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PubMed2004

[Study on preparation of the inclusion compound of curcumin with beta-cyclodextrin].

OBJECTIVE: The inclusion compound of curcumin with, beta-CD was preparated to increase the solubility and bioavaliability of curcumin. METHODS: Prepare inclusion compound was studied with orthogonal design. The inclusion compound was verified with fluorometry, TLC, and phase solubility. RESULT: The best way to prepare inclusion compound are as follows: the molar ratio between curcumin and, beta-CD is 1:1, temperture is 40 degrees C, reaction time is 2 h. CONCLUSION: Solubility of inclusion compound is 10 times than curcumin.

Biological Availability↗

PubMed2004

[Study on preparation of beta-cyclodextrin inclusion volatile oil from Rhizoma Curcumae].

OBJECTIVE: To study optimum inclusion process conditions for volatile oil from Rhizoma Curcumae. METHOD: The study was carried out with orthogonal design. The process conditions were studied by determining the utilazision ratio of volatile oil from Rhizoma Curcumae, the oil-bearing rate and extract ratio of inclusion compound. RESULTS: The optimum preparation conditions for inclusion were established as: volatile oil:beta-CD was 1:8, the inclusion temperature was at 80 degrees C and inclusion time for 3 h, ultilizasion rate of volatile oil was 86%. CONCLUSION: The method can be used for mass production.

Curcuma↗

PubMed2005

[Studies on the effects of steric hindrance of guest molecule on the formation of inclusion complexes by molecular luminescence].

Fluorescence and room temperature phosphoresce (CD-RTP) induced by cyclodextrin methods were employed to investigate the effects of steric hindrance of guest molecule on the formation of inclusion complexes of beta-cylcodextrin (beta-CD) and bromonaphthalene (BrN). It has been found that the RTP intensity of 2-BrN/beta-CD/n-Bu/ph was less than one third of that of 1-BrN/beta-CD/n-Bu/ph and fluorescence emission spectra of 2-BrN/beta-CD/n-Bu/ph had a red shift of 5-10 nm comparing with that of 1-BrN/beta-CD/n-Bu/ph under the optimum experimental conditions, respectively. These results exhibited that the steric locations of bromine in BrN strongly influenced the formation of inclusion complexes. The determination of the two quadri-inclusion complexes constants further demonstrated that the steric hindrance has a great effect on the formation of inclusion complexes. According to the above experimental results, the mechanism of formation of inclusion complexes were discussed briefly.

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Inclusion criteria as widely used for rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials: patient eligibility in a Turkish cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the proportion of patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria widely used in most clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)--including the recent clinical trials of anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFalpha) agents--in a Turkish cohort. METHODS: 186 consecutive RA patients attending a routine tertiary rheumatology clinic were evaluated in 2 groups: Early RA group (group E): 31 patients with a disease duration of < or = 3 years (mean: 1.9 +/- 0.9 years); late RA group (group L): 155 patients with a disease duration of > 3 years (mean: 13.3 +/- 8.6 years). Patients were evaluated according to 2 different sets of inclusion criteria: (i) The widely used common inclusion criteria for RA clinical studies, as outlined by Sokka and Pincus; (ii) the criteria of two major anti-TNF clinical studies, ERA and ATTRACT. RESULTS: No patients in group E, and 9 (6%) patients in group L fulfilled the common criteria used in clinical studies for RA. In group E, 28 patients had already been started on methotrexate; 2 patients were on sulphasalazine and one patient was on leflunomide. Nevertheless, even if the criterion for previous use of methotrexate was not applied patients did not fulfill the rest of the criteria of ERA study. In group L, 9 out of 155 patients (6%) met the criteria for the ATTRACT study. CONCLUSION: Only few patients met the widely used inclusion criteria for most RA clinical trials and the recent clinical trials of TNFalpha agents in this Turkish cohort. This may be explained by the milder disease activity in this geographical region, which further emphasizes the need to consider development of new criteria for inclusion in clinical trials.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Use of ampicillin-sulbactam before and after formulary inclusion.

