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PubMed1985

Variability of selection opportunities with changing socio-cultural environments.

Opportunity for selection has been studied against their contrasting socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds in two endogamous populations, namely, Brahmins and Jalaris of Visakhapatnam, India. Total selection was slightly higher among the better off Brahmins than in Jalaris. But a marked qualitative and quantitative variation was found in the contributing components; the fertility differential was circa 60% in Brahmins while the mortality differential was circa 60% in Jalaris according to the Crow Index. The decreased mortality differential in Brahmins suggests that this component was directly affected by the better socio-economic level and reflects on the population's transitional phase. Further, the If value fell to a half in women who completed their fertility by family planning when compared to women who completed their fertility by menopause, thus reducing the variance in fertility component in the family planning group.

Humans↗

PubMed1987

Opportunity for selection in the parish of Tuna, Sweden.

This article is part of a series of studies on the opportunity for selection in Swedish populations. The study concerns women who, with some exceptions, were born during the first half of the 19th century. A modified form of Crow's index has been used to estimate the upper limit of natural selection. The average index for the period 1805-1850 was I = 1.136, which value falls within the limits of what has been found for the other Swedish populations that have been studied.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

Naming the same entities from visual or from auditory stimulation engages similar regions of left inferotemporal cortices.

We have proposed that the left inferotemporal (IT) region contains structures that mediate between conceptual knowledge retrieval and word-form retrieval, and we have hypothesized that these structures are utilized for word retrieval irrespective of the sensory modality through which an entity is apprehended, thus being "modality neutral." We tested this idea in two sensory modalities, visual and auditory, and for two categories of concrete entities, tools and animals. In a PET experiment, 10 normal participants named tools and animals either from pictures or from characteristic sounds (e.g., "scissors" from a picture of a scissors or from the sound of a scissors cutting; "rooster" from a picture of a rooster or from the sound of a rooster crowing). Visual and auditory naming of tools activated the left posterior/lateral IT; visual and auditory naming of animals activated the left anterior/ventral IT. For both tools and animals, the left IT activations were similar in location and magnitude regardless of whether participants were naming entities from pictures or from sounds. The results provide novel evidence to support the notion that left IT structures contain "modality-neutral" systems for mediating between conceptual knowledge and word retrieval.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1994

Fracture surface characterization of clinically failed all-ceramic crowns.

The goal of this study was to establish a protocol for the retrieval and fractographic analysis of failed restorations, and to compare the fracture surface features of clinically failed ceramic restorations and with those of controlled laboratory test specimens fabricated from the same materials. Ten fractured Dicor crowns and 12 fractured Cerestore crows were retrieved and analyzed. Optical microscopy of the failed crowns revealed that the critical segments of nine of the 10 (90%) Dicor crowns and nine of the 12 (75%) Cerestore crowns were acceptable for fractographic analysis. Twelve disks of each material were fabricated as controls and fractured by bi-axial flexure for analysis of the similarities and/or differences between the fractographic features of fractured clinical crowns and the disks. Each of the 10 Dicor crowns was observed to fail along the internal surface. For 78% of the Cerestore crowns, failure initiation occurred at the porcelain/core interface or inside the core material. Critical flaw sizes of the failed Dicor crowns ranged from 127 to 272 microns. Failure stresses of the Dicor crowns, estimated by fractographic techniques and fracture mechanics relationships, ranged from 65 to 94 MPa. Estimated failure stresses for two of the Cerestore crowns which had failure initiation sites in the porcelain layer were 15 and 68 MPa. It is concluded that the fracture initiation sites of dental ceramics are controlled primarily by the location and size of the critical flaw, and not by specimen thickness.

Aluminum Oxide↗

PubMed1988

Testing the retrovirus hypothesis of manic depression and schizophrenia with molecular genetic techniques.

Crow's viral hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that psychosis may be the result of mutagenesis caused by viral integration or transposition in human genomic DNA. Molecular genetic techniques can be used to systematically investigate this hypothesis. In a study of genomic lymphocyte DNA unexpected DNA polymorphisms which were probably insertions and deletions were found in specific human genomic retroviral (proviral) related sequences. However these changes were found exclusively in normal Icelandic individuals and are probably of evolutionary origin. The extent to which human retroviral insertion and deletion has taken place and the mobility of such sequences will help in understanding their evolutionary origin and might provide a source of polymorphic marker sequences that could be used in genetic linkage studies of disease.

