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PubMed1983

Na, K-ATPase activity, ATP and Pi concentrations in various regions of monkey heart and their relation to post-overdrive hyperpolarization.

The relationship among Na, K-ATPase activity, ATP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentrations in functionally different regions of cardiac and skeletal muscles were studied in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata). The activity of Na, K-ATPase was determined by the method of FIske and SubbaRow, and the concentrations of ATP and Pi, by isotachophoresis. The ATP concentrations in several regions of cardiac and skeletal muscles correlated positively with the Na, K-ATPase activities and Pi concentrations, whereas there was no significant correlation between the Na, K-ATPase activities and the Pi concentrations. Therefore, the ATP concentrations in functionally different regions of the tissues seemed to be a feasible measure of Pi concentrations and the Na, K-ATPase activities. The Na, K-ATPase activity was significantly higher in the epicardium than in the endocardium of the ventricle. The post-overdrive hyperpolarization was compared in these two tissues, using microelectrode methods. The hyperpolarization which followed overdrive stimulation (3.3-3.8 Hz) in the epicardium exceeded that in the endocardium, and was attributed to the difference in Na, K-ATPase activity. Our findings suggest that tissues with a higher Na, K-ATPase activity may have a more potent Na, K-pump activity, in association with higher tissue concentrations of ATP and Pi.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1991

Carcinoid heart disease. A cardiologist's viewpoint.

In patients with malignant midgut carcinoid tumors, characteristic cardiac abnormalities can be demonstrated by cardiac ultrasound in 60-70%. These ultrasound findings include morphological and functional changes of the tricuspid and pulmonary valves, enlargement of the right heart cavities and paradoxical septal contraction pattern. In patients with severe carcinoid heart disease leading to right ventricular failure, reconstructive valvular surgery is of obvious beneficial value and should be considered when the malignant disease is under control and clinical signs of right heart failure cannot be managed medically. The pathognomonic carcinoid lesions are mainly located on the right side of the heart and consists microscopically of fibrous tissue superimposed on mural and valvular endocardium. Infiltration into underlying endocardium and myocardium has been demonstrated. The etiology of carcinoid heart disease remains obscure. The extent of the cardiac disease seems related to circulating tumor-released substances such as serotonin and tachykinins.

Carcinoid Heart Disease↗
PubMed2006

Effect of an increase in coronary perfusion on transmural ventricular repolarization.

The effect of increased coronary flow on transmural ventricular repolarization was investigated in six pentobabital-anesthetized sheep. Fresh blood at 10 ml/min was injected into the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) in addition to the normal coronary flow. Unipolar electrocardiograms were simultaneously registered from epicardium, mid-myocardium and endocardium with fine plunge needles. Activation-recovery interval (ARI) was measured from the unipolar electrocardiograms and was used for estimating the ventricular repolarization duration. It was found that intracoronary blood injection (n=3) prolonged ARI in the epicardium, mid-myocardium and endocardium by an average of 34 +/- 16, 28 +/- 18 and 25 +/- 13 ms, respectively (p<0.01). Pretreatment with nitro-L-arginine (n=3), a nitric synthase inhibitor, diminished the flow-induced ARI prolongation across the ventricular wall. In conclusion, an increase in coronary flow lengthens the duration of transmural ventricular repolarization. These effects appear to be mediated by nitric oxide from the coronary endothelium.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Ultrasonic diagnosis of isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium in adults].

OBJECTIVE: To apply echocardiography in diagnosis of isolated noncompaction of ventricular myocardium (INVM) in adults. METHODS: Six patients with INVM underwent echocardiographic examination using HP5500 ultrasound system with the frequency of 2 approximately equals 4 MHz, and the observation was focused on ventricularmyocardium and endocardium at one-third of the apex. RESULTS: All 6 patients showed typical echocardiographic images characterized by an altered structure of the ventricular myocardium with extremely thickened, hypokinetic segments consisting of two layers: a thin, compacted epicardium and an extremely thickened endocardium, resulting in an extremely thickened ventricular wall. CONCLUSION: Echocardiography should be the first choice to be applied in diagnosis of INVM, which is a distinct entity of specific cardiomyopathy in adults.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Increased ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 transcription levels in the heart of Apo-E deficient mice in comparison to wild type (C57BL6).

