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PubMed2006

Nurses and emergency disasters: what is known.

Following the events of September 11, 2001, the threat of bioterrorism events has become a realistic concern for health care workers in the United States. Bioterrorism events caused by infectious agents will be challenging because nurses will need to recognize unfamiliar infections and work long hours with limited resources in stressful conditions. During a bioterrorism event caused by biologic agents, nurses will be expected to provide care to infected patients and may fear that they, or their families, could also become infected. A review of literature suggests that nurses' response to working during a bioterrorism event is not well described. The limited number of studies regarding nurses' concerns, fears, and anxieties is focused on nurses' experiences in natural disaster or war situations. Additional studies are needed to validate the appropriateness of applying findings from disaster response studies to bioterrorism events. During bioterrorism events, nurses will be expected to provide physical care and emotional and psychologic support for victims and victims' families. Realistic bioterrorism plans should incorporate strategies to support nurses and address their physical, psychologic, and emotional issues. Strategies to optimize safe working conditions and minimize psychologic trauma such as technical training regarding bioterrorism agents and debriefing opportunities should be included.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2002

Nuclear attacks.

The widespread availability of radioactive materials and advancing technology have made the prospect of nuclear terrorism a pressing concern. Yet few healthcare providers have ever had to treat radiation victims. Here's what you must know to manage and treat these victims in the immediate aftermath of an attack.

Decontamination↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Identification of tsunami victims in Thailand: international experience in organization and conduction of forensic-medical expert investigations in emergency situations with many victims].

Russians were among the victims of tsunami in Thailand. The authors participated in the activity of Thai Tsunami Victim Identification Center as experts for identification of tsunami victims. The article outlines management and course of identification, some results. The unique experience with international cooperation in conduction of forensic-medical expert investigations in emergency situations with many victims is discussed.

DNA↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Addressing psychological trauma in dementia sufferers.

Research has demonstrated that dementia sufferers may be victims of recent physical assault by family caregivers and other patients and staff in long-term care facilities. Some dementia sufferers have also been victims of violence at other points in their lives from events such as combat, physical and sexual abuse, natural and manmade disasters, and the like. These violent events may result in psychological trauma and the psychological aftermath of these violent incidents may last until death, if it is not treated. The purpose of this paper is to outline some intervention strategies regarding restraints for dementia sufferers who have a history of violence andfor whom little or no treatment has been provided. This paper is not intended to train trauma counseling specialists but to present common intervention strategies that may be fielded by long-term care staff to relieve unnecessary suffering.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

[Medico-tactical aspects of the initial stage of elimination of disaster consequences].

One of the main postulates in the organization of activities to eradicate the consequences of catastrophes is the principle of priorities in the delivery of medical care for the victims, effectiveness of which to a large extent depends on the clear view of medical personnel about their actions. Health workers and, first and foremost, physicians finding themselves at the place of a catastrophe are forced to take the responsibility for the organization of emergency relief operations and delivery of medical care up to the moment when the information on the accident becomes known outside the catastrophe focus and before the arrival of competent specialists.

Disaster Planning↗
PubMed1992

Management of the traumatised patient.

I have tried to present a range of suggestions for the therapeutic management of traumatised victims and have used illustrations based on my work with victims of armed robbery. In general, however, I believe that the principles outlined are applicable to a wide range of trauma and I have found these ideas valuable in dealing with victims of crime in general, in counselling staff involved in industrial accidents and in providing support to those involved in natural or man made disasters. The key principles include: a prompt and timely intervention; the use of properly trained professional staff to provide a structured debriefing programme that focuses on the opportunity to discuss feelings; providing information and education about normal responses to trauma and helping to normalise the individual's response to the situation. Re-establishing a normal lifestyle as soon as possible has been shown to be critical to speedy recovery; as has professional support, continuing follow up and reassurance that most victims recover without going on to develop a post traumatic stress disorder. An integrated team approach to the management of traumatised victims is critical and there must be communication between the general practitioner, any counsellors involved in providing services to the traumatised person and, of course, the victim. The general practitioner is often the primary link in the management chain and the positive relationship that many people have with their general practitioner can be used to great effect in helping to manage a recovery from crisis.

