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PubMed1994

Factors associated with the use of oral rehydration solution among mothers in west Lombok, Indonesia.

To determine factors associated with the use of oral rehydration solution (ORS) in West Lombok, Indonesia, interviews were conducted among 293 mothers in six villages with a total population of 54,324. This study included mothers of children aged less than 2 years. The children had episode of diarrhoea in the past week during the 3-month survey period of June-August 1991. Questions asked included when ORS was used, how often it was used, how to make ORS, and the availability and accessibility of ORS in the community. Mothers were observed when preparing ORS. More than 66% of the mothers questioned had used oral rehydration therapy for home management of diarrhoea, either as packaged oral rehydration solution (ORS) or as salt-sugar solution (SSS). Fifty-six percent of mothers reported giving ORS and 10% reported giving SSS. Only 37% of mothers, however, were able to prepare ORS properly, and only 9% were able to prepare SSS properly. The following factors significantly increased the likelihood that a mother would use ORS: watching a demonstration of how to prepare ORS (odds ratio 6.34), availability of ORS (odds ratio 2.37), and accessibility of ORS (3.50). However, the ability to prepare ORS properly did not significantly increase the likelihood of feeding ORS. These results indicate that demonstrations of preparation of ORS and availability of ORS are necessary to increase the use of ORS for management of acute diarrhoea in West Lombok.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Water preparation practices in south Kalimantan, Indonesia.

This study investigated water preparation practices, water sources, and sanitation measures in 400 households in four villages in Banjar district of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. A survey of randomly selected households in each of the four villages was undertaken during the season of low prevalence of diarrhoeal disease (February-March 1989). A follow-up survey of the same households was conducted 6 months later to measure prevalence during the peak season. Twenty-three in-depth interviews were carried out with key persons in local villages. Observations on behaviour in the local food stalls were recorded. The results of the study indicate that 97% of the households report that they regularly boil their drinking water. However, 37% of the households regularly or occasionally mix boiled with unboiled water for drinking, or use unboiled water alone. The mixing of boiled with unboiled water is particularly frequent in the preparation of 'cold tea', a popular drink in households and food stalls. The occasional or regular use of unboiled water varies by ethnicity, education and literacy, and economic status. The use of unboiled water is associated with higher rates of childhood diarrhoeas in the households studied.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Hasanuddinia maxomyos n. gen., n. sp. and Heligmonoides musseri n. sp. (Nematoda: Heligmonellidae) collected from endemic murines of Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Two new nematodes belonging to the subfamily Nippostrongylinae (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea: Heligmonellidae) are described based on specimens from endemic murines of Sulawesi, Indonesia: Hasanuddinia maxomyos n. gen., n. sp. from Maxomys musschenbroekii and Eropeplus canus, and Heligmonoides musseri n. sp. from M. musschenbroekii, E. canus, and Margaretamys elegans. Hasanuddinia is closest to Rattusstrongylus of Malaysian rats in lacking a carene and in having a lateromedian gradient in the size of the synlophe ridges in the ventral side of the midbody but is distinguished in that the dorsal ray is divided in the distal half. Heligmonoides musseri most resembles H. bulbosus of Maxomys whiteheadi of Malaysia in having a carene supported by slender ridges of which the proximal portion is not thickened but is distinguished in having longer externodorsal rays and longer spicules. The ancestors of the present Sulawesi nematodes seem to have originated on the southeast Asian continent, were introduced to Sulawesi with the dispersal of some murines, and subsequently speciated.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Social and behavioral aspects of filariasis transmission in Kumpeh, Jambi, Indonesia.

Studies on the social and behavioral aspects of filariasis transmission were conducted in the transmigration area of Kumpeh, in the province of Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia. Three methods were used in the study namely, interview, participation observation and focus group discussion. A total of 266 respondents (136 males and 130 females) were interviewed. The results of the study showed the most of the transmigrants were not familiar with the word "filariasis". They were more used to the name of "penyakit kaki gajah" or "elephant's leg" disease or "untut". The word "untut" is similar to what people of Selangor, Malaysia call this disease. The community attitude towards control efforts against filariasis was positive, as evidenced by their readiness in being bled and their readiness to help change the environment which serves as mosquito breeding places. Usually the transmigrants live in the "ladang" or dry farming area for 3-4 months to protect their crops from damages by pests. This habit was rather negative, because in their "ladangs" they exposed themselves to high risk of mosquito bites and thus to filariasis infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The role of primary health care in filariasis control in Indonesia.

