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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Translocation of protein kinase C isoforms in rat muscle in response to fasting and refeeding.

Weanling rats were offered food ad libitum, or fasted for 18 h, or fasted and refed for times ranging from 5 to 30 min. Five protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms (alpha, epsilon, zeta, theta and mu) were detected in the hindlimb muscles by Western immunoblotting. PKC forms epsilon and theta were abundant in plantaris, but not in soleus muscle, and no difference in localization was detected between fed rats and those fasted for 18 h. PKC forms alpha and mu were affected by fasting and refeeding. PKC-mu was found only in the cytosolic fraction of the plantaris muscle of the fasted animal, but in the fully-fed animals it was also associated with the membrane fraction. The pattern of localization observed in the fully-fed state was restored in the fasted rats by 20 min refeeding. In contrast, PKC-alpha was not detected in the cytosolic fraction of the plantaris in fasted animals but rapidly reappeared there on refeeding, being restored to 20% and 80% of the fed value within 5 and 30 min of refeeding respectively. The timing of these changes was correlated with the increase in serum insulin concentration, which was significantly elevated above the fasted value by 5 min and at subsequent times. These data suggest a possible role for PKC isoforms alpha and mu in the metabolic changes that occur in skeletal muscle on transition between the fasted and the fed state.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Motivational state modulates the hedonic value of food images differently in men and women.

We investigated visual alimentary alliesthesia in non-fasted (N = 369) and fasted participants (N = 257) viewing photographs of food. Fasted participants were asked to not eat for 12 h before the session. Each participant was shown food and non-food images and rated each image on valence (i.e., pleasantness). The strongest evidence of alliesthesia was found in women. Fasting enhanced the pleasantness of food images for each of the food categories in women, although this alliesthesia effect was smaller in response to dessert foods compared to the less-pleasantly-rated food categories. In addition, non-fasting women exhibited significant positive correlations between hunger ratings and valence ratings of three of the five food categories. There was no significant difference in valence ratings of food between fasting vs. non-fasting men, but non-fasting men showed correlations between hunger and valence that were similar to those observed among the women. No evidence was found of hunger- or fasting-induced enhancement of hedonic ratings of non-foods in women or men, indicating the specificity of the alliesthesia effect for the food images only.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Effect of food on the bioavailability of cyclandelate from commercial capsules.

The bioavailability of five capsules of cyclandelate that are commercially available in Japan was determined in ten healthy volunteers by measuring mandelic acid (a main metabolite of cyclandelate) excreted in the urine. Bioinequivalence among the five capsules was demonstrated. The relative cumulative excretion of mandelic acid of the most poorly bioavailable capsule was 38% of the most highly bioavailable capsule. The effect of food on the bioavailability of these two capsules was investigated by use of two different kinds of food, one containing fat and one containing high carbohydrates but very low fat. The bioavailability of the two capsules was increased when subjects consumed both types of food before drug administration, although there was a greater effect on bioavailability with food containing fat. This suggests that the absorption of cyclandelate was incomplete in fasting subjects, even from the capsule with the highest bioavailability. Bioinequivalence between the two capsules remained after postprandial drug administration.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Fasting duration influences the inhibition of food intake by histamine in chickens.

This work was performed to investigate the effect of duration of fasting in the responses of chickens peripherally injected with histamine on the regulation of food intake. The animals were 16-week-old male chickens from layer-strain and the doses of histamine used were 500 and 1000 microg/kg of body weight. The non fasted chickens showed no effect of histamine on the food intake. When the animals were fasted during 4 h, injected with the histamine and immediately refed, the results showed a reduction of food intake only the first 15 min of the experiments with the dose of 1000 mug. In chickens fasted during 16 h or 26 h and refed, the histamine inhibited significantly the food intake at all time with the two doses. When the animals were fasted 16 h and refed during 60 min before the administration of the histamine, there is no inhibition of food intake. No effect on water intake has been registered in all the experiments. The blockade of the action of histamine injected in chickens fasted during 16 h by cimetidine and promethazine, show that the inhibition of food intake occurs through the H1 but not through H2 receptors. The fasting used in paradigm to investigate the effect of drugs such as histamine on the appetite, can affect differently the responses according to its duration, as observed here in chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Responses of circulating urea cycle and branched-chain amino acids to feeding in adult and aged Fischer-344 rats.

