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Results for “FATTY ACIDS, ESSENTIAL”

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PubMed2003

Beneficial effects of a diet rich in a mixture of n - 6/n - 3 essential fatty acids and of their metabolites on cyclosporine - nephrotoxicity.

In this study we investigated the role of a mixture of n-6/n-3 essential fatty acids, in the cyclosporine model nephrotoxicity. Administration of cyclosporine in rats decreased creatinine clearance and provoked body weight loss, but it did not induce proteinuria and did not alter the urine volume. These changes were associated with decreased urinary ratios of prostaglandin E/thromboxane B and prostaglandin I/thromboxane B excretions. Light microscopic sections showed that 100% of the animals were affected by histological tubular lesions on their kidneys. Administration of cyclosporine to animals fed for 3 months on standard chow containing a mixture of n - 6/n - 3 essential fatty acids, restored creatinine clearance, augmented urine volume and prevented body weight loss. The improvement of renal function was accompanied by increased urinary ratios of prostaglandin E/thromboxane B and prostaglandin I/thromboxane B excretions. Light microscopic sections showed that only 40% of the animals demonstrated histological tubular lesions, of minor importance, to their kidneys. Our results suggest that the metabolites of arachidonic acid can play important role in the development of cyclosporine-nephrotoxicity because they increase the levels of thromboxane A and that the enhanced synthesis of prostaglandins (E) and (I) induced by a mixture of n - 6/n - 3 essential fatty acids, could play a beneficial role in the prevention of this renal dysfunction.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed1985

Norflurazon--an inhibitor of essential fatty acid desaturation in isolated liver cells.

Norflurazon is a herbicide known to inhibit carotene biosynthesis and linolenic acid biosynthesis in plants. In the present work, the effect of norflurazon on the metabolism of studied in isolated rat liver cells and in rat liver microsomes, incubated with [1-14C] labeled linolenic acid (18:3, n-3), dihomogammalinolenic acid (20:3, n-6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n-3). Norflurazon (0.1 mM, 1.0 mM) was found to inhibit essential fatty acid desaturation. The delta 6 desaturation is inhibited more efficiently than the delta 5 and delta 4 desaturation. The chain elongation of essential C18 fatty acids to their C20 and C22 homologs was not inhibited by norflurazon.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Birthweight in a fishing community: significance of essential fatty acids and marine food contaminants.

BACKGROUND: Marine food provides essential fatty acids that are important during pregnancy, but the benefits may be limited at high intakes and by seafood contaminants. METHODS: In the fishing community of the Faroe Islands, 182 pregnant women with spontaneous singleton births were consecutively recruited for a cohort in 1994- 1995. Concentrations of fatty acids and seafood contaminants in blood samples were analysed as predictors of gestational length and birthweight. RESULTS: Serum concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) increased with maternal marine food intake, while the tendency was less clear for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). An increase in the relative concentration of DHA in cord serum phospholipids by 1% was associated with an increased duration of gestation by 1.5 days (95% CI : 0.7-2.2). However, birthweight adjusted for gestational length decreased by 246 g (95% CI : 16-476) for each increase by 1% of the EPA concentration in cord serum. Concentrations of the seafood pollutants mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were associated with fatty acids levels, but the contaminants did not appear to affect any of the outcome parameters. CONCLUSION: An increased intake of marine fats appears to prolong the duration of gestation, but birthweight adjusted for gestational age may decrease at high intake levels. This effect does not seem to be due to increased exposures to seafood contaminants.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1990

Essential fatty acid nutrition of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis).

The essential fatty acid (EFA) nutrition of young American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) was examined by feeding a variety of fats/oils with potential EFA activity. Over a 12-wk period, alligators fed diets containing 2.5 or 5.0% chicken liver oil grew longer and heavier and converted feed to body mass more efficiently than alligators fed other fat/oil combinations that lacked or contained only trace amounts of arachidonic acid [20:4(n-6)]. Alligators fed an EFA-deficient diet (containing only coconut fat as the dietary fat) were the slowest-growing animals and converted feed to body mass least efficiently. However, over a 41-wk feeding period, alligators fed this diet showed no obvious external signs of deficiency other than being reduced in size and unthrifty. Fatty acid composition of heart, liver, muscle, skin and adipose tissue lipids was influenced markedly by dietary fat composition. Tissues varied significantly in response to dietary fat composition. Heart lipids contained the lowest levels of short- and medium-chain fatty acids and the highest levels of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid levels were less influenced by diet than were levels of other 20- and 22-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids. Radiotracer studies indicated that linoleic acid was converted to arachidonic acid in the liver. Nevertheless, tissue arachidonic acid levels also appeared to be maintained by concentration from dietary sources and selective conservation. It appears that a dietary source of arachidonic acid may be required for a maximum rate of growth.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

Reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxides and essential fatty acids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

We studied free radical generation, lipid peroxidation and the levels of essential fatty acids and of their metabolites in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Both superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generation by peripheral leukocytes but not malondialdehyde levels, as measured by thiobarbituric acid assay, were found to be significantly enhanced both in RA and SLE. Fatty acid analysis of the plasma PL fraction revealed that both LA and ALA metabolites are significantly decreased in RA and SLE compared to controls. These results suggest that essential fatty acid metabolism is altered in RA and SLE.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

In vitro model of essential fatty acid deficiency.

The polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid (18:2, n-6) and arachidonic acid (20:4, n-6) are essential for normal skin function and structure, both as eicosanoid precursors and as components of lipids forming cell membranes. Adult human keratinocytes grow optimally in serum-free medium (MCDB 153) that contains no fatty acids. These keratinocytes expand rapidly and produce normal epidermis upon in vivo grafting. Analysis of lipid extracts of epidermis and of cultured keratinocytes was done to determine the fatty acid composition of cells grown in essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient medium. Gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses were done of the fatty acids in the entire cell and in a thin-layer chromatography separated fraction containing those lipids that form cellular membranes. Comparison of snap-frozen epidermis and epidermal basal cell suspensions to passage 1 to 4 cultures shows that the cells are in an extreme essential fatty acid-deficient state by the first passage. The amount of the saturated fatty acids 16:0, 18:0, and 14:0 is unchanged by culture. The polyunsaturated fatty acids are found to be significantly decreased, the cells balancing their lack with a significant increase in the relative abundance of the monounsaturated fatty acids, 18:1 and 16:1. Greater than 85-90% of the fatty acids was found in lipids associated with membranes and no unusual fatty acids were detected. Because the serum-free medium is fatty acid free and the cells cannot synthesize essential fatty acids, the rapid division of the cells results in the predominance of an extreme EFA-deficient cell type. The essential fatty acid-deficient keratinocyte is an excellent adult, normal epidermal cell model that can be used to study EFA deficiency and the effect of the eicosanoid and fatty acids on cell function and structure.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Essential fatty acid allowance in patients with malabsorption syndrome].

Absorption and assimilation of some of fatty acids and fatty acid composition of platelet lipids and red cell stroma were studied in 75 patients suffering from the malabsorption syndrome. The patients were distributed in 4 groups in terms of the disease severity. The patients subjected to an extensive resection of the small intestine and those with stage III enterocolitis manifested malabsorption, because of significant steatorrhea, of food polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly of linoleic acid. This led to the deranged formation of lipid structures of biomembranes, which is evidenced by the magnitudes of the essential metabolism ratio (EMR). The disease severity was in good agreement with the intensity of steatorrhea and the decrease of EMR. The data obtained form the basis for recommendations on an adequate fatty acid composition of the diet designed for patients with the malabsorption syndrome. It is thus recommended that the diet should include fat products rich in fatty acids with a short- and medium-size carbon chain, oils rich in oleic acid, and be supplemented as well with polyunsaturated fatty acids in the concentrated form ("essentiale" preparations).

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Essential fatty acid status measured in umbilical vessel walls of infants born after a multiple pregnancy.

The essential fatty acid (EFA) status of full-term infants born after an uneventful, singleton pregnancy has been reported to be marginal. If this low EFA status is caused by a limiting maternal EFA supply, the higher total fetal EFA demand associated with a multiple pregnancy would result in an even lower EFA status of the infants born after a multiple pregnancy. Therefore, we compared the EFA status at birth of 30 pairs of twins, seven sets of triplets, and one set of quintuplets with that of 94 infants (51 preterm, 43 full-term) born after a singleton pregnancy. Phospholipid-associated EFA profiles of the umbilical vessel walls, considered a longer-term reflection of the fetal EFA status, were studied. After correction for gestational age at birth, levels of n-6 and n-3 EFAs were generally lower, while levels of EFA-deficiency indicating n-9 polyunsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher both in the draining umbilical arteries and the supplying veins of infants born after a multiple pregnancy. EFA profiles of twins and triplets were similar, but the average EFA status of the set of quintuplets was lower than that of twins and triplets. In conclusion, the observation that the EFA status of infants born after a multiple pregnancy is lower than that of infants born after a singleton pregnancy supports the view that the maternal EFA supply to the fetus is limiting. Considering the importance of EFAs and their longer chain derivatives for proper growth and development, this finding warrants further studies of the adequacy of the maternal EFA intake during pregnancy.

Adult↗