The use of ampicillin-sulbactam before and after the product was formally placed on a hospital formulary is described. In October 1987 the pharmacy and therapeutics committee at an acute-care institution granted ampicillin-sulbactam temporary formulary inclusion on the condition that its use be audited. Formal inclusion was to be based on the results of this preinclusion audit. A second audit was to be performed if formal inclusion was granted. The data were collated after each audit, and for each patient an infectious-disease consultant proposed an alternative antimicrobial regimen representing what would probably have been prescribed had ampicillin-sulbactam not been available. Sixty-four patients received the product during the six-month preinclusion audit period. Ampicillin-sulbactam was given to 37% of the patients for indications listed in FDA-approved labeling. The dosage was considered appropriate in 88% of the patients. Clinical outcome was considered successful in 84% of the patients who received the product for known infections. Therapy with ampicillin-sulbactam was less expensive (by $4125) in 35 patients and more costly (by $1523) in 29 patients; the projected annual savings were $7805. After formal inclusion on the formulary, ampicillin-sulbactam was prescribed for some 700 patients over a 16-month period. A review in 49 patients showed appropriate indication and dosage for 63% and 84% of the patients, respectively, and an 84% rate of therapeutic success. The extrapolated cost savings were $26,429 per year. After formulary inclusion, the use of ampicillin-sulbactam increased, as did the frequency of its use for indications appearing in FDA-approved labeling.

Ampicillin↗

PubMed1990

Age-related accumulation of amyloid inclusions in adrenal cortical cells.

Cytoplasmic fine fibrillar inclusions with properties of amyloid occur as neurofibrillary tangles in the brain and in the aging choroid plexus. In the present study we show that inclusions, similar but not identical to those in the choroid plexus, are common in the adrenal cortex of elderly persons. The inclusions consist of aggregates of parallel fine fibrils, often in contact with lipid droplets and partially limited by a membrane. The inclusions have affinity for Congo red and exhibit a bright green birefringence after this staining. Therefore, the inclusions can be regarded as a form of senile amyloid.

Adrenal Cortex↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The case of loose inclusion criteria in clinical trials.

It is often believed that strict inclusion criteria must be defined before starting a comparative clinical trial of some new therapy. Strict inclusion criteria tend to make the sample of patients entered in the trial homogeneous, but they reduce the number of patients potentially available for the trial. Loose inclusion criteria, on the other hand, increase the heterogeneity of the sample, but also its size. This paper shows that loose inclusion criteria are in general preferable to strict ones, because they result in a trial of shorter duration. The implication is that unless there are good a priori reasons to exclude some subgroups of patients from a clinical trial, the broadest possible inclusion criteria should be adopted.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗

PubMed1989

The formation of biologically active beta-galactosidase inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli.

Culture conditions affecting the formation of beta-galactosidase inclusion bodies in E. coli were examined. High temperature, early induction, high salt concentration and low aeration were all found to favour an increase of insoluble beta-galactosidase and the formation of visible inclusion bodies. The ratio of soluble to insoluble beta-galactosidase decreased during the course of cell growth. When assayed for beta-galactosidase activity, the inclusion bodies were enzymatically active with a specific activity of one third that of soluble beta-galactosidase. The activity remained associated with the inclusion bodies on washing with detergent and high ionic strength buffers. These results suggest that inclusion bodies can contain correctly folded protein.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1988

Cytoplasmic inclusions within developing mouse retinal photoreceptor cells maintained in culture: possible type A retrovirus particles?

Unusual cytoplasmic inclusions were consistently observed in photoreceptor cells of explants of embryonic mouse retina maintained in culture for 21 days or longer. The inclusions were chiefly spherical (some appeared to be short cylinders) and about 76 nm in diameter. They consisted of a granular/amorphous electron-dense periphery and an electron-lucent core and were usually in clusters, often close to the Golgi apparatus or plasma membrane. They were also commonly present in photoreceptor cell synaptic terminals in the outer plexiform layer. They displayed close relationships with cisterns and tubules of the endoplasmic reticulum and many were located within dilated sacs of reticulum. Narrow, smooth-surfaced tubules appeared to run into or through the cores of some of the inclusion bodies linking them to others. Similar inclusions were not seen in any other cell types in the explants and have not been reported in previous in vivo and in vitro studies of developing or adult mouse retina. The possibility that these inclusions represent Type A retrovirus particles is considered.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions in fetal leukocytes: are Auer bodies a recapitulation of fetal morphology?

