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PubMed1996

Changes in glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST/GluT-1) mRNA expression following facial nerve transection.

Expression of glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST/GluT-1) was investigated in the axotomized facial nucleus by in-situ hybridization. Hybridization signals for GLAST mRNA were almost undetectable in the facial nucleus of sham-operated animals. However, the hybridization signals were seen from 3 days after facial nerve transection onward in the nucleus of the affected side. These signals lasted at least 5 weeks. Microautoradiograms showed that small non-neuronal cells in the ipsilateral facial nucleus expressed signals of GLAST mRNA after axotomy. These findings suggest that non-neuronal cells, presumably astrocytes, may protect axotomized motor neurons against glutamate toxicity via up-regulation of GLAST in the facial nucleus.

Amino Acid Transport System X-AG↗
PubMed1995

Reduced emotional response of schizophrenic patients in remission during social interaction.

Inappropriate emotional response during social interaction is a prominent feature of schizophrenia during the acute stage of illness. This study evaluates the course of reduced facial activity in schizophrenic patients in remission and compares it with healthy controls. The experimental conditions included watching two films, one inducing happy and the other sad emotional states. Each is followed by an interview eliciting happy and sad feelings. The facial actions were recorded (1) by a computer-based analysis of recordings of the skin movement and (2) by electromyography of the corrugator and zygomaticus muscles. Twenty schizophrenic patients in remission and 20 normal controls participated in the study. In contrast to previously studied acute patients, there was no overall reduction of facial expression in the upper face of schizophrenic patients in remission. Patients showed fewer movements (automatic analysis) of the lower face during the happy interview and more movements during the sad interview compared with controls. Furthermore, schizophrenic patients showed reduced zygomaticus activity (EMG) during both the happy film and the interview, suggesting a reduced ability of schizophrenic patients to express happy facial expressions, such as smiling, in the lower face. This may indicate a reduced variability in emotional response in schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A four-year longitudinal study of palatal plate therapy in children with Down syndrome: effects on oral motor function, articulation and communication preferences.

The orofacial function in 20 children with Down syndrome was evaluated after 4 years of palatal plate therapy in 9 of the children (PPG); the remaining 11 were untreated age-matched controls (CG). All 20 children had received continuous orofacial physical therapy from their speech therapist during the treatment period. A clinical extra- and intraoral examination was performed, including oral motor function, facial expression, the occurrence of malocclusions, and hypertrophic tonsils. A questionnaire requesting data on breathing patterns, drooling, eating problems, and communicative preferences was answered by the parents. An articulation assessment was performed by two speech and language pathologists blinded to the treatment status of the children in order to find out whether the palatal plate had stimulated to improved oral speech behavior. The results for oral motor function showed significant differences between the groups in favor of the PPG for the summary variables for: visible tongue (P < 0.01), visible tongue during non-speech periods (P < 0.05), and lip-rounding during spontaneous speech (P < 0.01). During non-speech time, the PPG had their mouths open significantly less than the CG (P < 0.05). Expressivity of facial expression on a visual analog scale in the PPG scored 75.6 +/- 13.3 compared to 51.8 +/- 25.7 in the CG (P < 0.05). The intraoral examination showed that 6/9 children in the PPG and 7/11 in the CG had enlarged tonsils, resulting in more than 50% inter-tonsillary space reduction. Despite these findings, and no significant differences between the groups with respect to mouth/ nose breathing, nocturnal snoring was significantly less in the PPG than in the CG (P < 0.05), according to the parental questionnaire. After 4 years of palatal plate therapy, orofacial function had improved significantly in the 9 PPG children and specifically in terms of tongue position and lip activity.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed2001

Processing of facial emotional expression: spatio-temporal data as assessed by scalp event-related potentials.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in 10 adult volunteers, who were asked to view pictures of faces with different emotional expressions, i.e. fear, happiness, disgust, surprise and neutral expression [Ekman, P. & Friesen, W.V. (1975). Pictures of Facial Affect. Consulting Psychologist Press, Palo Alto, CA]. ERPs were recorded during two different tasks with the same stimuli. Firstly, subjects were instructed to pay attention to the gender of the faces by counting males or females. Secondly, they had to focus on facial expressions by counting faces who looked surprised. The classical scalp 'face-related potentials', i.e. a vertex-positive potential and a bilateral temporal negativity, were recorded 150 ms after the stimulus onset. Significant differences were found, firstly between late-latency ERPs to emotional faces and to neutral faces, between 250 and 550 ms of latency and, secondly, among the ERPs to the different facial expressions between 550 and 750 ms of latency. These differences appeared only during the expression discrimination task, not during the gender discrimination task. Topographic maps of these differences showed a specific right temporal activity related to each emotional expression, some particularities being observed for each expression. This study provides new data concerning the spatio-temporal features of facial expression processing, particularly a late-latency activity related to specific attention to facial expressions.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Posed facial emotional expression in brain-damaged patients.

