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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Energy cost calculations for exercise prescription: an update.

Recent research has resulted in a number of recommended changes in how fitness professionals should prescribe target workloads and calculate the energy cost of exercise. The principal changes are in the use of oxygen consumption reserve (VO2R) as an alternative to percentage of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) for prescribing exercise intensity, the use of net VO2 rather than gross VO2 for the calculation of caloric expenditure during exercise, and a modification of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) equation for calculating the oxygen cost of leg cycle ergometry. The VO2R method of prescribing exercise workloads is similar to the heart rate reserve (HRR) method of prescribing target heart rates, i.e. the target workload is established at a given percentage of the difference between maximal and resting VO2. Several recent studies have shown that there is a discrepancy between the exercise intensity at given percentages of HRR and VO2max, but that HRR and VO2R yield equivalent exercise intensities. The use of VO2R in exercise prescription provides more accurate target workloads, especially for individuals with a low fitness level. Net VO2 during exercise is that amount above resting VO2 due to the exercise itself. A recent recommendation is to employ net VO2 in the calculation of the caloric expenditure during exercise, so as not to overestimate potential bodyweight loss. Several recent studies of leg cycling ergometry have yielded equations for the estimation of VO2 that include a term for unloaded cycling, i.e. the oxygen cost of moving the legs against zero resistance. The equations from these studies provide more accurate estimations of cycling VO2 than the existing ACSM equation, and a new standardised equation has been developed and adopted by the ACSM. The new equation is especially useful for improving the accuracy of VO2 estimates during low intensity leg cycle ergometry. The ACSM equation for bench stepping has also been modified to include a term for resting metabolism.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1997

Exercise haemodynamics: field activities versus laboratory tests.

BACKGROUND: The present knowledge on changes in blood pressure during athletics is based virtually entirely on the results of stress testing, owing to the inability to measure blood pressures during sports activities. However, everyday physical activities, as well as sports activities, differ in many respects from stress testing, so that a direct comparison cannot be made. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of three different sports, track running, road cycling and weight lifting, on blood pressures recorded intra-arterially with the Oxford system and to compare the results with those obtained during traditional ergometry. METHODS: Blood pressure was recorded continuously in three groups of male athletes (22 joggers, 6 cyclists and 11 builders) by means of the intraarterial portablke Oxford method, through a catheter placed in the radial artery. RESULTS: During track running beat-by-beat analysis of the recordings showed a peculiar behaviour of the phasic pressure waves. Periodic oscillations of the pulse pressure, which varied in frequency in the range 4-28 cycles/min according to the velocity of running and heart rate, were observed nearly always. The frequency of the running-induced fluctuations in pulse pressure almost always equalled the difference between the heart rate and the stepping rate, suggesting that these oscillations were beats. The source of the stride-dependent wave was identified with the shaking of the aorta and the great vessels during the running. A weak correlation between the maximum blood pressure recorded during track running and the blood pressure recorded during treadmill or bicycle ergometry was found. Outdoor cycling caused a far higher increase in blood pressure than did bicycle ergometry, confirming that the response of the blood pressure to the laboratory test is not a good predictor of the changes in blood pressure which actually occur during outdoor activities. Weight lifting brought about noticeable elevations in blood pressure, to well above 300 mmHg. One main determinant of the blood pressure rises occurring during heavy-resistance exercise was found to be the increase in intrathoracic pressure. The simultaneous remarkable increases in abdominal pressure caused by isometric activities either with or without the Valsalva manoeuvre would on the contrary exert a protective effect on the cerebral vessels. In fact, the intra-abdominal pressure is immediately transmitted to the cerebrospinal fluid through the intervertebral foramina, thereby reducing the actual transmural pressure across the cerebral vessels. CONCLUSION: The present results indicate that the blood pressure variations recorded during athletics are not well reproduced by the laboratory tests. Many of the reported data are under-estimates of the blood pressure changes which actually occur during sports activities.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Relationships between walk/run performance and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents who are overweight.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Little is known about the methods used to assess the physical fitness of adolescents who are overweight. We investigated the relationship between walk/run performance and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents who are overweight. SUBJECTS: Eight African-American adolescents (5 female, 3 male) and 10 Caucasian adolescents (5 female, 5 male) who were overweight (mean age=14.5 years, SD=2.0, range=12-17; mean body mass index [BMI]=42.9 kg/m2, SD=11.5) participated in this study. METHODS: Subjects performed a 12-minute walk/run test. The distances traveled at both 9 minutes (D9) and 12 minutes (D12) were recorded, and the distance traveled between 9 and 12 minutes (D9-12) was calculated. Subjects also completed a maximal cycle ergometry test, during which peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), anaerobic threshold (AT), peak power (Wpeak), and power at the anaerobic threshold (WAT) were determined. Body composition was determined by air displacement plethysmography. RESULTS: The mean percentage of body fat was 48.6% (SD=5.3%, range=40.3%-60.4%). Percentage of body fat and BMI were each inversely related to D9, D12, and VO2peak (all P<.005). Peak oxygen uptake (r=.72, P=.0001), VO2peak/kg lean body mass (r=.60, P<.005), Wpeak (r=.88, P<.0001), and WAT (r=.72, P=.0007) were all related to D12, with greater r values than for D9. If D9-12was included in regression analyses, D9 did not account for additional variance in any of the cycle ergometry variables. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These results suggest that an easily obtained measurement of physical performance (distance traveled during a 12-minute walk/run test) is related to cardiorespiratory fitness and to body composition in adolescents who are overweight. The 12-minute walk/run distance is more predictive of cycle ergometry test results than the 9-minute distance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Levels of lipid peroxidation products and ceruloplasmin in blood as characteristics of tolerance to physical load in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy].