Amino acid concentrations in plasma and blood were compared between adult (6 months) and aged (22 months) male rats in fed and food-deprived (fasted) states. Since feeding is known to elevate plasma amino acids, rats were sampled after food had been freely available to them and after food was withheld for 20 hours. Fourteen amino acids increased (8 to 74%) in blood and plasma in fed rats compared to food-deprived rats. Blood concentrations of four amino acids (cystine, aspartate, threonine, and phosphoserine) were increased in aged compared to adult rats, while tyrosine was 10% lower. The interaction between fed state and age was significant for the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) as they increased 23% in the blood and plasma of fed compared to food-deprived adult rats; however, BCAA were not affected by feeding state in the aged rats. Plasma arginine concentration was 12% lower (p < 0.001) and citrulline was 20% higher (p < 0.005) in aged compared to adult rats, and consequently the citrulline:arginine ratio was elevated by 36% in aged rats. Our results demonstrate that, although the total arginine in whole blood is not altered or is increased with aging, less of the arginine is transported in the plasma of aged compared to adult rats. Furthermore, these results indicate altered metabolism of the urea cycle amino acids and BCAA with aging in the rat.

Aging↗
PubMed1992

Effect of restricted feeding, fasting, and diabetes on the relationship between thyroid hormone receptor occupancy, growth hormone induction, and inhibition of thyrotropin release in thyroidectomized rats.

The present study was undertaken to test the effect of food restriction, fasting, and diabetes on the relationship between thyroid hormone receptor occupancy and two biological end points, GH production and the inhibition of TSH secretion, in thyroidectomized rats. The estimated maximal binding capacity (MBC) in diabetic (D) and fasting (F) rats and in animals limited to 25% (FR25) of the food consumption of normal (C) rats was decreased to 57%, 73%, and 76%, respectively, of C values (P < 0.01-0.001), whereas normal values were found in thyroidectomized (Tx) rats and in animals limited to 50% (FR50) of the food intake of C animals. The nuclear T3 content and T3 receptor occupancy were reduced, respectively, to 25% and 29% in Tx, 77% and 81% in FR50, 52% and 69% in FR25, 49% and 66% in F, and 36% and 64% in D rats of the corresponding C values (P < 0.05-0.001). Pituitaries from Tx, FR50, FR25, F, and D rats contained less GH than C pituitaries (0.14%, 81%, 69%, 88%, and 51%, respectively, of C pituitaries; P < 0.05-0.001). Plasma TSH was lower in FR50, FR25, F, and D rats than in C animals (78%, 57%, 52%, and 48%, respectively (P < 0.01-0.001)), and markedly increased in Tx animals. Administration of a single dose of 2, 5, or 10 micrograms T3/100 g BW to Tx C, Tx FR50, TX FR25, Tx F, and Tx D rats resulted in a similar and progressive increase in nuclear T3 in all groups, except for lower values in Tx D animals. However, receptor occupancy did not differ among the different groups at each T3 dose. This treatment resulted in a progressive increase in pituitary GH in all groups; however, in Tx FR50, Tx FR25, Tx F, and Tx D pituitaries, the GH responses to 10 micrograms T3 were only 77%, 59%, 44%, and 27%, respectively, of that in Tx C rats. (P < 0.05-0.001). Moreover, significant differences in the GH response to 10 micrograms T3 were observed among Tx FR50, Tx FR25, Tx F, and Tx D animals (P < 0.01-0.001). In addition plasma TSH levels in untreated Tx FR50, Tx FR25, Tx F, and Tx D rats were only 88%, 82%, 79%, and 72%, respectively, of that in Tx C animals (P < 0.05-0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Stimulation of ileal emptying by short-chain fatty acids.

We have shown previously that short-chain fatty acids (mixtures of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids; SCFAs) in the proportions found usually in stool water stimulate fasting ileal motility. Based on indirect evidence, we proposed that these motor patterns (bursts of phasic pressure waves that were propagated) would be propulsive, but the capacity of these stimulated patterns of motility to propel contents has not been established directly. Healthy, surviving dogs were provided with motility sensors and a cannula through which SCFAs could be instilled into the ileum. Boluses of SCFAs were much more likely to stimulate phasic bursts of motility than was saline. Scintigraphic studies using a gamma camera showed that the motility stimulated by SCFAs was propulsive and that the ileum was thereby emptied. We also tested whether SCFAs were equally effective stimuli during fasting and after food. SCFAs were equally effective during fasting and soon after food, but in the late postprandial period, when the meal reached the ileum, SCFAs were much less likely to stimulate motility. These observations shed further light on the capacity of the ileum to sense and react to the nature of the contents.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Hormonal and nutritional determinants of catch-up growth in hamsters.