Bipolar Disorder↗

PubMed1996

Historic development and medical use of nasopharyngeal radium irradiation treatments.

Nasopharyngeal radium irradiation was a medical treatment that replaced eustachian tube inflation and was itself replaced by tympanotomy tubes. Research and development began in 1924 when Samuel J. Crowe was awarded funds to develop an otologic research laboratory. He observed that recurring adenoids and serous otitis were associated with childhood deafness. In collaboration with Curtis Burnam, he developed a nasopharyngeal radon applicator in the 1930s. This was modified in the 1940s to a nasopharyngeal radium applicator, which had a much longer half-life and did not need treatment lengths recalculated twice each day. Numerous reports on the clinical use of nasopharyngeal radium irradiation in the United States were published. Papers have cautioned against possible dangers of nasopharyngeal radium irradiation, but there have been no substantiated reports. This report ends with three concluding suggestions for research.

History, 20th Century↗

PubMed2000

Current practice patterns in the treatment of Charcot foot.

Treatment of Charcot foot osteoarthropathy has emerged as a major component of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Diabetes 2000 Initiative. A two-part survey described treatment patterns and current footwear use of patients with Charcot osteoarthropathy of the foot and ankle. In the first part, 94 consecutive patients with a history of Charcot foot and ankle presenting for care were questioned on their foot-specific treatment and current footwear use. A history of diabetic foot ulcer was given by 39 (41%) patients, and an infection had been present in a foot of 20 (21%) patients. The initial treatment of the Charcot foot and ankle had been a total contact cast in 46 (49%) patients, and a pre-fabricated walking boot in 19 (20%). Charcot related surgery had consisted of 76 procedures in 46 (49%) patients. Sixty-three (67%) patients were currently using accommodative footwear (depth-inlay shoes in 46 [49%], custom shoes in 10 [11%], and CROW in 7 [7%] patients), and 72 (77%) were currently using custom accommodative foot orthoses. The second part of this study consisted of a questionnaire completed by 37 orthopaedic surgeons (members of AOFAS) interested in forming a Charcot Study Group. They treated an average of 11.8 patients having Charcot foot or ankle per month. Thirty (81%) used the Semmes-Weinstein 5.07 monofilament as a screening tool for peripheral neuropathy. For treatment of Eichenholtz Stage I, 29 (78%) used a total contact cast and 15 (41%) allowed weightbearing; for Stage II, 30 (81%) physicians used a total contact cast and 18 (49%) allowed weightbearing. Although the literature contains uniform recommendations for immobilization and non-weightbearing as treatment for the initial phases of Charcot arthropathy, the results of this benchmarking study reveal that currenl treatment is varied.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Development of an interviewer training manual for a cervical health project on the Apsáalooke Reservation.

This article describes strategies used to develop a survey interview training manual for use on the Apsáalooke (Crow Indian) Reservation and delineates how this process and product differed from those discussed in the extant literature on survey interview training. Working to ensure cultural appropriateness is especially important due to past research improprieties with Native American populations. This manual was developed as a part of a cervical health intervention program, Messengers for Health. Areas covered include goals of survey research, recruitment and enrollment, manner of the interviewer, nonverbal behavior, beginning the interview, and language use. Limitations of this work and suggestions for conducting survey research with Native American populations are also included.

Female↗

PubMed2004

Cementless total hip arthroplasty using an autograft of the femoral head for marked acetabular dysplasia: case series.

PURPOSE: To assess the short-term outcome of cementless total hip arthroplasty involving an autograft of the femoral head in Japanese patients. METHODS: Cementless total hip arthroplasty with autogenous bone block grafting was performed on 18 hips in 15 patients with marked acetabular dysplasia. The resected femoral head was used as a graft for the superior-lateral region of the true acetabulum. Clinical outcome was correlated with the placement of the acetabular component, as revealed in radiographs. RESULTS: The 13 women and 2 men had a mean age of 60.2 years (range, 37.0-73.0 years) at primary surgery and a mean follow-up duration of 3.3 years (range, 2.0-5.3 years). According to the classification of Crowe, 4 hips were in group I, 3 were in group II, one in group III, and 10 in group IV. The mean Harris Hip Score preoperatively was 45.7 (range, 19-69) and that at follow-up was 82.5 (range, 44-100). All 15 cases showed a good clinical outcome. There were no major intra-operative complications in this series. The grafted bones united in all patients. Two patients need surgical revision because the lateral insertion of the acetabular component resulted in loosening of it. CONCLUSION: Medial insertion of the acetabular component provides satisfactory short-term outcomes. Lateral insertion of the acetabular component during total hip arthroplasty should be avoided in patients with marked acetabular dysplasia.

