personality types were found in significantly lesser numbers in the study population than in a random sample of the general population. This suggests that dental hygiene students are not drawn at random from the general population. Self-knowledge, as measured by the MBTI, could prove beneficial for prospective dental hygiene students, students currently enrolled in dental hygiene programs, and educators. Additionally, practicing dental hygienists might find that the MBTI personality assessment results could help them identify career paths in the field that would enhance career fulfillment, thereby increasing the retention of professionals in the field.

Career Choice↗
PubMed1991

Relapse prevention.

Although knowledge about relapse prevention is still at an early stage, the extant data highlight the importance of several constructs. 1. Motivation for abstinence remains central. The construct itself is often clouded because of its association with mystical notions such as willpower and self-control. We know that manipulation of environmental events can increase motivation. These interventions are effective, however, only as long as the contingencies are in effect. We need to develop and evaluate strategies for transferring contingency management to the natural environment, that is, to institutions and groups that can perpetuate them for the long term. Also, clarification of the kinds of abstinence goals needed to prevent relapse is important. 2. Coping skills have been studied by several investigators, but research on these, except for job-finding skills, is not encouraging. The skills usually taught may be too basic. Skills training oriented to complex targets, such as building nondrug-using networks, may be useful and should be further explored. 3. Social support is clearly important, yet we do not know how best to use it to promote abstinence. The little research available suggests that both familial and nonfamilial systems should be mobilized. We need to define abstinence-promoting supportive behaviors, identify and engage important support systems in treatment, and help patients expand their nondrug-using contacts. 4. Negative affect may be causally related to relapse. We need to continue efforts to identify dysphoric patients and develop interventions to ameliorate dysphoria concurrent with drug abuse treatment (cf. Zweben and Smith 1989). 5. Drug cue reactivity and extinction to drug cues have been demonstrated in the laboratory. What is needed in this promising line of research are (1) investigation of cues and cue-reactivity phenomena in the natural environment or in conditions closely mimicking that environment and (2) extinction methods that transfer from the treatment setting to the outside world. Other phenomena are not well understood but seem intuitively important. Maladaptive ways of responding to lapses, such as the AVE, are included here. Another is stress, which our patients and our clinical intuition tell us must play a role in relapse. Its exact role is far from clear.

Humans↗