Posed emotional facial expression was examined in brain-damaged adults with right (RBD) or left (LBD) hemisphere cerebrovascular lesions and in matched normal controls (NC). Subjects were videotaped while posing eight facial expressions (positive and negative) under two elicitation conditions (verbal command and visual imitation). Expressions were rated by four naïve judges for intensity, category accuracy, and valence accuracy. RBDs were significantly more impaired than LBDs or NCs on category and valence accuracy, while LBDs posed expressions with significantly more intensity than RBDs or NCs. These findings held for positive emotions only. The results for category accuracy replicate an earlier report (Borod et al., 1986) which utilized a different rating procedure. Finally, expressions posed to visual imitation were rated as more intense and more accurate than those posed to verbal command.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1999

Cultural difference in recognition of facial emotional expression: contrast between Japanese and American raters.

Using the Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion (JACFEE) photo set, the relationship between recognition and intensity ratings of universal facial expressions of emotions in 123 Japanese undergraduate students was examined and compared with data reported by American raters. In Japanese raters, although the intensity was rated as high for some of the poses, their correctness scores were poor, suggesting a serious misjudgment of the intended emotions as defined in the JACFEE photo set. Only in Japanese raters were significant relationships between the intensity scores and the percentage correctness scores for sadness detected (r = 0.97, P < 0.0001), but no significant relationship was observed for other emotions. The robust correlation suggests the possibility that Japanese raters might be more responsive to certain emotional expressions when they are fully or intensely expressed. It is proposed that the facial emotional expression paradigm cannot be applied to the psychiatric setting without first refining for cultural differences.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Reading emotion cues: social communication difficulties in pediatric populations.

Speech-language pathologists frequently address social communication difficulties in children with diverse linguistic profiles. Of consequence to effective management of social communication skills is that some children with language disorders may also have difficulty understanding emotional cues. The ability to recognize and comprehend the emotional meaning of messages is accomplished through integration of linguistic cues (e.g., what the speaker says), nonlinguistic cues (e.g., the speaker's facial expressions), and situational cues (e.g., predicting how the speaker is likely to feel about the particular topic). This article explores children's comprehension of emotion as expressed through facial expressions and situational cues. First, development of emotion comprehension in children with normal development is summarized. This is followed by a brief review of studies investigating emotion comprehension in clinical populations. Suggestions for assessment and intervention of children's emotion comprehension skills are presented.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

Right hemispheric dominance in processing of unconscious negative emotion.

Right hemispheric dominance in unconscious emotional processing has been suggested, but remains controversial. This issue was investigated using the subliminal affective priming paradigm combined with unilateral visual presentation in 40 normal subjects. In either left or right visual fields, angry facial expressions, happy facial expressions, or plain gray images were briefly presented as negative, positive, and control primes, followed by a mosaic mask. Then nonsense target ideographs were presented, and the subjects evaluated their partiality toward the targets. When the stimuli were presented in the left, but not the right, visual fields, the negative primes reduced the subjects' liking for the targets, relative to the case of the positive or control primes. These results provided behavioral evidence supporting the hypothesis that the right hemisphere is dominant for unconscious negative emotional processing.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The expression and perception of facial emotion in alexithymia: a pilot study.

The term alexithymia denotes a cluster of traits including a marked difficulty in finding words to describe emotions. Despite a rapidly growing literature, the construct has not been validated adequately. The present study addressed the validity of the construct. Twenty males assessed as alexithymic or not, on the basis of the Schalling-Sifneos Personality Scale, were videotaped during tasks designed to elicit spontaneous and posed facial expressions of emotion. They also rated the emotional impact of the tasks and prototypic displays of emotion. Results showed that alexithymics were comparable to controls in judgments of the impact of provocative slides and in their ability to label posed expressions. With the exception of expressions of anger and happiness, they were also comparable in the ability to pose emotions. Alexithymics showed a deficit in spontaneous displays of negative affect. Results support the validity of the concept and suggest that deficits in nonverbal expression are central to the phenomenon. Implications for conceptualizations of alexithymia and emotion are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Human visual evoked potentials during the recognition of facial emotional expression].

Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded in 22 right-handed healthy subjects in the occipital, parietal, central, frontal and posterotemporal cortical areas during recognition and passive viewing of positive, negative, and neutral emotional facial expression. Peak latencies of N90, P150, and N180 VEP components appeared to be significantly shorter in response to the negative emotional expression than during administration of other facial stimuli. The differences were observed both during active recognition and passive viewing. Correct recognition was characterized by involvement of both hemispheres and high level of interhemispheric correlation between the peak latencies of P150 in the posterotemporal and of N180 in the frontal areas. It is suggested that the facial expressions are primarily recognized at the subthreshold level with participation of the posterotemporal areas. The role of the frontal areas is discussed in the completion of this process and making the correct decision about the image.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

BEN/DM-GRASP/SC1 expression during mouse facial development: differential expression and regulation in molars and incisors.

The cell adhesion molecule BEN/DM-GRASP/SC1 is expressed in a variety of tissues during embryogenesis. Here, we studied the expression pattern of BEN/DM-GRASP/SC1 in different organs involved in facial mouse development, especially in the developing teeth. BEN/DM-GRASP/SC1 was expressed in nose, whisker, gland, and tongue epithelia, as well as in myogenic mesenchyme. In molars, BEN/DM-GRASP/SC1 was firstly expressed in the condensed mesenchyme and thereafter expression was confined to mesenchymal cells of the dental follicle. In contrast, in incisors, transient BEN/DM-GRASP/SC1 expression was restricted to epithelium. In tissue recombination experiments, BEN/DM-GRASP/SC1 expression in mesenchyme was activated by molar, but not incisor epithelium.

Activated-Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule↗
PubMed2004

The expression of pain in infants with developmental delays.

OBJECTIVE: To explore how infants with developmental delays express pain, we analysed facial expressions of infants receiving their routine immunization at around 4-6 months developmental age. The sample included eight infants with developmental disabilities (mean developmental age 4.8 months) and 30 typically developing infants (mean age 4 months). The Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding system was used to code infant facial expressions during immunization. RESULTS: The pain expression was by far the most common of all facial expressions following immunization for both groups of infants. Those with disabilities produced significantly fewer discrete high-intensity expressions of pain, and significantly more blended expressions than typically developing infants. Expressions of fear, sadness and anger were relatively infrequent in both groups. Infants with disabilities used their upper face less often than typically developing infants, and their mid face was uncodeable more often. CONCLUSION: Infants with developmental delays were likely to show pain in facial expressions less clearly than typically developing infants. It is important for health care professionals to be aware that this may be the case when considering the administration of analgesia for such children.

Developmental Disabilities↗
PubMed1998

Social functioning and facial emotional expression in neurological and psychiatric disorders.

This study examined the relationship between facial expression and social functioning in schizophrenic, depressed, right-brain-damaged, Parkinson's disease, and normal adult participants. Raters evaluated general intensity and amount of positive and negative facial emotion while participants were producing monologues regarding pleasant and unpleasant experiences. Social functioning items were derived from three standardized inventories. Overall, patient groups displayed more negative and less positive emotion than normals, and the schizophrenic and right-brain-damaged groups showed less intense expressions than normals. Correlational analyses suggested that the more intense the facial expressions, the better the social functioning, and that the more negative emotion displayed, the poorer the social functioning.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Differential conditioning to facial emotional expressions: effects of hemispheric asymmetries and CS identification.

Previous studies on aversive learning have suggested a right hemispheric advantage for eliciting autonomic reactions to a masked conditioned facial stimulus (CS) depicting anger. The present study investigated the effects of visual field (VF), stimulus awareness, and emotional valence of the CSs on indicators of conditioning (bilateral SCRs, HR) using a differential conditioning paradigm (N = 41). In Group 1, four different negatively valenced facial expressions (CS+) but not four positively valenced CS- were associated with an unconditioned stimulus (US, aversive vocalization, 97 dB, 3 s) during acquisition. Group 2 received a treatment reversal with positive CS+ associated with the US. In a repeated measures design, CSs were presented with or without awareness during extinction (two weeks interval, order counterbalanced). SOAs were adapted for each subject and condition prior to the experiment so that identification performance was approaching chance level. The results revealed that both negative and positive facial expressions could be aversively conditioned providing evidence for a generalization of learning in the valence dimension. During extinction, preattentive negative CS+ presented to the left VF showed a trend towards greater electrodermal and cardiac reactions. However, no such effect emerged under full awareness of the CSs. These results confirm and further specify the nature of hemispheric asymmetries in emotional associative learning.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Facial, autonomic, and subjective components of emotion: the facial feedback hypothesis versus externalizer-internalizer distinction.

