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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Problems in specimen collection for sexually transmitted diseases.

Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are continuously undergoing improvement. It remains the responsibility of the clinician to become familiar with the tests available for the diagnosis of STDs. Those tests depend on obtaining clinical specimens from the proper site and on transporting them to the laboratory under satisfactory conditions.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1975

[Monoclonal human immunoglobulin (IgG lambda) with antiethinylestradiol activity, oral contraceptives, and arterial pulmonary thrombosis].

In a 36-year-old woman taking an oral contraceptive containing 50 mug of ethinyloestradiol each day, a pulmonary arterial thrombosis and a monoclonal gammapathia were associated. The monoclonal IgI lambda Mai... was prepared. When purified, this IgG lambda binds ethinyloestradiol with strong affinity (Ka= 2.7 times 10(7)M-1) and also 17-beta-oestradiol with a little less affinity (Ka = 0.4 times 10(7)M-1. For those ligands each IgG lambda Mai... molecule has two sites of same affinity and specificity so that a Scatchard plot of the experimental values gives a straight line. It is likely that the antibody sites of the IgG lambda Mai... are the binding sites. These facts support the hypothesis of an immunological mechanism of the thromboembolic disease which may be induced by oral contraceptives.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Gestodene and desogestrel do not have a different influence on concentration profiles of ethinylestradiol in women taking oral contraceptives--results of isotope dilution mass spectrometry measurements.

OBJECTIVES: A new method for the quantitative determination of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol-17beta (EE2) in serum is presented here based on the principle of isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) with [13C]EE2 as internal standard. The technique was used to determine the concentration profiles of EE2 in the serum of female subjects who had taken oral contraceptives with different progestin components. The method has proved to be very reliable with respect to trueness, specificity, precision and detection sensitivity and offers considerable advantages compared with the immunological methods of measurement used to date. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-seven female volunteers took two different oral contraceptives containing EE2 combined with different progestins in accordance with a cross-over design. After the administration of 30 microg EE2 combined with 75 microg gestodene (EE2/GSD) or 150 microg desogestrel (EE2/DES), blood samples were taken from the subjects on certain days and in certain previously specified cycles in the course of 12 h after medication. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The biometric analysis of the results showed that the concentration profiles of EE2 were in their statistics, significantly equivalent after the administration of either of the two oral contraceptives. The sometimes contradictory results found in former studies after the administration of the different contraceptives were presumably due to the methodological shortcomings of the radioimmunological measurement technique. With the use of the highly accurate and specific technique of IDMS it can now be unequivocally established that the different progestins in the tested oral contraceptives have no influence on the bioavailability of EE2 (area under EE2 serum concentration curves, as usually defined in pharmacokinetics).

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1980

Immune reactivity of women on hormonal contraceptives. Phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin-A induced lymphocyte response.

To investigate the influence of sex-steroids on the in vitro correlate of cell-mediated immunity (CMI), blood samples from 49 women on hormonal contraceptives were tested on the lymphocyte response to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con-A). Sixteen women were taking oral contraceptives of combined oestrogen/progestogen of the same brand (low oestrogenic and middle range progestogenic activity); 15 had received intramuscular injections of medroxyprogesterone acetate and 18 women were using a sequential pill. The results were compared with those of 18 women not taking contraceptive steroids and matched for age. No significant changes were observed between the different groups. Considering the previously found alterations in dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) skin test reactivity by sex steroids, it is hypothesized that sex-steroids have little or no influence on the central proliferative phase of the immune response, but have a profound effect on the efferent phase.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The significance of circulating antiethinyl-estradiol antibodies (AEEA) in the occurrence of thrombosis in women while taking the pill.

The aim of the study was to investigate the hypothesis that oral contraceptives (OC) lead to antiethinyl-estradiol antibody (AEEA) synthesis which might in turn be responsible for the thrombo-embolic complications observed in women users. The trial included 428 women divided into a) 204 healthy female volunteers as the control group (CONT), b) 139 women who had suffered thrombo-embolic accidents (THR), c) 85 women suffering from recurrent fetal loss (RFL). In each of these three categories, 50% were pill users (OC+) and 50% were not (OC-). Specific immune markers of systemic autoimmunity and anticardiolipin antibodies were looked for, as they are thought to be present in increased amounts in thrombosis or recurrent fetal loss. The AEEA prevalence differed significantly (p less than 0.05) between the CONT OC+ (32%) and the CONT OC- (13%) women. It also differed (p less than 10(-5)) between the RFL OC+ (60%) and the RFL OC- (12%) women. It did not differ between THR OC+ (36%) and THR OC- (39%) women. Within the OC+ women, the difference between the THR and the CONT groups was not found to be significant, whereas it was found to differ significantly between the RFL and the CONT groups (odds-ratio RFL/CONT estimated at 3.20, confidence interval 1.53, 6.69). Within the OC-women, the AEEA prevalence was found to differ significantly between the THR (39%) and the CONT (13%) groups (odds-ratio THR/CONT estimated at 4.40, confidence interval 2.07, 9.38%) but not between the RFL and the CONT groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Effects of vasectomy on the epididymis.