Counseling↗
PubMed2003

Management of a multinational mass fatality incident in Kaprun, Austria: a forensic medical perspective.

The Armed Forces Regional Medical Examiner in Europe is responsible for medico-legal death investigations for the U.S. military in 89 countries in Europe, Southwest Asia, and Africa. The Disaster Mortuary Affairs Response Team (DMART) is a rapidly deployable, experienced, multidisciplinary team patterned after the regional U.S. civilian Disaster Mortuary Response Teams. One of the first major challenges since the DMART's inception occurred on November 11, 2000. A fire in a funicular servicing a ski resort claimed 155 victims in a mountain tunnel in Kaprun, Austria. The DMART deployed to assist the Austrian authorities in the rapid recovery, examination, identification, and return of the remains. The DMART's considerable forensic expertise and inherent spirit of cooperation were instrumental in the successful management of the disaster, resulting in the positive identification and release of all 155 remains within 2 weeks of the incident.

Austria↗
PubMed1997

Psychiatric morbidity following a natural disaster: an Australian bushfire.

This study investigated the prevalence of mental health problems after a major bushfire in Australia and examined the validity of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) (Goldberg 1978) against the Anxiety, Affective and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder modules of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS; Robins et al. 1981). Study 1 was carried out 12 months after the Ash Wednesday bushfires and sought to include all the victims of the fires. Study 2 was conducted 20 months after the fires and included a sample of victims who had experienced major losses in the fires. Twelve months after the fires, 42% (n = 1,526) of the victims were defined as a potential psychiatric case using the GHQ. This rate indicated a significantly greater level of morbidity than found in communities that have not experienced a natural disaster. Twenty months after the fires, 23% (n = 43) were defined as "cases". The 28-item GHQ was found to be a valid instrument for defining the presence of psychiatric disorder in a disaster-effected community. The findings demonstrated that lasting psychiatric morbidity is associated with natural disasters.

Australia↗
PubMed2005

Disaster management: lessons from immediate responses to the tsunami.

There are many lessons learnt from the immediate reactions of people in the aftermath of the vast destruction from the giant waves that hit Sri Lanka. Reactions of victims fell between extremes of resilience and helplessness. Responses of those not directly harmed illustrated the two extremes--selflessness and depravity. These responses offer insight into how we live and how we react to situations, and also to an extent how we should be reacting. Among these is that helpers should respect and involve, from the inception, the resources within the group or community affected by the disaster. Control of the relief effort to the maximum feasible extent, should be in the hands of those at whom it is directed.

Community Health Planning↗
PubMed1989

[Disaster medicine].

The authors have reviewed the concept of catastrophe from the health care stand-point as well as, that concerning medicine in catastrophies. The basic outlines for planning adequate health care when a massive number of victims have to be attended are pointed-out as well as, the prevention means for possible flare ups of transmissible diseases.

Accidents↗
PubMed1981

Chlorine exposure: a challenge to the physician.

Industry moves a large volume of chlorine, raising the possibility of unexpected release due to transportation accidents. This could result in a disaster, swamping hospital emergency rooms with exposure cases. The insidious onset of respiratory failure mandates careful evaluation of each victim, no matter how mild the symptoms. The low incidence of morbidity and mortality in industrial exposures suggests that treatment methods used in chlorine plants should be applied to nonindustrial cases; these emphasize immediate immobilization plus oxygen therapy. Adult respiratory distress syndrome must be treated promptly.

Chlorine↗
PubMed1990

[The dentist as an expert in disasters: dental identification in the disasters with the Zeebrugge ferry].

The Herald of Free Enterprise Disaster on the 6th of March 1987 just outside Zeebrugge harbour was without any doubt a disaster of major proportions. The ferry disaster highlighted different approaches in major incident procedures in both countries involved but nevertheless the identification team which was composed of both British and Belgian specialists did perform good work. The identification of the victims had to be done in three phases each of them with its own specific work and problems. As the process of identification of bodies is an exacting science, and forensic odontology is known to be among the most reliable scientific methods in mass disasters, it is easily understood that forensic odontology took an active part in all three phases of the identification process.

Denture Identification Marking↗