In filariasis control in Indonesia, various regimes of DEC administration have been tried out with good results. However, the higher dosage regimes gave severe reactions. Since a trial with low dosage administration by community leaders gave very good results with minimal side effects, the execution of the control program was handed over to the Primary Health Care unit whose personnel trained community leaders to recognize the symptoms of the disease, distribute the drugs and treat side effects when they occurred. Communicable disease control through health care approach is now being promoted. The activities in the Integrated Services post are carried out by volunteers through village organizations supervised by the health care unit was established, using 1 cadre to look after the health of 10 households.

Diethylcarbamazine↗
PubMed1994

Cyclodontostomum purvisi (syn. Ancistronema coronatum) (Nematoda: Strongyloidea: Chabertiidae) from rats of Kalimantan and Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Cyclodontostomum purvisi Adams, 1933 (Nematoda: Strongyloidea: Chabertiidae) was collected from the ceca of Maxomys whiteheadi, Leopoldamys sabanus, and Niviventer cremoniventer of East Kalimantan and Eropeplus canus, Paruromys dominator, and Rattus hoffmanni (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae) in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Kalimantan and Sulawesi are new localities for this nematode, and each of the Sulawesian rats are new hosts. Presence of the external corona radiata consisting of 8 bifid elements was confirmed in Cyclodontostomum. Ancistronema coronatum Smales, 1992 is synonymized with C. purvisi. The cephalic end of Kalimantan specimens tilted dorsally more strongly than C. purvisi from Sulawesi. Cyclodontostomum purvisi seems to have a wide host range in the Murinae, being distributed widely in the area from India to Australia.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Calorie intake, frequency of stool and duration of diarrhoea in children in rural south Sumatera, Indonesia.

One hundred twenty-five children 12-30 months old in a rural area of South Sumatera, Indonesia, were followed for 6 months to observe the changes in caloric intake during their first episodes of diarrhoea. The reasons for these changes were explored. Efforts have also been made to test the association between caloric intake and frequency of stools or duration of diarrhoea. Fifty-three first diarrhoeal episodes occurring in 53 children were analyzed. During months when diarrhoea occurred, the average caloric intake during diarrhoeal episodes was 61.98% of the recommended requirements for age, compared with 74.57% of the recommended requirements for age on days without diarrhoea. Thus, there was a 17% reduction during diarrhoea (p < .05). Children with high intake (> 74.57% of recommended requirements) had more stools (p < .05 day 1; p = .059 day 2) but not significantly fewer days of diarrhoea than those with low intake (< 74.57%). Anorexia was the only dominant factor in causing reduced intake. We conclude that the reduced intake is a consequence of child anorexia and is associated with fewer stools but no change in duration. We, therefore, emphasize that mothers should be more attentive in persuading the anorectic child to eat more. This is because, although frequency of stools may increase during the first days of diarrhoea as a result of more feeding, the time to recovery is no longer than when food is reduced, and because increased feeding helps to prevent malnutrition.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1993

Hookworm infection and iron stores: a survey in a rural community in Bali, Indonesia.

A study of the rural population of the village of Belumbang, Province of Bali, Indonesia, has been conducted to assess the relationship between intensity of hookworm infection (hookworm egg count) and iron stores, hemoglobin level or hematocrit. There was a significant negative correlation between serum ferritin level and hookworm egg count. However no correlation was found between hookworm egg count and hemoglobin level or hematocrit. In a separate analysis the above correlation could be shown in male hosts but not in female hosts. It is concluded that hookworm infection, even in light infection, can interfere with iron stores, but in female hosts this effect might be masked by other factors.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Induced abortion in Indonesia.

Induced abortion is one of the most difficult sociomedical problems facing the Indonesian government. While well-known in traditional society, the practice was discouraged by all Indonesian religious groups, and forbidden by the Dutch colonial authorities. Although abortion was technically illegal under the criminal code, a judicial interpretation in the early 1970s permitted medical professionals to offer the procedure so long as they were discreet and careful. The numbers of medical abortions carried out in Indonesia rose dramatically, and there was evidence of matching declines in the incidence of morbidity and mortality caused by dangerous illegal procedures. Medical and community groups campaigned for a more liberal abortion law to protect legal practitioners and stamp out illegal traditional practices. Their efforts appeared to bear fruit in the draft Health Law, but when the law was passed by the legislature in late 1992, the issue was again clouded by contradictions and inconsistencies.

