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PubMed1988

[Premorbid characteristics and nature of the mental disorders in patients with neurocirculatory dystonia and heart rhythm disorders (clinico-psychological research)].

Forty-two patients with different types of functional cardiac arrhythmias were examined. Clinico-psychological examination revealed such general and relatively independent of the personality type features as conservatism, predisposition to anxiety reactions, hypochondriac readiness, symptomatic lability, poor self confidence in relation to interpersonal interrelations, poorly expressed ability to dominate with a tendency toward submission. Neurotic reactions and phases were a predominant feature in accentuated (n = 20) and psychopathic persons (n = 10). Slowly progressive schizophrenia and cyclothymia were diagnosed in 8 and 4 cases respectively. Treatment of functional cardiac arrhythmias with lexotan yielded good response in 50% of cases. In cases when lexotan alone failed to be effective, the use of this drug in combination with antiarrhythmic drugs effected good results in 61.8% of the patients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Personality and performance: attributes of effective residential child care workers.

Better than age, experience, or education, this research found that personality characteristics differentiated child care workers from the general population. Ten of the 16 primary 16PF scores were significantly different and generally described an altruistic but assertive and venturesome propensity to manage others. The linear specification equation that summarized these personality differences also differentiated most from least effective child care workers: Low scores were associated with dependence and "job/person mismatch"; high-scores were associated with independence and assertiveness and, sometimes, unmanageability and "incompatible attitudes." Five 16PF factors differentiated most from least effective child care workers: Warmth (A+), intelligence (B+), assertiveness (E+), social reservation (H-), and conservatism (Q1-). Although child care workers were significantly bolder (H+) than the general population, especially effective child care workers were less bold and radical than their less effective colleagues. Both analyses identified traits similar to those that Mufson found and suggested that personality characteristics were significantly related to performance. The liner specification equation predicted correctly 63% of the time; the discriminant analysis, 70%. These equaled the classification criteria reported by supervisors from at least two agencies. Since the adjusted multiple r2 was about .25, one must wonder about the influence of other, unknown factors. Interrater reliability and varying agency performance standards may have been among those. The authors have used the 16PF for several years at the United Methodist Children's Home with very encouraging results. Although not used to select or screen applicants, the 16PF has been very helpful in reconsidering applicants who interviewed poorly or confirming those who interviewed well.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[The origin of the eukaryotic cell. III. Principles of the morphofunctional organization of the eukaryotic cell].

The eukaryotic plasmalemma, eukaryotic cytoplasm with its usual cytomembranes, and eukaryotic nucleus are obligatory components of the eukaryotic cell. All other structural elements (organelles) are only derivates of the aforesaid cell components and they may be absent sometimes. There are protozoans having simultaneously no flagelles, mitochondria and chloroplasts (all the representatives of phylum Microspora, amoeba Pelomyxa palustris, and others). The following five general principles play the main role in the morphofunctional organization of the cell. The principle of hierarchy of block organization of living systems. Complex morphofunctional blocks (organelles) specific for the eukaryotic cell are formed. The compartmentalization principle. The main cell organelles (nuclei, flagellae, mitochondria, chloroplasts, etc.) undergo a relative morphological isolation from each other and other cell organelles by means of the total or partial surrounding by membranes; this may ensure the originality of their evolution and function. The principle of poly- and oligomerization of morphofunctional blocks. It permits the cell to enlarge its sizes and to raise the level of integration. The principle of heterochrony, including three subprinciples: conservatism of useful signs; a strong acceleration of evolutionary development of the separate blocks; simplification of the structure, reduction or total disappearance of some blocks. It explains a preservation of prokaryotic signs in the eukaryotic cell or in its organelles. The principle of independent origin of similar morphofunctional blocks in the process of evolution of living systems. The parallelism of the signs in unrelated groups of cells (or protists) arises due to this principle.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Robert Waelder on psychoanalytic technique: five lectures.

Biographical information regarding Robert Waelder is readily available (Guttman, 1986), and this is not the place for it. The following is a rare and direct example of his "old-fashioned" teaching. "Old-fashioned" and "conservative" are criticisms often leveled at Waelder these days. Yet, "Old-fashioned is not precisely the word for Waelder.... He was a conservative in the best sense, as his later writings continued to prove, one who would not relinquish what is good for the sake of the supposed 'ideal' situation imagined by those restless for change. This was his ethic, and his conservatism was entirely humanitarian. He refused to idealize 'human nature' and tried to preserve the realism of his clinical sense in matters beyond the clinic" (Lewin, 1968, p. 9).

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Properties of the adenylate cyclase system in the muscle tissue of the mollusk Anodonta cygnea].