Adhesion molecules and chemoattractants are thought to play a critical role in the homing of leukocytes to sites of vascular lesions. Apo-E deficiency in mice creates an atherosclerotic model that mimics vascular lesions in man. Little is known on the effect of Apo-E deficiency on expression of adhesion molecules in the hearts of these animals. In this study, male C57BL6 and Apo-E deficient mice were fed a chow diet over periods of time (0 to 20 weeks). The transcription levels of major adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, PECAM-1), present in the heart, were followed by northern blots. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize these adhesion molecules in the heart. Results show a significant increase in gene transcription levels of ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 in Apo-E animals, but not wild type, at 16 and 20 weeks of chow diet. Such increase in levels of transcription was not observed in younger Apo-E and C57BL6 animals (0, 6 weeks of diet). ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 were strongly expressed in the endocardium and heart microvessels. In contrast, VCAM-1 was poorly stained, with only an occasional expression on the endocardium and arterioles. Enhanced gene expression levels of heart ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 observed in Apo-E deficient mice, but not in control animals, appears to induce the initial stages of an inflammatory reaction. Such observations, not previously reported, may induce heart vascular remodeling.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Morphology of the hypoplastic left heart syndrome from the surgical perspective].

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is found in a wide spectrum of changes of the mitral valve, left ventricle and aorta. It represents a critical congenital heart disease with a small left ventricle and stenosis or atresia of the aortic and the mitral valve. The knowledge of a detailed anatomy of this lesion is necessary from the viewpoint of assessment of all possibilities of the surgical treatment, interventional cardiological procedures or foetal cardiac surgery. Sixty one hearts with HLHS from the collection of heart specimens with congenital heart malformations were reviewed. The existence of a wide spectrum of malformations of all heart structures was proved. In all the cases enlarged right atrium and right ventricle was found. In 23.0% of specimens foramen ovale was restrictive or closed. The left ventricle was small in all the hearts, extreme hypoplasia was observed in 26.2% in presence of a combination of the mitral and the aortic atresia. Most commonly, the combination of mitral stenosis with aortic atresia (36.1%) and combination of mitral and aortic stenosis (32.8%) were present. Mitral atresia with aortic stenosis was identified in 4.9% cases. The mitral valve was usually dysplastic with short and thick chordae and smaller annulus. In 39.3% of all hearts fibroelastosis of the left ventricular endocardium was present. In these cases moderate degree hypoplasia of the left ventricle in combination with mitral and aortic stenosis was often found (65.0%). All the aorta was hypoplastic starting from the aortic valve, across the ascendent part and aortic arch until the isthmus. Its diameter usually varied between 2 and 4 mm. Coarctation of the aorta was found in 16.4% hearts. Persistent left superior caval vein represented the most common associated heart lesion. From the surgical point of view, nearly in all reviewed hearts Norwood surgery, consisting in aortic reconstruction from aorta, main pulmonary artery and a patch from the pulmonary homograft could be performed. Reconstruction would be very difficult in presence of an extreme hypoplasia of the ascending aorta. Until present, possibilities to prevent the development of the left ventricular hypoplasia by a foetal surgical intervention or possibility of the surgical augmentation of the left ventricle by excision of a thick endocardium do not cross the horizons of theory.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2001

Anterior region of the atrioventricular perinodal area in relation to radiofrequency ablation procedures.

Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia base on reentry circulation in nodal-perinodal area. The radical treatment of choice is radiofrequency ablation. Procedure approached from the anterior-superior (fast) region sufficient a few seconds of energy delivery for success, however this can result in A-V block. The possibility that arrhythmias substrate may lie very superficially (success of ablation) and damage the normal structures (complication) in the perinodal region must be considered. In order to confirm this hypothesis we examined the autopsy material of 100 normal hearts, both sexes from 18 to 105 years of age (control) and 50 hearts with A-V total block 45-95 years of age (block). We paid attention to the morphology of the nodal artery (NA), atrial inputs (AI) and transitional inputs (TI). It was observed that NA at the level of the central fibrous body was positioned in 94% in the central and in 6% in the inferior part of Koch's triangle. It was removed from the endocardium 3-6 mm in control and 2-5 mm in block group respectively (NS). In the perinodal area we distinguished AI that directly joined the A-V compact node: superficial (right part of the interatrial septum) or deep (left part). The former occurred in 100% of controls and in 80% of block groups (NS), and the latter in 80% of control group and in 34% in block respectively (p < 0.05). The real substrate of arrhythmia in anterior-superior region lies very superficially and far from the conduction tissue; NA in examined hearts was lying deep beneath the endocardium; ablation close to the node could result in A-V block.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Heart pathology associated with exposure to high sustained +Gz.

The pathology of +Gz acceleration was examined using unanesthetized adult miniature and immature "farm-type" swine, with and without anti-G suit inflation. Following single exposures of +8 or 9 Gz for 45 to 90 s--acceleration exposures that have been shown "tolerable" to man--swine were sacrificed and a detailed necropsy performed. Considering only the adult miniature swine, the endocardial area of the left ventricles showed evidence grossly of recent hemorrhage of varying severity involving both the wall and papillary muscles. The degree and location of the subendocardial hemorrhage were quantitated by grading the area of ventricle involved--1 (slight) to 4 (extensive). Of the 23 adult miniature pigs autopsied, the scores for papillary muscle hemorrhage, after one exposure to +9 Gz (45 to 90 s) ranged from a mean of 2.3 to 3.3 and the extent of ventricular wall involvement was 2.5 to 3.3. Histologically, heart hemorrhage was limited to the subendocardial area, primarily involving the space between heart muscle and the endocardium and was particularly evident surrounding Pukinje's fibers. Similar studies using immature farm-type swine (not miniature pigs) found these younger swine (4 to 5 months of age) to be less susceptible to such endocardial hemorrhage. Heart tissue recovery in these pigs following one exposure to +9 Gz for 45 s, required approximately 14 d. It appears that this lesion is similar, although less severe, than heart muscle lesions associated with loss blood volume (hemorrhagic shock) studies and may have similar physiologic bases. It was concluded that particular attention should be made of the endocardium of victims of high-performance aircraft accidents.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

Lysosomes in myocardial infarction: studies by means of cytochemistry and subcellular fractionation, with observations on the effects of methylprednisolone.

To evaluate lysosomal involvement in myocardial infarction, coronary artery thrombosis was induced by ligation in 16 dogs. Biopsies of infarcted and normal left ventricles were studied by ultrastructural cytochemistry and subcellular fractionation (0.25 M sucrose) from 30 min to 96 hrs post injury. Normal myocardium contained few "classical" (residual body) lysosomes: instead, acid phosphatase and aryl sulfatase were localized to longitudinal and to lateral sac elements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In postnuclear (450 X gm, 10 min) supernates, lysosomal acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were divided 60:40 between sedimentable (98,000 X gm, 15 min) and non-sedimentable fractions of normal endocardium and epicardium (studied separately). At 2 hrs post infarction, ischemic muscle showed: 1) loss of membrane-bound acid phosphatase and aryl sulfatase; 2) mitochondrial damage; 3) loss of glycogen and disappearance of I but not A bands; and 4) entry into cells of colloidal lanthanum (= loss of plasma membrane integrity. Total lysosomal hydrolase did not increase until 6-5 hrs post infarct. At 2 hrs, significant increments (32 +/- 7%) were found in nonsedimentable acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase of endocardium (P less than 0.005 vs. normal) but the epicardium. In dogs given methylprednisolone (50 mg/k) 30 min post infarct, ultrastructural cytochemistry showed retention of lysosomal enzymes within endocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum and no significant redistribution of enzymes into non-sedimentable fractions (vs. eight paired, infarcted, untreated controls). Data show early disruption of lysosomes in myocardial infarction and their protection by steroid given after the acute insult.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1992

Epicardial cryoablation of myocardial tissue using endocardial thermal isolation.

