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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed1974

The effects of cortisone acetate on stomach evacuation and the absorption of 125I-labelled globulins in young rats.

1. After short exposure (3-5 hr) to I.P. cortisone acetate (5 mg), the reduced transmission of labelled globulin to the circulation in 14-day-old rats is due to the slow release of the oral dose from the stomach. The ability of the small intestine to absorb and transmit globulin to the circulation is comparable in control and experimental animals.2. About 26 hr after cortisone acetate treatment (5 mg), the greatly reduced absorption of labelled globulin from oral doses administered to rats aged 15 days is due to the combined effects of the slower release of the dose from the stomach and to changes which have occurred in the small intestine.3. About 50 hr after the administration of 5 mg cortisone acetate the effect on the rate of stomach evacuation is minimal in rats aged 16 days. When labelled globulin is introduced directly into the duodenum of these animals virtually no absorption occurs.4. The results obtained from the experiments in which labelled globulin was injected into the duodenum support the contention that the proximal half of the small intestine is an important site for macromolecular transport.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1962

Localization of two genetic factors to different areas of gamma-globulin molecules.

Gm(a) and Gm(b) factors are present in 7S gamma-globulin molecules and absent in 19S gamma-globulins, beta(2A)-globulins and Bence-Jones proteins, whereas the Inv(b) factor was demonstrated in all four kinds of proteins. The Inv type was identical in isolated 7S and 19S gamma-globulins of six normal sera. After papain splitting of 7S gamma-globulin, Gm determining sites were present only in the fast (F) split product and Inv determining sites were present only in the slow (S).

Bence Jones Protein↗
PubMed1974

Criteria for preparing, evaluating, and standardizing iodinated globulins for radioimmunoassay procedures.

Procedures were examined for labeling immune globulins with radioactive iodine using chloramine-T as the oxidizing agent. The chloramine-T method was critically evaluated to establish the optimal conditions for preparing iodinated globulins with high specific radioactivities without impairing their immunospecificities for use in in vitro radioimmunoassays. The results showed that the use of 100 mug of chloramine-T per ml, 500 to 1,000 muCi of Na (125)I per mg of protein, and a 10-min oxidation reaction time produced globulins of both high specific radioactivities and immunospecificities. Criteria were established for evaluating and determining optimal concentrations of iodine-labeled globulin for use in radioimmunoassays. The results of this investigation indicated that the amount of labeled indicator globulin used in radioimmunoassays should be based upon protein concentration rather than radioactivity.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Protective effects of S-sulfonated human gamma globulin against experimental infections in mice.

S-sulfonated gamma globulin (GGS), newly developed as a safe drug for intravenous use, was studied for its protective effects against some experimental infections in mice. Gamma globulin showed a good protective activity against infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli and was moderately active against infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In most cases, the potency of GGS was almost the same as that of original native gamma globulin. The duration of GGS activity in vivo was found to be comparable to that of native gamma globulin and much higher than that of pepsin-digested gamma globulin. In the control of infection due to E. coli, specific antibody was found to play a central role in the antibacterial action of GGS. When GGS was administered in combination with the antibiotics gentamicin and cefazolin for the control of infections due to S. pneumoniae or E. coli, a clear synergistic effect was observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Tissue-specific and hormonally regulated expression of a rat alpha 2u globulin gene in transgenic mice.

To investigate the tissue-specific and hormonal regulation of the rat alpha 2u globulin gene family, we introduced one cloned member of the gene family into the mouse germ line and studied its expression in the resulting transgenic mice. Alpha 2u globulingene 207 was microinjected on a 7-kilobase DNA fragment, and four transgenic lines were analyzed. The transgene was expressed at very high levels, specifically in the liver and the preputial gland of adult male mice. The expression in male liver was first detected at puberty, and no expression was detected in female transgenic mice. This pattern of expression is similar to the expression of endogenous alpha 2u globulin genes in the rat but differs from the expression of the homologous mouse major urinary protein (MUP) gene family in that MUPs are synthesized in female liver and not in the male preputial gland. We conclude that these differences between rat alpha 2u globulin and mouse MUP gene expression are due to evolutionary differences in cis-acting regulatory elements. The expression of the alpha 2u globulin transgene in the liver was abolished by castration and fully restored after testosterone replacement. The expression could also be induced in the livers of female mice by treatment with either testosterone or dexamethasone, following ovariectomy and adrenalectomy. Therefore, the cis-acting elements responsible for regulation by these two hormones, as well as those responsible for tissue-specific expression, are closely linked to the alpha 2u globulin gene.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Possible involvement of hypothalamic monoamines in mediating the action of alpha-2u-globulin on the pituitary-testicular axis in rats.