Abortion, Illegal↗
PubMed1993

Intestinal parasitic infections in Campalagian district, south Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Intestinal parasitic infections were surveyed in the inhabitants of 3 coastal and 2 inland villages of Campalagian District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, in July 1992. A total of 398 fecal samples were examined by using Kato-Katz thick smear, Harada-Mori culture and agar-plate culture techniques. Protozoan cysts were examined by formalin ether concentration technique on 380 fecal samples. Soil-transmitted helminth infections were highly prevalent with the overall positive rates as follows: Ascaris lumbricoides 25.3%, Trichuris trichiura 59.3%, hookworm 68.3% and Strongyloides stercoralis 2.3%. Eight species of protozoan were detected with the overall prevalence as follows: Entamoeba histolytica 10.9%, E. hartmanni 16.3%, E. coli 31.9%, Endolimax nana 12.5%, Iodamoeba buetschlii 5.4%, Giardia lamblia 4.6%, Chilomastix mesnili 0.8% and Blastocystis hominis 18.0%. In the inland villages, prevalence of hookworm infection was higher than Ascaris and Trichuris infections, while in the coastal villages Trichuris infection was predominant. Egg count revealed that the infection level was light in most of the hookworm and Trichuris carriers. Prevalence of lavatories among houses appeared to be inversely proportional to the prevalence of hookworm infection. Meanwhile, the incomplete structure of the lavatories might result in contamination of environment with Ascaris and Trichuris eggs. Harada-Mori culture was the most efficient method in the detection of hookworm infection compared to other techniques. Both Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale were found in all villages, but the former was the predominant species. An adult pinworm was detected by agar-plate culture of feces. Two types of pinworm males, corresponding to Enterobius vermicularis and E. gregorii, were observed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Health, safe water and sanitation: a cross-sectional health production function for central Java, Indonesia.

The study describes the development of health production functions and their application in the evaluation of the health impacts of investments in safe water and sanitation. For this purpose, data on the morbidity of waterborne diseases and diarrhoea were collected from medical records in the province of Central Java, Indonesia. A reciprocal production function was found to fit the data best. The health production functions exhibit constant return to scale, i.e., a simultaneous m-fold increase in both safe water and sanitation coverage produces a 1-1/m decrease in morbidity. Safe water was found to be more important for health than the sanitary disposal of excreta.

Diarrhea↗
PubMed1995

Clinical manifestations of dengue haemorrhagic fever in children in Bandung, Indonesia.

To describe the clinical manifestations of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) all children with a clinical diagnosis of DHF admitted to the paediatric ward of the Dr. Hassan Sadikin General Hospital (Bandung, Indonesia) between April 1st 1991 and September 30th 1993 were enrolled in a prospective study. Of the 306 children with a clinical diagnosis of DHF on admission in only 128 (41.8%) the diagnosis of DHF was confirmed by HI test. Of the confirmed cases, 24 (19%) developed shock and 1 (0.7%) died. Of the 174 cases with a negative HI test, 33 (19%) developed shock and 4 (2%) died. Four of the children died of shock before an hemagglutination inhibitor (HI) test was performed. The overall case mortality rate was 2.9%. The symptoms and signs of the 128 children with serologically confirmed DHF included fever or a history of fever (100%), petechiae (29.7%), epistaxis (39.1%), other forms of bleeding (5.5%), a positive Tourniquet test (78.1%), hepatomegaly (46.9%), epigastric pain (61.7%), vomiting (55.5%), thrombocytopenia < 100,000/mm3 (3.2% on admission and 15.3% during hospitalisation). Four (3%) children developed encephalopathy and 1 child an acute liver failure. In order to decrease the mortality associated with DHF early diagnosis and adequate case management are essential.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Helminths of reptiles from Komodo and Flores Islands, Indonesia, with descriptions of two new nematode species.

Helminths were examined from 12 different species of reptiles from Komodo and Flores Islands, Indonesia. Eight species of nematodes and 5 species of cestodes were identified. Spinicauda komodoensis sp. n. (Oxyurata) is characterized by a gubernaculum 295 micronm long. Trichoskrjabinia secundus sp. n. (Trichostrongylidae) differs from T. malayana (Baylis 1933) Travassos 1937, the only other species in the genus, by being shorter overall and having a shorter female esophagus and smaller eggs, spicules, and gubernaculum. Six new host records and 8 new geographical records are listed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The fertility impact of alternative family planning distribution channels in Indonesia.

