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PubMed2002

Scientific biomedical journals in Croatia.

AIM: To assess the current situation in biomedical journal publishing in Croatia, according to the journals editorial and publishing characteristics. METHOD: A survey questionnaire with 38 questions was sent to the editors-in-chief of 43 biomedical journals in Croatia. Thirty-seven journals were analyzed. RESULTS: In 2000, there were 14 general and 23 specialized biomedical journals in Croatia. Twenty-five journals received financial support from the government. Six journals were indexed in MEDLINE, with two of them also in Current Contents, 20 in other bibliographic databases, and 11 were not indexed at all. Twelve journals published articles in English, 11 in Croatian, and 14 in either English or Croatian. Only 9 journals were available on-line: 5 offered abstracts only and 4 offered full-text articles. There were more indexed than non-indexed journals that were financially supported by the government (p=0.031) and published in English or either English or Croatian (p=0.011). Indexed journals published more pages (p=0.020) and received more articles (p=0.030) per year. Five journals provided salary for the editorial staff and 4 paid the reviewers services. Median number of subscribers was 250 (range, 0-7,000) and median circulation 650 (range, 300-7,200). Finances, number and quality of articles, and problems with the review process were perceived by editors as the most important problems. CONCLUSION: Many journals had financial problems despite receiving governmental or other support. Low number/quality of articles received and inefficient review process could reflect the self-containment of Croatian medical community, which comprises around 11,000 physicians and dentists. Large ranges in circulation, number of subscribers, and number of pages published per year, as well as in indexing rates, might imply large differences among the journals in their target readership and editorial policies and performance.

Croatia↗
PubMed2002

Biomedical research in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (1982-2000).

OBJECTIVE: Because of the leading position of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in biomedical research among the Arab States, we aimed this study at providing a detailed analysis of the development of this domain in the Kingdom. METHODS: More than 1500 queries were mainly directed to the PubMed bibliographic database. Tags, boolean operators, and wild cards were utilized. RESULTS: Most of the Saudi biomedical citations originated from the capital city of Riyadh (70%), particularly from the King Saud University (29.5%) and King Faisal Specialist Hospital (21.5%). One of every 5 Saudi papers either describes a disease, a blood related analysis, or surgical observations. Only 0.5% of Saudi papers appear in the 200 highest impact-factor journals. CONCLUSION: A steady advancement in biomedical research is observed in the Kingdom mainly in years 1987-1996. The absence of uniformity in writing the addresses of authors in published articles from Saudi Arabia results in misleading data about the geographical distribution of biomedical research and sometimes improper rating of the scientific institutions in the Kingdom. The most dynamic biomedical fields in the Kingdom observed in the present analysis are Hematology, Surgery, Cancer, Pharmacology, and Microbiology. The main reasons behind the small number of Saudi papers appearing in high impact-factor journals are the bias and the economics of scientific publishing. We hope that the present study will lay the foundation for more detailed investigations on the directions of biomedical research in the Kingdom and will be of great importance to better found future strategies in this important realm.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2002

A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing mortality rates of private for-profit and private not-for-profit hospitals.

BACKGROUND: Canadians are engaged in an intense debate about the relative merits of private for-profit versus private not-for-profit health care delivery. To inform this debate, we undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing the mortality rates of private for-profit hospitals and those of private not-for-profit hospitals. METHODS: We identified studies through an electronic search of 11 bibliographical databases, our own files, consultation with experts, reference lists, PubMed and SciSearch. We masked the study results before determining study eligibility. Our eligibility criteria included observational studies or randomized controlled trials that compared private for-profit and private not-for-profit hospitals. We excluded studies that evaluated mortality rates in hospitals with a particular profit status that subsequently converted to the other profit status. For each study, we calculated a relative risk of mortality for private for-profit hospitals relative to private not-for-profit hospitals and pooled the studies of adult populations that included adjustment for potential confounders (e.g., teaching status, severity of illness) using a random effects model. RESULTS: Fifteen observational studies, involving more than 26 000 hospitals and 38 million patients, fulfilled the eligibility criteria. In the studies of adult populations, with adjustment for potential confounders, private for-profit hospitals were associated with an increased risk of death (relative risk [RR] 1.020, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.003-1.038; p = 0.02). The one perinatal study with adjustment for potential confounders also showed an increased risk of death in private for-profit hospitals (RR 1.095, 95% CI 1.050-1.141; p < 0.0001). INTERPRETATION: Our meta-analysis suggests that private for-profit ownership of hospitals, in comparison with private not-for-profit ownership, results in a higher risk of death for patients.

Hospital Mortality↗
PubMed2002

[The role of electronic databases in practical decision making in the care of patients with cerebrovascular diseases].

The information revolution of recent years, the general accessibility of computers and especially the Internet, provided the possibility of immediate access to the newest and most reliable results of clinical research in everyday medical practice. When a question arises regarding the care of a certain patient, we can have answers within minutes. Summaries of systematic reviews of the Cochrane Library and abstracts of papers of several thousand journals indexed on MEDLINE are available free of charge. In addition, over 70,000 Internet home pages provide some sort of health care information. The fast accessibility of information made it possible to apply a new method, called evidence-based medicine, in everyday practice. This method implies the effective search of an answer to a well formed question, and the critical evaluation of the results found during the search. This paper summarises the most important electronic databases that can be used in the care of patients with cerebrovascular diseases. The paper emphasises the advantages and dangers of the use of the Internet. Enlisted are the most important English- and Hungarian-language home pages with information on cerebrovascular diseases. Internet addresses of home pages providing methodological help in critically evaluating the literature are also given. The paper summarises the most important questions to consider when we want to evaluate the validity and importance of papers on diagnostic methods, on prognosis, on treatment effect, when we read systematic reviews, economic evaluations, clinical decision analyses and guidelines.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗
PubMed1995

Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Population programme paves the way for better flow of and use of population information.