A major androgen-dependent urinary protein of male rodents, alpha 2u-globulin, has been shown to influence adenohypophyseal hormone release. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms of its action, we have examined several parameters of hypothalamic and pituitary function in adult male rats treated for 2 weeks with two injections daily of 0.75 mg alpha 2u-globulin and sacrificed 16 h after the last injection. This treatment led to an increase in plasma luteinizing hormone levels, a decrease in plasma prolactin levels, an increase in testosterone concentrations in both plasma and testicular tissue, and increases in testicular weights. The norepinephrine turnover in median eminence and anterior hypothalamus was increased in alpha 2u-globulin-injected animals, while the norepinephrine turnover in the remaining medial basal hypothalamus was reduced. alpha 2u-Globulin-treated animals had a significantly decreased dopamine turnover in the anterior hypothalamus, while in the medial basal hypothalamus the dopamine metabolism was increased. These data suggest that alpha 2u-globulin-induced changes in gonadotropin and prolactin secretion are mediated by changes in catecholamine metabolism in several hypothalamic regions. Increased testosterone secretion appears to be due to increased secretion of gonadotropins from the pituitary.

Alpha-Globulins↗
PubMed1973

The relationship between L-chain synthesis and gamma-globulin production.

The simultaneous administration of labeled human gammaG globulin and L-chains to subjects has allowed examination of the metabolic relationship between a component part and the whole immunoglobulin molecule. Studies were carried out in a series of control subjects and in a group of patients where substandard production of gamma-globulin was anticipated, i.e., patients with the nephrotic syndrome on chronic Imuran therapy and patients with uremia. Full expression of the plasma decay curve was obtained for both substances, that for L-chain requiring only 4-5 days except in uremic subjects and that for gamma-globulin requiring up to 30-40 days. Urinary excretion of inorganic iodide was also quantitated for 20-30 days. Equilibrium of the extravascular, vascular, and urinary radioactivity from the labeled gammaG globulin was usually not seen during this time interval suggesting more than one site of catabolism of the protein. Excess L-chain poduction was about 45% of the total L-chain production and probably in no instance could account for the low gamma-globulin production seen in certain patients with renal disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Multiple hormone requirement for the synthesis of alpha 2u-globulin by monolayers of rat hepatocytes in long term primary culture.

Primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes were prepared by releasing liver cells through fractional trypsinization and by a novel nonenzymatic procedure involving the imprinting of liver explants on the surface of the culture flask (explant imprinting). The comparative properties of these two primary cultures and their abilities to synthesize alpha 2u-globulin under multihormonal stimulation were investigated. The hepatocytes isolated from male rats by fractional trypsinization were found to divide rapidly and form a confluent monolayer within 5-7 days of culture. However, these cells failed to synthesize alpha 2u-globulin even after treatment with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, GH, T3, and dexamethasone, hormones with known stimulatory effects on the synthesis of alpha 2u-globulin in vivo. On the contrary, hepatocytes prepared from male rats by the nonenzymatic procedure of explant imprinting were found to synthesize alpha 2u-globulin for more than 2 weeks and responded to GH, T3, and dexamethasone with enhanced production of this protein. Fortification of the culture medium with all of the above three hormones caused an approximately 9-fold enhancement of alpha 2u production within 4 days of culture compared to production in control culture without these hormones. The above results substantiate earlier findings concerning the multiple hormonal requirement for hepatic synthesis of alpha 2u-globulin in vivo and show that isolation and culture of hepatocytes by nonenzymatic explant imprinting may serve as a useful procedure for studying endocrine regulation of gene activity in vitro.