The effect of standard bicycle ergometry test on the serum concentrations of lipid peroxidation (LPO) products and ceruloplasmin were studied in healthy volunteers and patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The initial levels of LPO products and ceruloplasmin in the patients were higher than in volunteers. In volunteers bicycle ergometry test did not affect the content of ceruloplasmin in the blood and led to accumulation of circulating LPO products. In patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy bicycle ergometry did not lead to increase of lipoperoxide level and promoted an increase in the blood ceruloplasmin concentration.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Modulation of the immune response to stress in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: review of recent studies.

Physical and psychological stress in healthy subjects leads to characteristic alterations of plasma hormone concentrations and the lymphocyte subset distribution. After short-term bicycle ergometry or acoustic stress, and after a 2-h-long neuropsychological examination, a rise in B- and T-suppressor/cytotoxic lymphocytes and a decrease in T-helper lymphocytes has been shown to occur. This cell mobilization was accompanied by an elevation in plasma catecholamines. Although the rise in catecholamine levels was similar in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in healthy subjects, the alterations in the lymphocyte subsets were less pronounced in SLE patients after bicycle ergometry as well as after psychological testing than in healthy subjects, patients with sarcoidosis, and patients without collagenosis under treatment with corticosteroids. Differences between short-term physical exercise and the acoustic stress test on the one hand, and the 2-h-long neuropsychological test on the other, were observed only for the absolute lymphocyte count. After short-term stress, a rise in the leukocyte and lymphocyte count was noted, whereas after long-term testing, only an increase in leukocytes and a decrease in lymphocytes could be found. In conclusion, sympathomimetic stimulation by bicycle ergometry or by psychological stress led to a characteristic cell mobilization in all the groups investigated. The extent of cell mobilization was attenuated in SLE patients despite the fact that comparable increases of plasma catecholamines were observed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The influence of aerobics exercise to cardiovascular functional parameters of 30-40 year old women.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular functional parameter changes for 30-40 year old women following the aerobics exercise program. The material consisted of 14 women, who participated in aerobics exercise 3 times per week (the average age 33.71+/-1.28 years). The following methods were used in this work: arterial blood pressure measuring, electrocardiogram analysis and bicycle ergometry work. System of ECG analysis "Kaunas-Krūvis" was used for the monitoring of cardiovascular system reactions. 12 ECG standard derivations were synchronically recorded. Physical work method of provocative incremental bicycle ergometry exercise was used. The bicycle ergometry work was performed applying 50 W intensity in the beginning and increasing the power every minute by 25 W. The following functional parameters were estimated in this study: heart rate, arterial blood pressure, JT interval, ST segment depression at rest and in each level of functional load. RESULTS: It was established that heart beat rate of participants statistically significantly decreased (p<0.05) at rest and in each level of functional load after one year of regular aerobics exercise. Although JT interval values of participating women were higher during the second examination than during the first one, only in one level of functional load (at 75 W power) there was statistically significant (p<0.05) increase of this parameter. Statistically significant decrease (p<0.05) at 50 W and 75 W intensity of ST segment depression was observed in the examination. The systolic blood pressure of women, who were engaged in the aerobics exercise, did not change; the diastolic blood pressure statistically significantly decreased (p<0.05), when participant achieved 75 W and 100 W intensity. CONCLUSION: Aerobics exercise is the proper physical activity form for 30-40 year old women for the developing of cardiovascular functional parameters.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Functional electric stimulation: its efficacy and safety in improving pulmonary function and musculoskeletal fitness.