Surgical cure of right atrial arrhythmias may be accomplished by excision, exclusion, or cryoablation of the arrhythmogenic focus. Cryoablation may be performed epicardially without cardiopulmonary bypass but carries an operative recurrence rate of 57%. Successful cryoablation of a right atrial arrhythmia requires the reliable creation of transmural tissue necrosis. Heat transferred to the endocardium from normothermic circulating blood in the atrium or within the atrial wall may prevent full-thickness, lethal freezes. This study demonstrates that compression of myocardial tissue between an external cryoprobe and an endocardial template produces endocardial thermal isolation of the target area by displacing warm solutions from the endocardium. This is essential to achieve consistently lethal transmural freezes of -60 degrees C. Use of this technique may reduce the high operative recurrence rate of right atrial tachycardias treated with conventional cryoablation techniques.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Time domain and power spectrum of wide frequency band electrocardiogram in pigeons].

The wide frequency band ECG (WFB-ECG) was recorded in 33 (anesthetized) normal pigeons by the microprocessor ECG system (made in Nanjing University) with a wide-frequency response (0-1000 Hz), a high-speed sweep (up to 1401 mm/s) and a high sensitivity (up to 28 mm/mV). The recording methods for limb leads in the pigeon were the same as those in man, except that the needle electrodes (made by No.5 needles) were subcutaneously inserted in the bases of the wings and in the legs. We studied the features of time domain and power spectrum of pigeons WFB-ECG. It presents P, R, S and T waves, but no Q wave, basically similar to the results from Aves described by Sturkie. But there are still many characters that were not be recorded on the conventional ECG: (1) the main QRS complex is inverted and forms the type of rS or rSr , no Q wave in leads II, III, aVF, and the S-T segment is absent, which is different from that of humans. The T wave is upright in leads II, III, and aVF (except one), in agreement with that of man. But in lead aVR, the main QRS complex is upright and forms the type of Rs, and the T wave is inverted without any exception. There is a large notch on the upstroke of S wave without any exception. The amplitude of the notch is 0.413+/-0.133 mV and the duration is 9.733+/-1.291 ms in lead II. (2) The ratio of duration of P wave to P-R segment is about 0.8, lower than that of humans (1.0-1.6), but higher than that of mice (0.4). (3) The low frequency signals (0-80 Hz) are prominent. The relative power content of high frequency range of QRS in lead II is: 100-1000 Hz: (10.181+/-7.443)%; 80-300 Hz: (15.418+/-10.579)%. (4)The QRS vector loop in the frontal plane lies between -90 degrees and -180 degrees. The electrical axis of QRS complex averages -118 +/-10 (ranges from -96 degrees to -136 degrees). The reason that position of vector loop and the direction of main wave of QRS in the pigeon are different from human s and rodent s is probably that the Purkinje fibers cross the whole ventricular wall and terminate in the subepicardium in Aves including pigeons . After the impulses coming from the sinoatrial node reach the ventricular muscles, the subepicardium is depolarized before the endocardium. However in human s and rodent s, the Purkinje fibres only reach one-forth to one-second of the whole thickness from the endocardium to the epicardium, the subendocardium is depolarized before the subepicardium.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

An abnormal systemic and regional hypercoagulable state in patients with mitral stenosis.