Alpha-Globulins↗
PubMed1987

Independent regulatory influence of growth hormone on the hepatic synthesis of alpha 2u-globulin.

Administration of GH through sc injections to hypophysectomized male rats induces the hepatic mRNA for alpha 2u-globulin (a male-specific urinary protein) from an undetectable level to 43.4% of the normal male level. The same treatment administered to hypophysectomized-gonadectomized rats and androgen-insensitive Tfm rats induces alpha 2u-globulin mRNA to a level of only 5-10% of that in the normal male. However, none of these types of animals shows an appreciable response when GH is administered continuously through osmotic minipumps. Perfusion of the livers derived from hypophysectomized male rats with the blood from hypothyroid rabbits (also deficient in GH) was used to examine in vitro effects of GH on alpha 2u-globulin synthesis. Supplementation of the perfusion medium with GH and T4 failed to induce alpha 2u-globulin within the perfusion period of 120 min. These results show that GH can influence alpha 2u-globulin synthesis independent of the androgen and that the mode of administration of GH plays an important role in its biological response.

Alpha-Globulins↗
PubMed1980

Multiple sclerosis: serum gamma globulin and demyelination in organ culture.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) sera frequently demyelinate organotypic central nervous system (CNS) tissue cultures. To elucidate the possible role of gamma globulins in this form of experimental demyelination we depleted MS sera of all gamma globulins by immunoabsorption and then compared their demyelinating activity with that of the unabsorbed sera. In only 2 out of 16 patients was some demyelinating activity detected in the gamma globulin fraction. In all patients, most of the demyelinating activity was not associated with gamma globulins. In gel filtration experiments, this non-gamma globulin activity was detected in a high-molecular-weight and in a low-molecular-weight fraction.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The lubricating ability of biomembrane models with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and gamma-globulin.

Two kinds of friction tests were conducted to investigate the lubricating effect of the injection of amphiphilies on the osteoarthritic joint. The effects of the addition of L alpha-dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl-choline (L alpha-DPPC) riposomes and gamma-globulin in a saline solution of sodium hyaluronate (HA) were evaluated through pendulum friction tests. The frictional characteristics of pig shoulder joints were confirmed to depend on the viscosity of the lubricants only in the physiologically low load condition and in the condition immediately after loading. Detergent (polyoxyethylene p-t-octylphenyl ether) was successfully used to remove adsorbed films from the articular surfaces. The friction coefficient of natural synovial joints was significantly increased in a mode of mixed lubrication with the HA solution of 0.2 g/dl by the treatment of the surface with the detergent. The addition of L alpha-DPPC riposomes or gamma-globulin significantly improved the boundary lubricating ability of the articular surfaces treated with the detergent, depending on the quantity of those additives. It appears that the L alpha-DPPC riposomes and gamma-globulin can form protective films on the articular surfaces like a biomembrane. Moreover, the reciprocating frictional behaviour in sliding pairs of pig articular cartilages and glass plates was studied in order to elucidate the tribological role of those constituents in the boundary lubricating film on the articular surface. Pig synovial fluid and water solutions of HA were used as lubricants. The synovial fluid had superior lubricating ability compared to the HA solution of equivalent viscosity under a physiologically high load condition. This fact seems to be responsible for the boundary lubricating ability of constituents other than hyaluronic acid. Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of L alpha-DPPC on the glass plate were kept at a low and stable friction coefficient, depending on the number of film layers. In conditions of mixed films with L alpha-DPPC and gamma-globulin, the frictional behaviour was improved by increasing the quantity of gamma-globulin. A model is proposed in which the effective adsorbed films are composed of proteins, phospholipids and other conjugated constituents on the articular surfaces to be accurate in describing the boundary lubricating mechanism. The mechanism is controlled by hydrophobic groups in those amphiphilies.