Two different models have been advanced concerning the role of facial expression in the experience of emotion. The facial feedback hypothesis states that facial expressions regulate affective experience. This position has been supported by findings that experimentally induced changes in facial expressiveness produced corresponding changes in autonomic responses and self-reports of emotion. A second model posits that expressive behavior and autonomic responses are negatively related. Evidence supporting this view consists of correlational analyses showing that facially expressive people (externalizers) exhibit less autonomic arousal than do those who are not facially expressive (internalizers). In the present study, the facial feedback hypothesis and the externalizer-internalizer distinction were evaluated by manipulating facial expressiveness and measuring subsequent autonomic responses and self-reports of emotion. Results showed that higher levels of facial expressiveness were accompanied by higher levels of autonomic activity and subjective reports of affective experience. This relationship was obtained in comparisons among experimental conditions as well as correlational analyses within conditions.

Autonomic Nervous System↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Personality-related differences in recognition of facial emotional expression and cortical evoked potentials].

A correlation between some characteristics of the visual evoked potentials and individual personality traits (by the Kettell scale) was revealed in 40 healthy subjects when they recognized facial expressions of anger and fear. As compared to emotionally stable subjects, emotionally unstable subjects had shorter latencies of evoked potentials and suppressed late negativity in the occipital and temporal areas. In contrast, amplitude of these waves in the frontal areas was increased. In emotionally stable group of subjects differences in the evoked potentials related to emotional expressions were evident throughout the whole signal processing beginning from the early sensory stage (P1 wave). In emotionally unstable group differences in the evoked potentials related to recognized emotional expressions developed later. Sensitivity of the evoked potentials to emotional salience of faces was also more pronounced in the emotionally stable group. The involvement of the frontal cortex, amygdala, and the anterior cingulate cortex in the development of individual features of recognition of facial expressions of anger and fear is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Machine recognition and representation of neonatal facial displays of acute pain.

OBJECTIVE: It has been reported in medical literature that health care professionals have difficulty distinguishing a newborn's facial expressions of pain from facial reactions to other stimuli. Although a number of pain instruments have been developed to assist health professionals, studies demonstrate that health professionals are not entirely impartial in their assessment of pain and fail to capitalize on all the information exhibited in a newborn's facial displays. This study tackles these problems by applying three different state-of-the-art face classification techniques to the task of distinguishing a newborn's facial expressions of pain. METHODS: The facial expressions of 26 neonates between the ages of 18 h and 3 days old were photographed experiencing the pain of a heel lance and a variety of stressors, including transport from one crib to another (a disturbance that can provoke crying that is not in response to pain), an air stimulus on the nose, and friction on the external lateral surface of the heel. Three face classification techniques, principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and support vector machine (SVM), were used to classify the faces. RESULTS: In our experiments, the best recognition rates of pain versus nonpain (88.00%), pain versus rest (94.62%), pain versus cry (80.00%), pain versus air puff (83.33%), and pain versus friction (93.00%) were obtained from an SVM with a polynomial kernel of degree 3. The SVM outperformed two commonly used methods in face classification: PCA and LDA, each using the L1 distance metric. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the application of face classification techniques in pain assessment and management is a promising area of investigation.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

Lateralization of facial emotional expression in schizophrenic and depressed patients.

This study examined facial emotional expressions produced by schizophrenic (SZ), unipolar depressed (UD), and normal control (NC) righthanded adults. Hypotheses regarding right-hemisphere activation in UD and suppression in SZ were addressed, as well as hypotheses about emotion and laterality. Subjects were videotaped while posing positive, neutral, and negative facial expressions to verbal command and to visual imitation. Naive judges rated hemiface stimuli for intensity in original and mirror-reversed orientations. Overall, SZs produced expressions with diminished intensity relative to UDs and NCs. Across subject groups, expressions were more intense in the visual than the verbal condition. In general, approach expressions were produced with greater right-hemiface intensity, and withdrawal expressions with greater left-hemiface intensity. UDs showed more pronounced facial asymmetry than SZs or NCs. An unanticipated right-hemispace perceptual bias among the judges may reflect the analytical, detailed rating procedure used and the presumably greater reliance by the judges on left-than right-hemisphere strategies.

Adult↗