Acetabulum↗

PubMed2005

POEMS Syndrome.

POEMS syndrome is defined by the presence of a peripheral neuropathy (P), a monoclonal plasma cell disorder (M), and other paraneoplastic features, the most common of which include organomegaly (O), endocrinopathy (E), skin changes (S), papilledema, edema, effusions, ascites, and thrombocytosis. Virtually all patients will have either sclerotic bone lesion(s) or co-existent Castleman's disease. Not all features of the disease are required to make the diagnosis, and early recognition is important to reduce morbidity. Other names for the syndrome include osteosclerotic myeloma, Crow-Fukase syndrome, or Takatsuki syndrome. Because the peripheral neuropathy is frequently the overriding symptom and because the characteristics of the neuropathy are similar to that chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), patients are frequently misdiagnosed with CIDP or monoclonal gammopathy of underdetermined significance (MGUS)-associated peripheral neuropathy. Not until additional features of the POEMS syndrome are recognized is the correct diagnosis made and effective therapies initiated. Clues to an early diagnosis include thrombocytosis and sclerotic bone lesions on plain skeletal radiographs. Therapies that may be effective in patients with CIDP and MGUS-associated peripheral neuropathy (intravenous gammaglobulin and plasmapheresis) are not effective in patients with POEMS. Instead, the mainstays of therapy for patients with POEMS include irradiation, corticosteroids, and alkylator-based therapy, including high-dose chemotherapy with peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Asbestosis, pleural plaques and diffuse pleural thickening: three distinct benign responses to asbestos exposure.

The aim of this study was to investigate by computed tomography (CT) whether asbestosis, diffuse pleural thickening and/or pleural plaques are statistically associated. We also tried to find criteria to differentiate between diffuse and circumscribed pleural thickening. From 231 exposed workers, only those subjects whose radiograph showed neither bilateral calcified pleural plaques nor small pulmonary opacities higher than 1/1 grade according to the 1980 International Labour Office (ILO) Classification were considered. Scans were assessed for the presence of subpleural curvilinear lines, septal and intralobular lines, parenchymal bands, honeycombing, rounded atelectasis, pleural plaques and diffuse pleural thickening. CT scans revealed pleural and/or lung abnormalities in 99 workers. Pleural plaques were unilateral in one-third of cases with plaques. Diffuse pleural thickening, parenchymal bands and rounded atelectasis were unilateral in, respectively, 62 and 69 and 75% of cases with the abnormality. Septal and intralobular lines, and honeycombing were always bilateral. CT signs could be grouped into three patterns: 1) septal and intralobular lines, and honeycombing corresponding to pulmonary fibrosis; 2) pleural plaques corresponding to parietal pleural fibrosis; and 3) diffuse pleural thickening, rounded atelectasis and parenchymal bands corresponding to visceral pleural fibrosis. In these workers with a normal or near-normal radiograph, three groups of subjects with different responses were distinguished. Crow's feet and rounded atelectasis help to differentiate plaques from diffuse thickening.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Why not work on T and NK cells in the Kunkel laboratory?

Coming from Hans Wigzell's laboratory in Uppsala, Sweden, I joined the Kunkel laboratory in 1981 to spend a post-doctoral fellowship period financed by the German Research Organization. While I initially worked with Nick Chiorazzi in an attempt to generate monoclonal antibody-secreting human B-cell hybridomas, I later studied the in vitro effects of tumor promoters on human natural killer cells and collaborated with Mary Crow on some aspects of the so-called autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction. Working in the stimulating atmosphere of the Kunkel laboratory was an exceptional experience. I was particularly impressed by the efficient organization of clinical research at Rockefeller University. The following is a very personal resumee of my stay in the Kunkel laboratory.

Allergy and Immunology↗

PubMed1987

Cerebral ventricular enlargement in chronic schizophrenia: consistencies and contradictions.