1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine↗
PubMed2000

Effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on levels of cortisol and cortisol-binding globulin in hypopituitary adults.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if human growth hormone (hGH) replacement therapy alters pharmacokinetics of hydrocortisone (CS) substitution in hypopituitary adults. DESIGN: To this aim, we analysed serum and salivary CS profiles 270 min after oral CS administration at baseline and 6 and 12 months after initiation of hGH replacement therapy. METHODS: Serum IGF-I, cortisol-binding globulin (CBG), thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) and sex hormone-binding hormone (SHBG) were measured using commercially available radioimmunoassays. In-house immunofluorometric assays were employed for measurements of CS and hGH. RESULTS: hGH replacement did not change total serum CS bioavailability (area under the serum cortisol profile curve). Interference of orally administered CS with salivary measurement of free CS (fCS) caused significant bias. Therefore, fCS levels were calculated from their total CS and cortisol-binding globulin (CBG) levels. CBG decreased by approximately 30% after both 6 and 12 months of hGH replacement therapy (n=20, P<0.01). A significant negative correlation between deltaCBG (CBG6months-CBGbaseline) and deltaIGF-I (IGF-I6months-IGF-Ibaseline) was observed (P=0.04). The calculated values of free CS tended to increase with physiological hGH replacement, but this effect was marginal and did not reach statistical significance. In contrast to the CBG concentrations, plasma levels of sex hormone-binding globulin and thyroxine-binding globulin were essentially stable. CONCLUSION: Given that no clinically relevant alterations in pharmacokinetics of CS were evoked by initiation of hGH replacement in hypopituitary adults, we conclude that CS substitution does not require dose adjustment after initiation of hGH replacement.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Effect of anterior hypothalamic deafferentation and continuous growth hormone infusion on the hepatic synthesis of alpha 2u-globulin in the male rat.

Anterior hypothalamic deafferentation and infusion of human GH (hGH) in the normal male rat caused a marked reduction in the hepatic concentration of alpha 2u-globulin, an androgen-dependent protein. Although s.c. injections of hGH (twice-daily) resulted in more than a 50% reduction in the hepatic level of alpha 2u-globulin, the same dose of hGH when administered continuously through osmotic minipumps caused a threefold greater inhibition. The decreased hepatic concentration of alpha 2u-globulin after hGH administration was associated with corresponding changes in the hepatic level of translatable alpha 2u-globulin messenger RNA. Continuous infusion of hGH through osmotic minipumps and removal of the anterior hypothalamic influence on GH secretion by deafferentation also caused a marked reduction in the cytoplasmic androgen-binding activity of the rat liver. These results suggest that alterations in the level and pattern of GH secretion may influence hepatic androgen-binding activity and alpha 2u-globulin synthesis.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1994

Effect of thyroidectomy, and thyroxine and alpha 2u-globulin replacement therapy on testicular steroidogenic and gametogenic activities in rats.

Adult male rats were thyroidectomized and killed after 22 days of treatment. Thyroidectomy lowered the weights of testes and accessory sex organs, decreased the activities of testicular delta 5-3 beta- and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD), and diminished spermatogenesis, serum levels of testosterone and alpha 2u-globulin. Supplementation with thyroxine at a dose of 5 micrograms/100 g body weight per day for 21 days or supplementation with alpha 2u-globulin at a dose of 1.5 mg/rat per day for 21 days in thyroidectomized animals partially reversed the decrease in HSD activities and serum concentrations of testosterone and alpha 2u-globulin, while spermatogenesis was restored to normal. The weights of testes and accessory sex organs were also reinstated after supplementation with thyroxine or alpha 2u-globulin in thyroidectomized rats in comparison with thyroidectomized animals. It was concluded that alpha 2u-globulin may be an intermediary in the thyroid hormone control of testicular function.

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed2006

Semi-quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of male rat-specific alpha2u-globulin accumulation for chemical toxicity evaluation.

