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Results for “Contraceptive Usage”

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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Association of oral contraceptive use and human papillomaviruses in invasive cervical cancers.

In a study of 197 cases of histologically confirmed invasive cervical cancer, 61% of biopsies were positive for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA by Southern or dot-blot hybridization. An association between detection of HPV DNA and oral contraceptive use was observed when HPV-positive and -negative cases were compared. Women reporting recent or long-term (greater than 4 yrs) oral contraceptive use were at 2.3 and 2.9-fold increased risks of HPV positivity, respectively. An increased risk of HPV positivity was also associated with formal education and with urban residence, while long-term smoking was negatively associated with HPV detection. A non-significant trend of increasing risk of HPV positivity with increasing number of sexual partners of the women and of the male partners of monogamous women was observed. Detection of HPV DNA was not associated with other cervical cancer risk factors examined, including age at first coitus, number of pregnancies, and Pap smear screening history. Our findings suggest either an interaction between HPV infection and oral contraceptive use in the genesis of cervical cancer or an increased expression of HPV genome in neoplasms of oral contraceptive users. These observations also support a multifactorial model of cervical cancer causation.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Oral contraceptives, androgens, and the sexuality of young women: I. A comparison of sexual experience, sexual attitudes, and gender role in oral contraceptive users and nonusers.

Female undergraduates (108) volunteered for a study of hormones and sexuality, 55 of whom were oral contraceptive (OC) users. In this paper, OC users and nonusers are compared on measures of sexual attitudes and behavior, use of erotic fantasy, and gender role. In the second paper, the effects of OC on androgen levels and the relationship between androgens and behavioral measures within each group are reported. OC users were more likely to have a current sexual partner and less likely to be virgins. The two groups did not differ in frequency of masturbation or use of erotic fantasies. OC users reported less restrictive sexual morality and more interest in erotic images. These differences persisted when women without current partners were excluded. Among those in active sexual relationships, OC users reported more frequent sexual intercourse, higher psychosexual motivation and enjoyment, and were more positive in their evaluation of their partners than OC nonusers.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Dysmenorrhea and use of oral contraceptives in adolescent women attending a family planning clinic.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the prevalance of dysmenorrhea in female adolescents and the effect of experiencing a reduction in dysmenorrhea on oral contraceptive use. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective panel study in which 308 adolescent women at an inner-city family planning clinic were interviewed about their experiences with dysmenorrhea and their oral contraceptive use at three points in time over a 6-month period. A chi 2 test and multiple logistic regression analysis were done. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of dysmenorrhea in this population was 79.6%; 18.2% reported severe dysmenorrhea. Those who had severe dysmenorrhea and also experienced the reduction of dysmenorrhea as a result of oral contraceptives were eight times more likely to be consistent oral contraceptive users (p less than or equal to 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: It is important to screen female adolescents for dysmenorrhea, provide them with information about the beneficial side effects of oral contraceptives, and follow up these young women to make sure they are experiencing the alleviation of their symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The first abortion - and the last? A study of the personality factors underlying repeated failure of contraception.

The causes leading to a second abortion were outlined in a psychological study comparing 30 women expecting a second abortion with 29 women who had successfully prevented conception after a first abortion. It was found that both groups improved their contraceptive practices after the first abortion. However, while the latter group continued with their improved practices, the former group went back to the earlier inefficient or non-existent contraceptive behavior. The inability to improve contraception in the long run was not related to differences in educational level or knowledge about contraceptive techniques but to the developmental level of personality structures. The women expecting their second abortion rated lower in control of impulsivity, emotional balance, realism, self-esteem and stability of life as well as capacity for more integrated personal relationships. The differences in personality development and consequently in the capacity for long-term contraception were found to be due to growth conditions in childhood.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1981

Twinning following oral contraceptive discontinuation.

The characteristics of 673 mothers of twins were compared to those of a matched sample of mothers of singletons. Both groups of mothers were interviewed just after delivery, and births in each group were matched for time and place. Of the characteristics studied, the use of oral contraceptives (OC) displayed a significant negative association with dizygotic twinning, with an estimated relative risk of 0.55 (95% confidence limits: 0.39/0.78). Among other maternal trails significantly associated with dizygotic twinning, ony age, parity and weight were possible confounders as far as the relationship between OC use and dizygotic twinning was concerned. Adjustment for these 3 characteristics left this relationship unaltered. These findings are compatible with the existence of the a direct relationship between OC use and a reduction in dizygotic twinning. Review of the available evidence concerning reproductive capacities following OC discontinuation suggests that the higher incidence of chromosomic abnormalities among spontaneous abortuses of OC users or their lower fertility could explain a reduction of dizygotic twinning rate after OC discontinuation. It is concluded that examination of te time and place variations in OC use and dizygotic twinning would help to clarify the nature of their relationship.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Increasing barrier method use among oral contraceptive users at risk of STDs. What approach is best?

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated whether offering a choice of barrier methods can increase overall barrier method use without decreasing condom use in women using oral contraceptives (OCs) for contraception. STUDY DESIGN: We randomized 167 OC users at risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) into two groups, one receiving male latex condoms only (Condom group), the other receiving both male latex condoms and nonoxynol-9 film (Choice group). All participants received similar hierarchical STD protection counseling. We assessed method use with daily diaries. RESULTS: The Choice group protected a significantly higher percentage of their coital acts with a barrier method (month 1 to 2: 29% vs. 22%; month 3 to 4: 33% vs. 21%; and month 5 to 6: 35% vs. 19%; adjusted P = 0.012). Condom use in the Choice group was higher as well (adjusted P = 0.036). When we used a transitional multilogistic regression approach to account for differential loss to follow-up in the two groups, results were similar. CONCLUSIONS: Offering a choice of barrier methods increased overall barrier method use without decreasing condom use.

Adult↗