The efficacy and safety of functional electric stimulation (FES) in improving cardiovascular and musculoskeletal fitness in individuals with spinal cord injury was evaluated. Ten males and two females aged 16 to 46 years began an FES program from three months to 22 years after injury. Seven patients had paraplegia and five had quadriplegia. The FES protocol consisted of three phases: (1) leg extension, the stimulation of the quadriceps muscle group only, first without and then with weights; (2) ergometry, the stimulation of quadriceps, hamstrings, and gluteal muscles to produce a bicycling motion; and (3) resistance, the addition of resistance during the bicycling motion described in phase 2. Values for tidal volume, oxygen consumption, and the respiratory quotient were obtained during each phase. Tidal volume and oxygen consumption levels increased significantly (p less than .001) from the start of FES to both the ergometry and the resistance phases. The respiratory quotient improved significantly (p less than .001) from the start of FES to resistance but not from the start of FES to ergometry. Thigh and calf girths were measured at the start of FES and during resistance. Thigh girths increased significantly from the beginning of the program to the resistance phase, p less than .002 for the right leg and p less than .001 for the left. Calf girth, however, showed no significant increase. Based on these improvements and the absence of any serious complications, we believe that FES is an effective and safe method to improve cardiovascular and musculoskeletal fitness in individuals with spinal cord injury.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[The hemodynamic support of physical loading in patients with mitral valve prolapse].

Bicycle ergometry and echocardiographic studies were carried out in 29 patients aged 17-29 years with first revealed mitral valve prolapse (MVP) without any signs of mitral regurgitation. According to bicycle ergometry, the patients manifested changes in hemodynamics pointing to dysfunction of the cardiovascular system. Echocardiography discovered a reduction of the mass and a rise of the rate of contraction of the circular fibers of the left ventricle, evidence of the myocardial genesis of the hemodynamic changes. Comparison of the findings of bicycle ergometry and echocardiography allowed a conclusion about the necessity of the follow-up of patients with MVP in spite of the high level of threshold load and the lack of the clinical signs of heart failure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Newly manifested angina pectoris: role of lipids, lipoproteins and apoproteins A1 and B in the prognosis of ischemic heart disease].

In 151 patients with first angina, a prognostic value of various factors: lipids, lipo- and apoproteins AI and B was studied in relation to the development of clinical remission 1-1.5 years after the onset of the disease. In multifactorial discriminant analysis, the predictors of clinical remission turned out to be heart rate reached at the maximal exercise during bicycle ergometry, the number of diseased segments with any visible degrees of stenosis, the course of the disease within the first month, the number of diseased segments with 70% or more stenoses, the number of afflicted vessels with 70% or more stenoses, the power achieved during bicycle ergometry, high levels of high density lipoproteins, and age. A prognostic value of the same factors in poor prognosis (myocardial infarction or death) was examined in 124 out of 151 patients. The predictors proved to be low total cholesterol levels, the power achieved during bicycle ergometry, smoking, a history of smoking, the number of diseased segments with any visible degrees of stenosis, the number of diseased segments with 70% or more stenoses, and the conditions promoting the development of the first anginal episode.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed1986

[Comparison of the effect of a selective and a nonselective beta receptor blocker on the ischemic ST segment, lung function and stress-induced decrease in blood glucose].

This study was designed to compare the antihypertensive and anti-ischemic effects of the newly developed cardioselective beta-blocking agent, betaxolol, with the non-selective agent, nadolol, both of which have hydrophilic long acting properties, over a period of 48 hours. Additionally, the study was intended to determine whether betaxolol exerts a lesser influence on pulmonary function and whether beta-1- and beta-2-adrenergic blocking agents also induce a decrease in blood glucose levels during standard bicycle ergometry for three to nine minutes, similar to that reported in association with exercise of longer duration and, if so, whether this effect can be circumvented by the use of a selective agent. Ten patients with angiographically documented CAD, stable exercise angina pectoris and reproducible ST-segment depression of at least 1 mm received on day 1, in a single blind fashion, one tablet of placebo, on day 2 and day 7, in a double-blind, randomized and cross-over fashion, 20 mg betaxolol or 80 mg nadolol, respectively. Bicycle ergometry was performed before, four, 24 and 48 hours after drug with fixed work loads, blood glucose determination before and after ergometry four hours after drug and airway resistance and maximal ventilatory capacity studies were carried out five hours after drug administration. As compared with placebo, betaxolol and nadolol led to reductions of ST-segment depression of 65% (p less than 0.01) and 74% (p less than 0.005) at four hours, of 53% (p less than 0.025) and 56% (p less than 0.01) at 24 hours and 41% (p less than 0.05) and 44% (p less than 0.05) at 48 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1988

[Behavior of heart rate, blood pressure, lactate, glucose, noradrenaline and adrenaline level in coronary heart disease patients in the course of light swimming stress].