Mitral stenosis still remains a major problem in Southeast Asia including Thailand. It contributes to the morbidity and mortality related to thromboembolism which was associated with the left atrial thrombus. However, the pathogenesis of left atrial thrombus in these patients is not completely understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the coagulation and platelet activity including the function of the endocardium in the left atrium and peripheral circulation in patients with mitral stenosis who were free of left atrial thrombus and to compare those hematologic markers activity in the peripheral venous blood between the patients with mitral stenosis and the control. Thirty-six patients with moderate to severe mitral stenosis were included in the study. Most of the patients were in functional class II and 50 per cent had atrial fibrillation. Blood was obtained from the femoral vein, femoral artery, pulmonary artery and left atrium of these patients before heparin was administered to determine the value of various hematologic markers. In the control group, blood for determining the hematologic markers was collected only from the antecubital vein. The results of this study demonstrated that the levels of prothrombin activation fragment 1+2 (F1+2), thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT) and Beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) in the left atrium of the patients with mitral stenosis were significantly higher than those in the femoral vein and femoral artery, whereas the level of thrombomodulin was significantly lower in the left atrium compared with the femoral artery and vein. When comparing with the control group, the levels of TAT, plasminogen activator inhibitors-1 (PAI-1) from the peripheral vein were significantly higher and the level of thrombomodulin was also significantly lower in the patients with mitral stenosis. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated an abnormal hypercoagulable state of the left atrium and systemic circulation related to the abnormalities of coagulation, platelets and the endocardium which may cause the formation of left atrial thrombus in patients with mitral stenosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Effect of Cilazapril on endothelial cell function and fibrinolysis system in the canine atrial fibrillation models].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of cilazapril on endothelial cell function and fibrinolysis system in the canine atrial fibrillation (AF) models. METHODS: All canines were divided into three groups: (1) Control group, without atrial pacing; (2) Atrial pacing group, in which atrial fibrillation was established by rapid atrial pacing at 400 bpm for 6 weeks; (3) Atrial pacing together with cilazapril group, in which cilazapril was given before and after atrial pacing. Nitric oxide (NO) of atrial endocardium was measured with NO-specific microelectrode. The expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) protein in atrium was determined by Western Blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining. Plasma levels of von Willebrand Factor (vWF), PAI-1 and tPA were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay. RESULTS: NO production from atrial endocardium was significantly increased in atrial pacing together with cilazapril group than atrial pacing group [(42.6 +/- 9.9) nmol/L vs (23.4 +/- 5.8) nmol/L, P < 0.05], whereas the plasma levels of vWF were decreased [(75.4 +/- 12.8)% vs (125.9 +/- 20.6)%, P < 0.05]. Compared to controls, the expression of atrium tPA protein in atrial pacing together with cilazapril group was significantly upregulated (4052 +/- 857 vs 1936 +/- 421, P < 0.05) and PAI-1 protein was downregulated (2487 +/- 542 vs 3164 +/- 827, P < 0.05). Cilazapril also significantly increased tPA antigen and decreased PAI-1 antigen in plasma. CONCLUSION: Cilazapril can favorably improve endothelial function and resume the balance of fibrinolysis system in AF, which might be of beneficial to hypercoagulated state in AF.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[On the ventricular arrhythmias in Chagasic chronic cardiomyopathy].

Some authors have shown a high prevalence of electric circuits localized in the epicardium in Chagasic cardiomyopathy. Other authors have found in these patients, during electric mapping, mid-diastolic potentials and earlier myocardial activation in epicardial regions than in the endocardium. In a previous study, we found electrocardiographic signs of subepicardial ischemia in 66% of seropositive Chagasic patients against 16% of seronegative Chagasic ones. In the case presented here, a Chagasic dilated cardiomyopathy, we found electrocardiographic signs of subepicardial injury in the left free ventricular wall, related with histological findings of lymphocytic inflammation in these regions. In contrast, the endocardium was completely free from inflammation foci.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Induced electrophysiological isolation of the myocardium prevents ventricular fibrillation.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: to investigate whether an encircling procedure without ventriculotomy, not involving the endocardium, may have a protective effect against ventricular fibrillation (VF), by achieving a physiological rather than anatomic entrenchment. DESIGN: the occurrence of VF was tested by DC application within an area entrenched by a circular "dotted" line formed by LASER (Nd-Yag) point by point applications. The result was compared with that from similar DC applications before the successful LASER entrenchment or beyond the restricted area. SUBJECTS: 16 anaesthetized mongrel dogs, weights 14-20 kg were used. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: VF occurred 13/118 times by applying DC within the entrenched area and 86/114 times by applying the current outside this area or before the intervention (P less than 0.0005). The pacing threshold was significantly (P less than 0.001) increased within the circumscribed area (4.625 +/- 5.335 vs 0.859 +/- 0.947 mA). The maximal rate at which the ventricles could be driven by pacing at double threshold intensity was not significantly altered by the encircling procedure. Histological examination showed crater-like epicardial destruction with necrosis, loss of myocardial striation, haemorrhage, and polymorphonuclear infiltration, extending about 0.5 cm from the necrotic tissue. The subendocardial area was spared showing only hyperaemia, while the endocardium was intact. CONCLUSIONS: Encircling a small area by LASER point by point applications prevents the occurrence of VF when DC is applied within the restricted area, while permitting the conduction of paced beats. The size of the encircled area necessary to this effect is of importance, possibly reflecting the critical mass needed for the occurrence and maintenance of VF.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Definitive myocardial blood flow evaluated by contrast echocardiography: experimental and A-C bypass flow studies].