A study of cerebral ventricular size measured as ventricle to brain ratio (VBR) using computerised tomographic brain scan in chronic schizophrenics provided no support for suggestions that there are significant differences between patients who fall into different clinical subtypes. We found no significant difference in VBR between patients with and without a family history of schizophrenia or between those with or without paranoid symptoms. Applying Crow's classification, contrary to expectations, Type 1 patients had significantly larger ventricles than those with 'mixed' symptomatology (both Type 1 and Type 2 features). We also applied a variety of operational criteria which attempt to define schizophrenia as a whole: of these only Schneider's first-rank symptoms (FRS) yielded conclusive results--FRS-positive patients had significantly larger mean VBR than those without such symptoms. Previously, it has been suggested that ventricular enlargement is more closely associated with 'negative' than with 'positive' symptoms.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Is there really a split in schizophrenia? The genetic evidence.

Although the clinical presentation and course of schizophrenia is highly variable, it is unclear whether this reflects heterogeneity at an aetiological level. The genetic evidence is reviewed concerning 'traditional' clinical subtypes as more novel categories derived from multivariate statistical methods and Crow's type I-type II classification. Recent data based on a twin series and re-analysis of older published family material suggest that attempts to divide up schizophrenia have resulted in splits between two or more categories of disorder which occupy different positions on the same continuum of liability. Thus, apparent heterogeneity is more likely to be due to quantitative difference in familial-genetic loading rather than qualitative differences. Similarly, the hypothesis that schizophrenia can be broadly divided into two groups, one genetic and the other non-genetic has little to support it. It seems improbable that any further useful and genetically relevant subdivision of schizophrenia can be effected on purely clinical grounds. Further progress awaits developments in the discovery of endophenotypes and the application of molecular genetic marker strategies.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Evidence for a pseudoautosomal locus for schizophrenia. I: A replication study using phenotype analysis.

A locus for schizophrenia within the pseudoautosomal region of chromosomes X and Y has been suggested by Crow on the basis of epidemiological data. The present report replicates this finding in a sample of 38 French multiply affected families with schizophrenia. Sibship and pairwise analysis, with or without weighted-pair correction, with three different systems of family classifications, showed there to be an excess of same-sex pairs in paternally derived sibships, as predicted by the pseudoautosomal hypothesis.

Female↗

PubMed1996

Speech and language in first onset psychosis differences between people with schizophrenia, mania, and controls.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have revealed linguistic differences between diagnostic groups. This study investigates the extent to which these differences are accounted for by factors such as chronicity, or disturbances in cognition associated with acute psychosis. METHOD: Transcripts of interviews with patients suffering from RDC schizophrenia (n=38), mania (n=11) and controls (n=16) were examined using the Brief Syntactic Analysis (BSA). Patients were within two years of first onset of psychotic symptoms, and received tests of working memory and attention. RESULTS: The speech of patients with schizophrenia was syntactically less complex than that of controls. Patients with schizophrenia and mania made more errors than controls. These differences were, to some extent, related to group differences in social class, working memory and attention, although significant group differences in language persisted after the effects of covariates were removed. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms the existence of differences in the speech of psychiatric patients. Low complexity appears to be a particular feature of speech in schizophrenia, even in the earliest stages of the condition. The importance of this finding is discussed in relation to two recent theories of schizophrenia: Crow's evolutionary model, and Frith's neuro-psychological model.

Bipolar Disorder↗

PubMed2000

Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in wild animals in Japan.

Between 1991 and 1993, the intestinal contents and feces of wild animals in Japan were examined for the presence of Listeria. The wild animals examined included 623 mammals (11 species) and 996 birds (18 species). Listeria species were isolated from 38 (6.1%) of the 623 mammalian samples and 133 (13.4%) of 996 bird samples. The highest incidence of Listeria in the mammals was found in Japanese monkeys (20.0%) and that in birds was found in crows (43.2%). The incidence of Listeria in Japanese monkeys varied from 0 to 40.0% depending on the capture area. L. monocytogenes was isolated from II of these positive samples. Serovars 1/2a and 4b predominated in eight serotyped L. monocytogenes isolates.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Catheters: design, selection and management.

Urinary catheterization is a common procedure that is performed on 12% of hospital patients (Crow et al, 1996) and 4% of community patients (Getliffe, 1990). When considering catheterization as a method of care, many decisions need to be made in order to select the optimum equipment and provide effective catheter care. This includes selecting the type of catheterization that needs to be performed, i.e. intermittent or indwelling, and choosing the right catheter material, size and balloon infill volume. The type and design features of the urinary drainage and suspensory system have a direct effect on individual patient comfort, dignity and life. Aspects of catheter care that need to be considered include: meatal hygiene, fluid intake, bladder washouts, constipation, clamping catheters, collecting specimens of urine, fixation of catheters and sexuality.

Catheters, Indwelling↗