Common principles can be discerned in the response of the epididymis to vasectomy, despite species differences. Increases in the size and number of lysosomes are the most frequent changes in the epididymal epithelium. The presence or absence of additional alterations such as changes in the height of the epithelium may be related to variations in distensibility of the vas deferens and epididymis. Direct measurements by micropuncture of epididymal and seminiferous tubule hydrostatic pressure indicate that, contrary to dogma, increased pressure in the distal epididymis after vasectomy is not generally transmitted to the seminiferous tubules. The epididymal interstitium shows microscopic changes indicative of chronic inflammation, with infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells, and rats with these lesions have higher antisperm antibody levels than animals lacking epididymal changes. Macrophages and neutrophils may enter the duct through the epididymal epithelium, at sites of rupture of the duct, and in the efferent ductules. Cyst-like spermatic granulomas occur in virtually all species where the epididymis or vas deferens ruptures with escape of spermatozoa. The sites and timing of granuloma formation may depend on the mechanical properties of the tract in different species, and they are probably important in the immune response to vasectomy. Postvasectomy sera in Lewis rats recognize a consensus repertoire of dominant autoantigens that closely resembles the antigens bound by sera from rats immunized with isologous spermatozoa. There are multiple routes for disposal of the sperm that continue to be produced after vasectomy.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Possibilities for use of monoclonal antibodies in gynecology and obstetrics].

It is demonstrated the theory of hybridoma technology and the production of monoclonal antibodies. Hybridomas can be obtained by fusion of spleen cells from Balb/c mice immunized with certain antigens and of myeloma cells, which produced monoclonal antibodies after cloning, culturing and recloning. The attraction of monoclonal antibodies is against polyclonal antibodies that all antibodies from one cell clon are equal with regard to primary structure, specificity and affinity to certain antigen. The application of monoclonal antibodies leads to an improvement of immunologic diagnostical methods. Special proceedings may expected in the fields of immunology of tumors, research of infertility and immunology of fetomaternal relationship.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2005

Immunogenicity and contraceptive potential of recombinant human sperm associated antigen (SPAG9).

Human sperm-associated antigen 9 (hSPAG9) is a potential target for sperm-based contraceptive vaccine in lieu of its location on the sperm acrosomal compartment and its implication in sperm-egg interaction. SPAG9 is an acrosomal molecule which is not only restricted to a specific region (domain) of the acrosome but also undergoes relocation to the equatorial region in a stage-specific manner during acrosome reaction, demonstrating its potential role in sperm-egg binding. Human SPAG9 nucleotide sequence revealed 94% identity with macaque SPAG9 and 96.8% with baboon SPAG9 over the entire sequence. The amino acid sequence comparison of human SPAG9 with macaque and baboon revealed an overall homology of 84.9% and 90.6%, respectively. The presence of a high level of homology at the amino acid and nucleotide levels indicates that SPAG9 is conserved in macaque, baboon and human sharing common function and common origin in the biological past. Immunogenicity studies were carried in rats, which demonstrated that recombinant hSPAG9 protein adsorbed on alum is highly immunogenic. Antibodies thus generated after immunization reacted with recombinant human SPAG9 (rhSPAG9) and native SPAG9 protein from human sperm in Western blot analysis. In an in vitro assay, anti-rhSPAG9 antibodies inhibited sperm adherence to or penetration in zona-free hamster egg penetration test. Further, anti-SPAG9 antibodies inhibited the binding of human sperm to intact human oocyte as well as to matched hemi-zonae, indicating that the recombinant protein is a suitable contraceptive vaccinogen. Together these results demonstrate that the rhSPAG9 adsorbed on alum is immunogenic in nature, which is a permissible adjuvant for immunogenicity and fertility trials in non-human primates.

Acrosome Reaction↗
PubMed1991

Allergy to coitus.

Acute systemic hypersensitivity reactions to semen are rare but may be life-threatening. Chronic or recurrent local reactions are more common and may be misdiagnosed as infective or nonspecific vaginitis. The antigen(s) involved in these reactions reside in a glycoprotein fraction of seminal plasma. Allergic vulvovaginitis may also occur in sensitized women when they are exposed to exogenous allergens such as drugs, food and infective agents during sexual activity. Skin testing and other relevant investigations are indicated when these disorders are suspected. Condom usage will prevent symptoms of coital allergy. Desensitization has had variable success in acute systemic hypersensitivity. Precoital antihistamines may modify local reactions.

Contraceptive Devices, Male↗
PubMed1990

Etiology and histogenesis of endometriosis.

Based on the available scientific evidence, the mechanism of developing endometriosis appears to be transplantation of viable endometrial cell fragments shed during menses and regurgitated through the fallopian tubes under the influence of prostaglandin-mediated uterine contractions. As all women apparently retrograde menstruate to some extent, it is not surprising that circumstances which increase the total number of menstrual days experienced have been clinically associated with endometriosis. Similarly, factors which lead to relative uterine outflow obstruction have been associated with a higher incidence of endometriosis. There is virtually no other scientific evidence supporting alternate mechanisms of development of endometriosis. There are many unanswered questions regarding endometriosis including: 1) Are all women equally susceptible to development of the disease? 2) As the clinical presentation and course is extremely variable, what factors influence these events? 3) Does medical suppression of ovulation with oral contraceptives or continuous progestins provide a protective effect? 4) Are there systemic immunologic changes associated with endometriosis? Hopefully, this manuscript will help stimulate the next generation of clinical investigators to address these questions, as they are of paramount importance with this apparently increasingly devastating and frequent clinical disease.

Endometriosis↗