Exercise accelerates somatic and skeletal growth in mature nondeprived hamsters and induces catch-up growth when food restriction during exercise is followed by ad libitum realimentation. The hypothesis that nutrient availability controls the rate of growth through changes in anabolic hormone release was tested through measurements of serum growth hormone (GH) and insulin concentrations at the same time of day in exercising and sedentary hamsters subjected to acute fasts, chronic food restriction, and to acute and prolonged realimentation. Concentrations of GH and insulin increased in ad libitum-fed exercising hamsters, but these increases were abolished by 12 and 4 h of fast, and restored by 4 and 2 h of refeeding, respectively. Four h of refeeding restored exercise-induced increases in serum GH, but not in serum insulin concentration in chronically food-restricted hamsters. During catch-up growth, the growth rate was double that of ad libitum fed exercising hamsters, but the increases in serum GH concentration in the two situations were similar. I conclude that increases in serum GH rather than in serum insulin concentration are the most probable determinant of exercise-induced growth and catch-up growth because they are relatively refractory to short-term nutritional perturbations.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1996

Effects of partially hydrolysed guar gum on feeding behaviour and crop emptying rate in chicks.

1. The effects of partially hydrolysed guar gum (PHGG) or intact guar gum (GG) on feeding behaviour and crop emptying rate in growing chicks were investigated. 2. Several combinations of dietary PHGG and GG at 50 g per kg diets were prepared for a feed intake experiment. Birds (1 7-d-old) were given diets for 3 h after 16 h fasting, and food consumption was measured at 1 h intervals. The food intake rapidly decreased as the dietary GG content increased even at 1 h after feeding. 3. The rate of food passage from the crop was also investigated with birds (20-d-old after 16 h fasting. Birds were tube-fed diets having several ratios of dietary PHGG and GG. After 1 h of feeding, the diet remaining in the crop was measured after drying. The crop emptying rate decreased linearly as dietary PHGG concentration decreased. 4. The present study suggests that partial hydrolysis of dietary GG improve both feeding behaviour and food passage from the crop in growing chicks.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Neural representations of hunger and satiety in Prader-Willi syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the neural basis of the abnormal eating behaviour in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), using brain imaging. We predicted that the satiety response in those with PWS would be delayed and insensitive to food intake. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: The design of this study was based on a previous investigation of the neural activation associated with conditions of fasting and food intake in a nonobese, non-PWS group. The findings were used to generate specific hypotheses regarding brain regions of interest for the current study, in which 13 adults with PWS took part (mean +/- s.d. age = 29 +/- 6; BMI = 31.5 +/- 5.1; IQ = 71 +/- 8, six were female). MEASUREMENTS: Regional cerebral blood flow was measured using positron emission tomography in three sessions: one following an overnight fast and two following disguised energy controlled meals of similar volume and appearance--one of 1674 kJ (400 kcal) and another of 5021 kJ (1200 kcal). Subjective ratings of hunger, fullness and desire to eat, and blood plasma levels of glucose, insulin, leptin, ghrelin and PYY were measured before and after each imaging session. RESULTS: The neural representation of hunger, after an overnight fast, was similar to that found in nonobese individuals in the control study. In contrast, after food intake, the patterns of neural activation previously associated with satiety were not found, even after the higher-energy load. Lateral and medial orbitofrontal cortical activation was associated with consumption of the 400- and 1200-kcal meals, respectively. The medial orbitofrontal activation, however, was only found in those who had shown a large percentage change in fullness ratings following the higher-energy meal. CONCLUSION: We conclude that there is a dysfunction in the satiety system in those with PWS. These findings suggest that brain regions associated with satiety are insensitive even to high-energy food intake in those with the syndrome. This may be the neural basis of the hyperphagia seen in PWS.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Children's experiences of food insecurity can assist in understanding its effect on their well-being.