We purified male rat urinary alpha(2u)-globulin, prepared the antibody in rabbits, and improved an immunohistochemical detection method using this antibody for male rat-specific alpha(2u)-globulin accumulation appearing as hyaline droplets in the kidneys. Our prepared antibody reacted specifically with alpha(2u)-globulin in both immunohistochemical and Western blotting analyses, furthermore, and the graded immuno-reactivities on the slide were well associated with computational image analyzing results. Using this method, we retrospectively analyzed the renal sections from the toxicity studies of 12 nephrotoxic chemicals, which had already been conducted under the Japanese Existing Chemicals Survey Program. We demonstrated that the hyaline droplets induced by treatment with 10 chemicals (1,4-dibromobenzene, dicyclopentadiene, 3,4-dimethylaniline, 1,4-dicyanobenzene, tetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide, 1,3-dicyanobenzene, acenaphthene, 3,4-dichloro-1-butene, 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-indene and 3,5,5-trimethylhexan-1-ol) were directly associated with alpha(2u)-globulin accumulation. This immunohistochemical method is convenient for applying, even retrospectively, paraffin sections from general toxicity studies and could be useful for qualifying male rat-specific hyaline droplets consisting of alpha(2u)-globulin and renal risk in humans.

Alpha-Globulins↗
PubMed1980

Antisomatostatin gamma globulin augments secretion of both insulin and glucagon in vitro: evidence for a physiologic role for endogenous somatostatin in the regulation of pancreatic A- and B-cell function.

To assess the effects of endogenous somatostatin on pancreatic islet A- and B-cell function, isolated rat islets were incubated in antisomatostatin gamma-globulin to bind endogenously released somatostatin, and the insulin and glucagon secretion of these islets was compared with that of islets incubated in gamma-globulin isolated from nonimmune serum. Islets incubated in antisomatostatin gamma-globulin released significantly more insulin at 4, 8, 16, and 32 mM glucose and significantly more glucagon at 8, 16, and 32 mM glucose, P < 0.05-0.005. For glucose-stimulated insulin release the threshold was decreased, the Vmax was increased, but the apparent Km was unaltered; for glucose-suppression of glucagon release the threshold was increased, maximal suppression was decreased, but the apparent Ki was unaltered. The augmentative effect of the antisomatostatin gamma-globulin was most prominent at 4 mM glucose for insulin release and at 8mM glucose for glucagon release, but was not limited to glucose since both insulin and glucagon release stimulated by arginine were also augmented by antisomatostatin gamma-globulin. These results provide evidence that endogenous somatostatin may act as a physiologic local regulator of both insulin and glucagon secretion and that its effect on insulin and glucagon secretion is dependent on the prevailing glucose concentration.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Relationship between in vitro Fe and Zn dialysability and peptide composition of albumin and globulins extracted from cooked bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

In vitro dialysability of iron, zinc and protein was determined from whole bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), albumin and globulin (G1, G2) after cooking. Albumin showed the highest iron, zinc, protein and phytic acid content. Cooking increased iron and protein dialysability only in whole bean and albumin. Compared to globulins, albumin also presented a higher in vitro protein digestibility and cystine chemical reactivity. HPLC analysis of peptides in dialysates of bean and protein fractions suggested that some aggregation occurred during dialysis. The percentage of amino acids in dialysed peptides was found to be different between albumin and globulins. The difference in iron and zinc dialysability between albumin and globulins seems to depend on the phytic acid content of the albumin fraction and the protein properties of globulins.

Albumins↗
PubMed1992

The nature of the unhydrolysed fraction of alpha-globulin, the major protein component of Sesamum indicum L. hydrolysed by alpha-chymotrypsin.

Alpha-globulin, the high molecular weight protein fraction from sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed, was hydrolysed by alpha-chymotrypsin. The hydrolysate was resolved into two fractions, the hydrolysed part and the unhydrolysed part of alpha-globulin using gel filtration on Sepharose 6B-100. The unhydrolysed alpha-globulin residue was characterized for its sedimentation coefficient, subunit composition, fluorescence emission spectrum, secondary structure, and other biophysical properties. The results indicated a decrease in the size of the protein molecule upon hydrolysis to a very small extent. The effect of hydrolysis products on hydrolysis of native alpha-globulin as well as on a standard substrate, casein, was also investigated. The results indicated that the hydrolysis products contribute to the resistance of alpha-globulin to proteolysis by alpha-chymotrypsin to the extent of 40%.

Alpha-Globulins↗