Among the most striking morphological features of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemias (ANLL) is the occurrence of eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions known as Auer rods on Auer bodies. We examined immature myeloid cells from the peripheral blood of 9 human fetuses of 16-19 wk gestation for the presence of such structures. Five of these 9 samples contained cytoplasmic inclusions, which were identical to the Auer rods typically seen in blast cells from patients with ANLL. The incidence of positive cells was low (1-5 cells/10,000 cells surveyed). The inclusions were azurophilic with Wright-Giemsa staining and were cytochemically positive with peroxidase, acid phosphatase, and Sudan black staining. We observed no inclusions in identically prepared control myeloid cells from the bone marrow of 5 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in remission and 3 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in stable phase. Nor were they present in peripheral blood myeloid cells of 10 normal adults. Myeloid precursors in long-term bone marrow culture from 2 normal adult donors did not develop the inclusions during 24 hr of incubation with prostaglandin F2 (the abortifacient). These observations suggest that Auer rod formation is an occasional but normal phenomenon in fetal hematopoiesis.

Cytoplasmic Granules↗

PubMed1980

Benign glandular lymph node inclusions.

Benign glandular inclusions may be encountered during frozen section examination in lymph nodes of middle-aged patients undergoing abdominal surgery. In the usual case, the inclusions are few, involve a single node, are located in capsule or fibrous septum, and have an absolute benign appearance. Rarely, the inclusions are numerous, are located in the lymphoid parenchyma, and may simulate metastatic adenocarcinoma. Consideration of clinicopathologic features may be helpful in this situation. In the majority of patients with a previous history of malignancy, the tumor is of squamous cell type. Extrapelvic location and occurrence in males is exceptional. Coexistence of metastatic tumor and inclusions may be seen. A case of squamous metaplasia in an inclusion is illustrated.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

The inclusion of women in clinical trials of antihypertensive medications: a review of twenty-four trials in one pharmacology journal.

Historically the inclusion of women in clinical trials of medications has been limited. To ascertain the inclusion of women in clinical trials of antihypertensive medications, an integrative review of 24 articles was undertaken. The articles were chosen from a representative journal of pharmacology from the years 1992 to 1993. Pharmacology journals frequently are the journal in which clinical trials of medications are published. All trials of antihypertensive medications in this journal from the years 1992 and 1993 were included. Analysis is made of inclusion and exclusion criteria, inclusion rates of women (22.4%), and the inclusion of the elderly and minority groups. Based on this review and others it is difficult to recommend generalization of antihypertensive medication guidelines to women on the basis of clinical trials that include few women.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Rimmed vacuoles and the added value of SMI-31 staining in diagnosing sporadic inclusion body myositis.

Problems in diagnosing sporadic inclusion body myositis may arise if all clinical features fit a diagnosis of polymyositis, but the muscle biopsy shows some rimmed vacuoles. Recently, immunohistochemistry with an antibody directed against phosphorylated neurofilament (SMI-31) has been advocated as a diagnostic test for sporadic inclusion body myositis. The aims of the present study were to define a quantitative criterion to differentiate sporadic inclusion body myositis from polymyositis based on the detection of rimmed vacuoles in the haematoxylin-eosin staining and to evaluate the additional diagnostic value of the SMI-31 staining. Based on clinical criteria and creatine kinase levels in patients with endomysial infiltrates, 18 patients complied with the diagnosis of sporadic inclusion body myositis, and 17 with the diagnosis of polymyositis. A blinded observer counted the abnormal fibres in haematoxylin-eosin-stained sections and in SMI-31-stained sections. The optimal cut-off in the haematoxylin-eosin test was 0.3% vacuolated fibres. Adding the SMI-31 staining significantly increased the positive predictive value from 87 to 100%, but increased the negative predictive value only to small extent. We conclude that (1) patients with clinical and laboratory features of polymyositis, including response to treatment, may show rimmed vacuoles in their muscle biopsy and that (2) adding the SMI-31 stain can be helpful in differentiating patients who respond to treatment from patients who do not.

Adult↗

PubMed1971

A comparison of the iodine and fluorescent antibody methods for staining trachoma inclusions in the conjunctiva.

In terms of the rate of positive diagnoses the indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) test was rather more effective than iodine for demonstrating trachoma (TRIC) inclusions in conjunctival scrapings, but the degree of advantage was not statistically significant. In duplicate scrapings stained at random by one or the other method, FA staining yielded the higher inclusion count significantly more often than did iodine. Some inclusions that failed to stain with FA were found on subsequent staining with Giemsa. A method is described for improving the post-FA Giemsa staining of conjunctival smears stored at subzero temperatures. Given adequate facilities, the FA stain is preferable to iodine for demonstrating TRIC inclusions in the conjunctiva; but the iodine method, properly used, holds advantages for field use.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2000

Novel immunolocalization of alpha-synuclein in human muscle of inclusion-body myositis, regenerating and necrotic muscle fibers, and at neuromuscular junctions.

Alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) is an important component of neuronal and glial inclusions in brains of patients with several neurodegenerative disorders. Sporadic inclusion-body myositis (s-IBM) is the most common progressive muscle disease of older patients. Its muscle phenotype shows several similarities with Alzheimer disease brain. A distinct feature of s-IBM pathology is specific vacuolar degeneration of muscle fibers characterized by intracellular amyloid inclusions formed by both amyloid-beta (Abeta) and paired-helical filaments composed of phosphorylated tau. We immunostained alpha-syn in muscle biopsies of s-IBM, disease-control, and normal patients. Approximately 60% of Abeta-positive vacuolated muscle fibers (VMF) contained well-defined inclusions immunoreactive with antibodies against alpha-syn. In those fibers. alpha-syn co-localized with Abeta, both by light microscopy, and ultrastructurally. Paired-helical filaments did not contain alpha-syn immunoreactivity. In all muscle biopsies, alpha-syn was strongly immunoreactive at the postsynaptic region of the neuromuscular junctions. alpha-syn immunoreactivity also occurred diffusely in regenerating and necrotic muscle fibers. In cultured human muscle fibers, alpha-syn and its mRNA were expressed by immunocytochemistry, immunoblots, and Northern blots. Our study provides the first demonstration that alpha-syn participates in normal and pathologic processes of human muscle. Therefore. its function is not exclusive to the brain and neurodegenerative diseases.

Cells, Cultured↗

PubMed2005

Involvement of clusterin and the aggresome in abnormal protein deposits in myofibrillar myopathies and inclusion body myositis.

Myofibrillar myopathies (MM) are characterized morphologically by the presence of non-hyaline structures corresponding to foci of dissolution of myofibrils, and hyaline lesions composed of aggregates of compacted and degraded myofibrillar elements. Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is characterized by the presence of rimmed vacuoles, eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm, rare intranuclear inclusions, and by the accumulation of several abnormal proteins. Recent studies have demonstrated impaired proteasomal expression and activity in MM and IBM, thus accounting, in part, for the abnormal protein accumulation in these diseases. The present study examines other factors involved in protein aggregation in MM and IBM. Clusterin is a multiple-function protein which participates in Abeta-amyloid, PrP(res) and a-synuclein aggregation in Alzheimer disease, prionopathies and a-synucleinopathies, respectively. gamma-Tubulin is present in the centrosome and is an intracellular marker of the aggresome. Moderate or strong clusterin immunoreactivity has been found in association with abnormal protein deposits, as revealed by immunohistochemistry, single and double-labeling immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, in MM and IBM, and in target structures in denervation atrophy. Gamma-Tubulin has also been observed in association with abnormal protein deposits in MM, IBM, and in target fibers in denervation atrophy. These morphological findings are accompanied by increased expression of clusterin and gamma-tubulin in muscle homogenates of MM and IBM cases, as revealed by gel electrophoresis and Western blots. Together, these observations demonstrate involvement of clusterin in protein aggregates, and increased expression of aggresome markers in association with abnormal protein inclusions in MM and IBM and in targets, as crucial events related to the pathogenesis of abnormal protein accumulation and degradation in these muscular diseases.

Adult↗

PubMed1964

PULMONARY ALVEOLAR CELL INCLUSIONS: THEIR DEVELOPMENT IN THE RAT.

Cytoplasmic inclusions in the special pulmonary alveolar cells of adult, newborn, and fetal rats were investigated by electron microscopy and histochemistry, and lung extracts were analyzed for surface-tension activity. The inclusions were positive in the periodic acid-Schiff test after digestion with diastase and were not stained with toluidine blue; they formed myelin figures and possessed alkaline phosphatase activity. Both the typical surface tension activity and the inclusions developed 2 days before birth. These properties differentiated the inclusions from mitochondria.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed1965

LIPID INCLUSIONS IN L CELLS ASSOCIATED WITH VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS INFECTION.

Hardy, Frank M. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), and David Arbiter. Lipid inclusions in L cells associated with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus infection. J. Bacteriol. 89:1101-1103. 1965.-Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus has been shown to induce changes of lipid components within the L cell. Lipid inclusions in the form of dark granular bodies were observed in the L cell after aqueous osmium tetroxide fixation and Sudan black staining. Microscopic examination of cells as early as 8 hr after infection with VEE virus showed an increase in the concentration of these inclusions within the cytoplasm. According to various lipid solubility criteria, the inclusions were considered a combination of heterogeneous phospholipids.

Animals↗