An understanding of the experience of food insecurity by children is essential for better measurement and assessment of its effect on children's nutritional, physical, and mental health. Our qualitative study explored children's perceptions of household food insecurity to identify these perceptions and to use them to establish components of children's food insecurity experience. Children (n = 32; 11-16 y old) from after school programs and a middle school in low-income areas participated in individual semistructured in-depth interviews. Children as young as 11 y could describe behaviors associated with food insecurity if they had experienced it directly or indirectly. Using the constant comparative method of qualitative data analysis, children's descriptions of behaviors associated with food insecurity were categorized into components of quantity of food, quality of food, psychological aspects, and social aspects described in the household food insecurity literature. Aspects of quantity included eating less than usual and eating more or eating fast when food was available. Aspects of quality included use of a few kinds of low-cost foods. Psychological aspects included worry/anxiety/sadness about the family food supply, feelings of having no choice in the foods eaten, shame/fear of being labeled as poor, and attempts to shield children. Social aspects of food insecurity centered on using social networks to acquire food or money and social exclusion. These results provide valuable information in understanding the effect of food insecurity on children's well-being especially relative to the social and emotional aspects of well-being.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Muscle fiber type comparison of PDH kinase activity and isoform expression in fed and fasted rats.

Fiber type specificity for expression of all three rat skeletal muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) isoforms (PDK1, 2, and 4) was determined in fed and 24-h fasted rats. PDK activity and isoform protein and mRNA contents were determined in white gastrocnemius (WG; fast-twitch glycolytic), red gastrocnemius (RG; fast-twitch oxidative), and soleus (Sol; slow-twitch oxidative) muscles. PDK activity was lower in WG compared with oxidative muscles (RG, Sol) in both fed and fasted rats. PDK activities from fed muscles were 0.12 +/- 0.04, 0.30 +/- 0.01, and 0.36 +/- 0.08 min(-1) in WG, Sol, and RG, respectively, and increased in fasted muscles (0.36 +/- 0.09, 0.68 +/- 0.18, and 0.80 +/- 0.14 min(-1)). This correlated with increased PDK4 protein and to a lesser extent with PDK4 mRNA. PDK2 protein was not different between fiber types in fed or fasted rats, but PDK2 mRNA content was twofold greater in RG from fasted rats compared with fed rats. PDK1 was unaltered by fasting in all muscle types at both the protein and mRNA level, but in both fed and fasted rats had much greater protein and mRNA content in the oxidative vs. glycolytic muscles. In conclusion, PDK activity and PDK1 and 4 protein and mRNA were lower in glycolytic vs. oxidative muscles from fed and fasted rats. Fasting for 24 h induced a two- to threefold increase in PDK activity that was mainly due to increases in PDK4 protein and mRNA. PDK1 and 2 protein and mRNA were generally unaltered by fasting in all fiber types, except for increased PDK2 mRNA in the fast oxidative fibers. Because the PDK isoforms vary greatly in their kinetic properties, their relative proportions in the three fiber types at any given time during fasting could significantly alter the acute regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Influence of food on the absorption of beta-methyldigoxin.

Nine healthy subjects received 0.2 mg of beta-methyldigoxin (beta-MD) orally in the fasting state, 30 minutes after and before a standard breakfast. The time-to-peak serum glycoside concentration was delayed and the peak concentration was lower in the postprandial state compared with the other regimens (P less than .01). The absorption rate constant was significantly reduced when beta-MD was given after a meal (1.55 +/- 1.75 hr-1) than before a meal (5.54 +/- 2.16 hr-1) and in the fasting state (5.22 +/- 3.06 hr-1)(P less than .01). Although the area under the serum glycoside concentration-time curve and the cumulative urinary excretion (CUE) of beta-MD, digoxin, and total drug (beta-MD plus digoxin) was not significantly different between three regimens, the CUE infinity tended to be smaller in the postprandial state compared with before a meal. The results indicate that the timing of drug administration in relation to a meal is an important factor leading to the fluctuations of serum glycoside concentration after oral beta-MD, which might be of some clinical importance.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Rapid sample preparation method for LC-MS/MS or GC-MS analysis of acrylamide in various food matrices.

A fast and easy sample preparation procedure for analysis of acrylamide in various food matrices was developed and optimized. In its first step, deuterated acrylamide internal standard is added to 1 g of homogenized sample together with 5 mL of hexane, 10 mL of water, 10 mL of acetonitrile, 4 g of MgSO4, and 0.5 g of NaCl. Water facilitates the extraction of acrylamide; hexane serves for sample defatting; and the salt combination induces separation of water and acetonitrile layers and forces the majority of acrylamide into the acetonitrile layer. After vigorous shaking of the extraction mixture for 1 min and centrifugation, the upper hexane layer is discarded and a 1 mL aliquot of the acetonitrile extract is cleaned up by dispersive solid-phase extraction using 50 mg of primary secondary amine sorbent and 150 mg of anhydrous MgSO4. The final extract is analyzed either by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry or by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (in positive chemical ionization mode) using the direct sample introduction technique for rugged large-volume injection.

Acrylamide↗