The population program of DPRK is currently generating census data, a number of demographic and contraceptive research studies, and various IEC materials. However, these have not been widely disseminated. At the same time, policymakers and professionals engaged in population and development activities expressed the need for more information and materials to assist them in their tasks. To address these needs, the government represented by the National Coordinating Committee for Population Programs, proposed the establishment of a Population Information Center that will facilitate the collection, processing, dissemination, and use of population information and materials in order to support the work of the population personnel. In a fact-finding and project development mission undertaken with the assistance of the UNFPA (UN Population Fund), Beijing, UNDP (UN Development Programme) Pyongyang, and CST for East and Southeast Asia Adviser on Population Information, it was agreed upon that a Population Information Center be set up at the Grand People's Study House which serves as the central document information center in the country as well as correspondence university rendering re-education programs for the working people. The project document basically lays the foundation for a nationwide population information networking by building first the centerpiece of the network. It will develop the capability of the Grand People's Study House in collecting, organizing, analyzing, repackaging and disseminating population information as well as in managing a nationwide network. Four activities will be envisaged to achieve this goal. The first requires the establishment of the Population Information Center structure and organization. The rest necessitate the collection of materials and creation of a bibliographic database, the training of personnel in various information-handling tools and techniques and service provision, and facilitating dissemination of information through a repackaging and lecture series program.

Asia↗
PubMed2002

[Evaluation of Swedish and Finnish web portals for physicians. The usability is considerable but there are problems with privacy and ethics].

A critical overview of Swedish and Finnish medical web portals for doctors is presented in this article. Three Swedish and three Finnish portals were analysed using 54 dichotomous questions, derived from the guidelines of the American Medical Association (AMA), and 17 technical heuristic questions for web usability. 34 portal features were cross-tabulated with all portals. None of the portals did adhere to the AMA guidelines perfectly. Several problems with advertising, sponsorship, and website privacy were observed. Besides professional functionalities, the portals provided services for personal communication and entertainment features. The incomplete correspondence between the AMA guidelines and the current praxis of Nordic web portals for doctors may have many reasons. However, it is safe to conclude that Swedish and Finnish portals for physicians have some severe publicistic or ethical problems. Every physician should note that website privacy is not enough respected.

Advertising↗
PubMed2002

The lexical properties of the gene ontology.

The Gene Ontology (GO) is a construct developed for the purpose of annotating molecular information about genes and their products. The ontology is a shared resource developed by the GO Consortium, a group of scientists who work on a variety of model organisms. In this paper we investigate the nature of the strings found in the Gene Ontology and evaluate them for their usefulness in natural language processing (NLP). We extend previous work that identified a set of properties that reliably identifies natural language phrases in the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). The results indicate that a large percentage (79%) of GO terms are potentially useful for NLP applications. Some 35% of the GO terms were found in a corpus derived from the MEDLINE bibliographic database, and 27% of the terms were found in the current edition of the UMLS.

Genes↗
PubMed2002

[Systematic reviews in practice. X. Searching, selecting and the methodological assessment of diagnostic evaluation research].

Literature concerning the value of diagnostic tests is poorly indexed in electronic bibliographical databases. An extensive, sensitive and specific search strategy for evaluation of a diagnostic test in Medline is a combination of key words or text words concerning the diagnostic test with: 'sensitivity and specificity' (exploded), 'mass screening' (exploded), 'reference values', 'false positive reactions', 'false negative reactions', 'specificit$.tw', 'screening.tw', 'false positive$.tw', 'false negative$.tw', 'accuracy.tw', 'predictive value$.tw', 'reference value$.tw', 'roc$.tw' or 'likelihood ratio$.tw'. Inclusion and exclusion criteria select publications which meet certain minimum requirements, such as the presence of an accepted reference standard, a clear definition of 'diseased', and the presence of a suitable outcome measure. The methodological assessment list should contain a number of validity criteria as well as a number of criteria by which to measure the extent to which the study results can be generalised. Important assessment criteria that may affect the diagnostic value of the test are: study design, blinding, use of different reference standards, the absence of details about the diagnostic criteria for the diagnostic test and insufficient information about the study population.

Diagnostic Tests, Routine↗
PubMed2003

Pacifier use and early childhood caries: an evidence-based study of the literature.

This evidence-based study of the literature investigated the relationship between pacifier use (with and without sweetening and prolonged or short-term) and early childhood caries (ECC). The review was based on evidence from 3 main sources: a search of several electronic bibliographic databases, a review of the references from relevant studies for additional potentially relevant articles and a review of several dental textbooks. A total of 74 articles were reviewed. Of these, 8 were deemed relevant and were critically appraised according to a "causation checklist" of 13 items. The 8 studies assessed were methodologically inconsistent in terms of definitions of ECC, diagnostic criteria for identifying carious lesions, dental examination procedures, interviewing methods, and descriptions of pacifier use. None of the studies achieved a score greater than 6 and hence none was considered to present strong evidence. Six studies did not control for confounding variables, and the conclusions they generated were inconsistent. The evidence from the other 2 studies, which did control for confounding factors, presented slightly stronger evidence, but they indicated no statistical difference in pacifier use between children with and those without ECC; furthermore, the reported odds ratios suggested that pacifier use might have had a mildly protective effect. Overall, the evidence does not suggest a strong or consistent association between pacifier use and ECC.

Child, Preschool↗