In previous investigations, we have been able to demonstrate that healthy individuals and CHD patients with normal exercise capacity experience changes in cardiovascular parameters, metabolism and sympathetic activity during light swimming exercise, changes which are not observed in seated bicycle ergometry at an exercise level of less than 2 W/kg-1. We have now examined 12 post-infarction patients (54.3 +/- 6 years) with limited exercise capacity (1.2 +/- 0.3 W/kg-1), who have been participating in physical therapy for 29 months (median time) under continuous medication. The examination comprised incremental seated bicycle ergometry and, approximately 60 min later, light swimming (2 to 3 x 2 min; speed v = 0.33 +/- 0.02 m.s-1; T = 28 degrees C). The changes in heart rate, blood pressure, lactate, glucose, adrenaline and noradrenaline levels during the swimming exercise were equivalent in mean value to ergometry at the 100 W level. Three patients had to discontinue swimming before the scheduled time, due to considerable arrhythmias. Three other patients stopped swimming because of subjective overexertion. The exercise reaction was less favorable among those unaccustomed to swimming than among regular swimmers.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Filling pressures (pulmonary capillary pressure, indwelling catheter) in combined static (handgrip) and dynamic (bicycle ergometer) stress in postinfarct patients].

79 male post-MI patients (mean age 50 years) underwent Swan-Ganz catheterization using handgrip (1.5 min using both hands at 1/3 of the maximum voluntary capacity), bicycle ergometry and a combination of both: handgrip added after 4 min of ergometry at each level of ergometry, a mean of 3 months after MI. Our aim was to determine to which level of dynamic exercise the chosen handgrip exercise could be compared; furthermore, to examine the left ventricular reaction (PCP) under these combined conditions, because it mimics daily life situations. Using this combination of tests, it should be possible to identify patients who should avoid static work. Our findings were as follows: 48 of the 79 patients showed pathological PCPs. Comparing the same level of double product, no significant differences of PCP were found between dynamic and combined static + dynamic exercise. Our handgrip exercise can replace dynamic exercise of 40 W. 19 patients showed highly pathological PCP reactions with delta PCP greater than or equal to 10 mm Hg following handgrip exercise. This extreme PCP reaction did not correlate with the appearance of ST-segment depression in the exercise ECG, nor with either infarction scar size nor heart volume as estimated by X-ray. These findings demonstrate the importance of a staticdynamic exercise combination in evaluating PCP reactions in post-MI patients. The test allows one to select those MI patients who should avoid isometric work.

Cardiac Catheterization↗
PubMed1987

[Behavior of arterial pressure during sports activity: track running].

In 6 normotensive and 14 borderline or mild hypertensive runners the intraarterial blood pressure (BP) changes determined by a maximal bicycle ergometric test and by an exhaustive run performed in outdoor conditions were recorded by means of the portable Oxford system. During running systolic BP attained higher values than during bicycle ergometry, while diastolic BP decreased during running and remained unchanged during ergometry. The highest BP values were recorded soon after starting running, then they progressively declined to increase once again during the final sprinting. Beat to beat analysis of the pressure tracings showed a peculiar pattern of the phasic waves throughout the run: continuous cyclic oscillations of pulse pressure were detected, as the variations of systolic blood pressure were not paralleled by those of the diastolic. The frequency of these rhythmic oscillations varied from 6-7 to 24-27/minute and was not related to respiration rate. The shape of these oscillations prompted us to investigate whether they were due to the "beat" phenomenon, that is to the combined effect of two waves with a nearly equal frequency. To verify this hypothesis 10 athletes during the run carried around the chest a Teruflex container filled with saline. The amplitude of the BP changes recorded in the container ranged from +/- 10 to +/- 50 mmHg. They were added by means of a computer to the BP tracing recorded during bicycle ergometry. The resultant wave was similar to that recorded in the radial artery during running.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Changes in arterial pressure, heart contraction rate and ECG indices in ischemic heart disease patients undergoing static-dynamic loading].