We evaluated the feasibility of a new method for calculating definitive myocardial flow using contrast echocardiography in canine experiments and in patients who had undergone ACBG surgery. The principle for calculating flow was based on Kety-Schmidt method using time-intensity curve analysis between the epicardial and endocardial aspect. Inlet and outlet flows were hypothesized at the epicardium and endocardium, respectively. Analysis of time-contrast-intensity curves between the epicardium and endocardium, the difference of the area to the saturated point between epicardium and pericardium (A), and the saturated value (H) theoretically lead to the equation: Flow = 100 x (H/A) (Kety-Schmidt) in a 100-gram myocardium. No factors of intensity and time were included. Using this equation, the flow in 7 experimental canine and the flow of 9 patients who had ACBG surgery were compared to the electromagnetic flow. In the canine experiments, the left circumflex coronary artery was dissected free and was connected with contrast injector, a magnetic flowmeter and pneumatic occluder, proximal to distal in this order. Flow was controlled either by the occluder or drugs (papaverin and dipyridamole). Manually-agitated contrast media were injected rapidly (1 ml/2.5 sec), and M-mode echocardiographic recordings were densitometrically translated into time-intensity curves. Thirty-eight trials in 7 dogs showed close correlations (r = 0.901) between the electromagnetic flow and contrast echo flow. For the patients with ACBG, M-mode contrast echo recordings were made using transesophageal echo during the operations with contrast injections via the bypass grafts. Analysis of time-intensity curves was made and recorded in the same way as during the experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Reconstruction of the left ventricle by circular endoventriculoplasty with septal exclusion].

Since 1984 the authors have developed a technical modification of left ventricular surgery after myocardial infarction. The principle is to reorganise the contractile muscle in a circumferential manner by excluding the fibrous akinetic parts of the interventricular septum. The operation consists of implanting sutures distally then resecting the exteriorized fibrous zones and finally mobilising the scarred endocardium in the zones inaccessible to resection (septum and the base of the anterior and posterior papillary muscles) up to the limits of the viable myocardium. A patch of septal endocardium or dacron lined with pericardium is sutured in the contractile muscular zone. One hundred and fifty patients have been operated for cardiac failure (37%), angina (40%) or arrhythmias (10%). One third of patients required intra-aortic balloon pumping in the preoperative period. Myocardial revascularisation was associated in 75% of cases. Surgery was performed as an emergency in 33 cases (25% mortality); in the remaining 117 cases the mortality was 5%. Postoperative control assessment (115 immediate postoperative and 60 one year controls) showed the left ventricular geometry to be almost normal and the global ejection fraction to have increased by an average of 17%. This technique of left ventricular remodelling with septal exclusion enables the surgeon to perform a more physiological repair in patients without cardiac failure and to extend the surgical indications in patients with cardiac failure.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗
PubMed1979

Pathogenesis of chronic myocarditis in mice infected with coxsackie B3 viruses.

Infection of 300 mice of the Swiss race with Coxsackie B3 viruses gave rise to chronic myocarditis and endocarditis. The virus was cultured from the heart muscle 9 days post infection. Between days 18 and 108 post infection, virtually all mice showed evidence of an active inflammatory process in the myocardium, and in one half there was proliferation of endothelial cells, and infitration and fibrosis in the endocardium. Immunomorphologic studies demonstrated the precence of antiheart antibodies in the blood serum, and Coxsackie B3 antigen and immunoglobulin deposits in the myocardium and endocardium. Highest levels of antivirus antibodies were observed 18 days post infection.

Animals↗