Clinic-based distribution of contraceptive commodities is expensive per unit distributed. This situation has fueled the search for alternative means of delivery. Comparing the performance of alternatives is straightforward if the output measure is a count of commodities distributed, but comparing actual fertility impacts is another matter. I use data from the 1991 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey to assess the extent of difference among the eventual fertility outcomes of users supplied with similar commodities through varying sources. When the "modern" methods of pill, IUD, and injection are grouped together, the fertility of users supplied with these commodities differs markedly according to their source of supply. I find little evidence for self-selecting of users into supply channels. This result implies that fertility differentials by source are likely due to characteristics of the distribution channels.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Two new nematode species of Bunomystrongylus n. gen. (Trichostrongylina:Heligmonellidae) collected from Bunomys spp. (Rodentia:Muridae) of Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Bunomystrongylus n. gen. (Nematoda: Heligmosomoidea: Heligmonellidae: Nippostrongylinae) was proposed, and 2 new species, Bunomystrongylus abadii n. sp., the genotype, from Bunomys penitus and Bunomystrongylus miyagii n. sp. from Bunomys andrewsi, both collected in Sulawesi, Indonesia, were described. This genus is distinguished from other genera of Nippostrongylinae by the peculiar synlophe having round ridges without intracuticular supports on dorsal to left lateral fields in midbody, the extremely long filiform spicules, and the complexly coiled vestibule. Bunomystrongylus abadii differs from B. miyagii by having the right lobe of the bursa copulatrix larger than the left lobe, smaller length ratio of the spicules to body length, and a dorsal ray divided more distally. Bunomystrongylus is presumed to have derived from a common ancestor with Rattustrongylus and Hasanuddinia on the Asian continent and evolved on Sulawesi Island.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of the Mycobacterium leprae particle agglutination (MLPA) test as a tool in the epidemiology of leprosy in high prevalence village in South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

This study reports on the usefulness of an IgM phenolic glycolipid-1 (PGL-1) Mycobacterium leprae particle agglutination (MLPA) test for serodiagnosis of leprosy in a prospective longitudinal community survey in a high prevalence village in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, IgM PGL-1 MLPA has simple and limited value as a screening method for detection of transmission of leprosy in the community. Many normal persons in the community in a high prevalence area had increased IgM anti PGL-1 antibodies, presumably as a consequence of early subclinical infection. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the MLPA test can only reliably detect anti-PGL-1 antibodies in the community and may be useful for follow-up study of subclinical infection of leprosy among individuals living the an endemic area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Intestinal helminthiasis, nutritional status, and their relationship; a cross-sectional study in urban slum school children in Indonesia.

In a study of urban slum school children (276 boys and 231 girls), in Ujung Pandang, Indonesia, parasitological and anthropometric exams were cross-sectionally performed to assess prevalence and intensity of helminth infections and nutritional status. Prevalence of Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm was 92%, 98%, and 1.4%, respectively. 91% children had both Ascaris and Trichuris infections. About half of the Ascaris- and Trichuris-infected children (46% and 58%, respectively) had moderate infections. Stunting was seen in 55% of the children, while wasting was observed in 10%. Boys had lower nutritional status than girls (p < 0.001), based on weight-for-age (WA) and height-for-age (HA) Z-scores. Age had an inverse relationship with WA and HA Z-scores (p < 0.0004). A relationship between helminth infections and nutritional status was observed between log Trichuris egg count and WA and HA Z-scores after controlling for age, sex, and log Ascaris egg count (p = 0.048 for HA Z-score, and p = 0.058 for WA Z-score). The relationship was also found when Trichuris infection was categorized into mild, moderate, and severe infections (p = 0.017 and p = 0.001 for HA and WA Z-scores, respectively). Scheffe's test for multiple mean comparisons showed that Trichuris-infected children with above 1,000 eggs per gram feces had significantly lower nutritional status than lower epg or non-infected children (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05 for HA and WA Z-scores respectively).

Child↗
PubMed1995

Contamination of soil with parasite eggs in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Soil was examined for contamination by parasite eggs in Surabaya Indonesia. Surveys were carried out on three occassion; July, 1993 (dry season), March, 1994 (rainy season), and August, 1994 (dry season). Throughout the study, five species of nematode eggs (Ascaris lumbricoides, Toxocara cati, Trichuris trichiura, Physaloptera sp, Capillaria sp), two species of cestode eggs (Hymenolepis diminuta, Spirometra erinacei), and one species of protozoa oocyst (Isospora felis) were detected. The contamination rate and number of species found from the soil were significantly different in the dry and rainy seasons. In the dry season, the prevalence was 8-20%, with two to four species detected. During the rainy season, this rate was 83% with eight species, suggesting parasite infection to possibly occur mainly in this season. The reason for this seasonal difference may be that, in spite of constant temperature around 27 to 29 degrees C throughout the year, rainfall in the dry season in only a few percent of that of the rainy season. We concluded that parasite eggs die during the dry season owing to dryness of the soil. Contamination of soil with parasite eggs and the number of species found were greater in alley-ways and at communal water supply sites around residential areas than in open-air parks or sandy beaches. The method used in the present study proved extremely effective for ascertaining the actual dynamics of parasite infection in a certain region.

Animals↗