Thirty males with coronary heart disease were examined using bicycle ergometry and a combined statico-dynamic test. It was established that the latter was accompanied by a more rapid (as compared with bicycle ergometry) increase of the heart rate, the systolic arterial pressure, the value of "double multiplication" and, in contrast to dynamic exercise, by an elevation of the diastolic arterial pressure. During a combined test an anginal attack and displacement of the ST segment occurred earlier as against bicycle ergometry. The above characteristics of the hemodynamics during the statico-dynamic exercise justify the use of this test for studying the relationship of the coronary blood flow and myocardial contraction.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Use of myocardial scintigraphy with Tl-201 and veloergometry in patients with typical stenocardia and atypical pain syndrome].

The results of myocardial scintigraphy with 201Tl used in combination with bicycle ergometry in 19 patients with typical angina and in 41 patients with an atypical pain syndrome are reported. Possible use of a single 201Tl dose at the peak of exercise is considered. The diagnostic value of myocardial scintigraphy with 201Tl was not basically different from that of conventional bicycle ergometry in patients with typical angina, whereas in cases of an atypical pain syndrome myocardial scintigraphy had an essential advantage over bicycle ergometry, which in this case was associated with a noticeably increased number of uncertain or negative results. Total assessment of the exercise test, using both methods, was found to have a higher diagnostic value in both groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Clinical aspects and diagnosis of ischemic heart disease in patients with arterial hypertension].

Twenty-six patients with arterial hypertension and chest pain were examined using echocardiography, bicycle ergometry, pharmacological tests with the intravenous administration of dipiridamol and isoproterenol, coronary angiography and left ventriculography. With regard to the painful syndrome the patients were divided into 2 groups: Group 1 with angina, Group 2 with cardialgia. The majority of the group 1 patients showed extensive atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. The results of bicycle ergometry and pharmacological tests in this group were positive in the majority of cases. The group 2 patients displayed minor atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries or intact arteries which correlated with negative results of the bicycle ergometry and pharmacological tests. Echocardiographic and ventriculographic examinations of the functional state of the left ventricle revealed circulation insufficiency in none of the patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Ergometric double-blind study, Isoket-spray versus placebo-spray, in patients with coronary heart disease (author's transl)].

In a double-blind study 40 patients with coronary heart disease, who all complained of typical exertion-dependent angina pectoris symptoms and showed ECG changes after work in conformity with a myocardiac hypoxia, were examined in ergometric exertion tests before as well as immediately and 60 minutes after a single dose of 3.75 mg of Isoket-spray or Placebo-spray respectively. The Isoket-spray group was compared with the placebo group, furthermore, within the Isoket-spray group, the original ergometry (without medication) and the subsequent ergometries. The ST-depression, the time until reattainment of the original electrocardiographical situation after cessation of exertion and the subjective complaints showed highly significant improvements after use of the Isoket-spray in both repeated ergometries. Rapid and long-term relief after application of Isoket-spray were thus impressively shown in this double-blind study.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1994

[10-year-follow-up of patients with silent Cohn type 1 myocardial ischemia].

Prevalence of type 1 silent myocardial ischemia (SMI; completely asymptomatic patients) is reported to appear 2 to 4% of the general population. The prognosis of these patients is said to be similar to that of patients with angina pectoris. Our study investigated a 10-year follow up of silent myocardial ischemia detected by bicycle exercise testing in comparison to a comparable control group. 10 years later 127 patients were reinvestigated by bicycle ergometry, 33 patients out of the SMI-group (group A) and 84 patients out of the control group (group B). Mean age in group A was 62 +/- 7 years (range 42 to 71 years), in group B 56 +/- 7 years (range 29 to 69 years). After 10 years there was no statistical significant difference between the 2 groups on using beta-blockers, calciumchannel-blockers and nitrates, on arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking history and positive family-history as well as in total cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose and uric acid. 1 patient of A and 2 of B died from a sudden cardiac death, 2 of A and 7 of B survived a myocardial infarction, 11 of A and 11 of B developed angina pectoris (p < 0.05). A statistical significant difference was found in the ergometric working capacity (maximal workload in Watt) between the 2 groups (p < 0.001) that did not change over the 10 years, the control group worked better in both investigations. SMI type 1, detected by bicycle ergometry seems to be only a risk factor for developing "loud ischemia" (= angina pectoris) but not for "hard events". A routine screening of completely asymptomatic persons with bicycle ergometry seems to have no prognostic relevance.

Adult↗