The adenylate cyclase system in the muscular tissue of Anodonta cygnea has been studied. A stimulating effect of serotonin, guanine nucleotides and sodium fluoride is found as well as a dependence of the catalytic activity of adenylate cyclase on magnesium and manganese ions. The mollusk enzyme and the vertebral one do not differ in principle in their functional properties. Only serotonin out of the tested biogenic amines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin) stimulates the adenylate cyclase activity, which agrees with the fact that this neurohormone is a main neuromediator in mollusks. The analysis of the obtained results and data available in literature supports the idea about conservatism of the hormonal signal transfer in animals of different phylogenetic level.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The nature of forces stabilizing nucleosome structure. Dissociation of histone octamers from DNA].

We have used the measurements of the histone fluorescence parameters to study the influence of the ionic strength on histone-DNA and histone-histone interactions in reconstructed nucleosomes. The ionic strength increase lead to the two-stage nucleosome dissociation. The dimer H2A-H2B dissociates at the first stage and the tetramer (H3-H4)2 at the second one. The dimer H2A-H2B dissociation from nucleosome is a two-stage process also. The ionic bonds between (H2A-H2B) histone dimer and DNA break at first and then the dissociation of dimer from histone tetramer (H3-H4)2 occurs. According to the proposed model the dissociation accompanying a nucleosome "swelling" and an increase of DNA curvature radius. It was shown that the energy of electrostatic interactions between histone dimer and DNA is sufficiently less than the energy of dimer-tetramer interaction. We propose that the nucleosome DNA ends interact with the dimer and tetramer simultaneously. The calculated number (approximately 30 divided by 40) of ionic bonds between DNA and histone octamer globular part practically coincides with the number of exposed cationic groups on the surface of octamer globular head. On this basis we have assumed that the spatial distribution of these groups is precisely determined, which explains the high evolutionary conservatism of the histone primary structure.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The analysis of multiple endpoints in clinical trials.

Treatment comparisons in randomized clinical trials usually involve several endpoints such that conventional significance testing can seriously inflate the overall Type I error rate. One option is to select a single primary endpoint for formal statistical inference, but this is not always feasible. Another approach is to apply Bonferroni correction (i.e., multiply each P-value by the total number of endpoints). Its conservatism for correlated endpoints is examined for multivariate normal data. A third approach is to derive an appropriate global test statistic and this paper explores one such test applicable to any set of asymptotically normal test statistics. Quantitative, binary, and survival endpoints are all considered within this general framework. Two examples are presented and the relative merits of the proposed strategies are discussed.

Asthma↗
PubMed1979

Combination of irradiation and surgery.

Irradiation can eradicate the microscopic disease that radical surgical procedures cannot remove, but high doses of irradiation fail to control large volumes of cancer. The concept "either irradiation or surgery" for all clinical situations should be eliminated. If irradiation has no place as the sole treatment for a disease, for example soft-tissue sarcomas or parotid tumors, it does not mean that it has no place in the management of the disease. Conservatism in both disciplines is to be preferred. Not only are the chances for cure increased, but also the quality of life is improved. On theoretical grounds, preoperative irradiation is to be preferred, but the sequence of te modalities of treatment depends upon the structures involved, the extent of the surgical procedure, the dose of irradiation, and the volume irradiated. Examples and results of the combined treatment in various disease areas are given.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1977

Interspecies comparison of cytosolic and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferases. Evidence for a more conservative evolution of the mitochondrial isoenzyme.

The degree of structural similarity between the mitochondrial isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart and chicken heart was determined by means of their immunological cross-reactivity and compared with the degree of similarity between the cytosolic isoenzymes from the same two species. Quantitative microcomplement fixation revealed a remarkable similarity of the two mitochondrial isoenzymes corresponding to an immunological distance of 104. The structures of the two cytosolic isoenzymes, on the other hand, diverge with an immunological distance of 203. The apparent conservatism of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase indicates additional evolutionary constraints on the structure of this organelle-confined isoenzyme.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[The laboratory of tomorrow. Particular reference to hematology].

UNLABELLED: A serious prediction can only be an extrapolation of recent developments. To be exact, the development has to continue in the same direction, which is only a probability. Probable development of hematological technology: Progress in methods. Development of new labelling methods: radio-elements, antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies. Progress in equipment: Cell counters and their adaptation to routine hemograms is a certainty. From analyzers: a promise that will perhaps become reality. Coagulometers: progress still to be made. Hemagglutination detectors and their application to grouping: good achievements, but the market is too limited. Computerization and automation: What form will the computerizing take? What will the computer do? Who will the computer control? What should the automatic analyzers be? Two current levels. Relationships between the automatic analysers and the computer. ADVANTAGES: rapidity, fidelity and above all, reliability. Memory: large capacity and easy access. Disadvantages: conservatism and technical dependency. How can they be avoided? Development of the environment: Laboratory input: outside supplies, electricity, reagents, consumables. Samples and their identification. Output: distribution of results and communication problems. Centralization or decentralization? CONCLUSIONS: What will tomorrow's laboratory be? 3 hypotheses: optimistic, pessimistic, and balanced.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed1985

Testing for a trend in tumor prevalence rates: I. Nonlethal tumors.

In the analysis of animal carcinogenicity studies, the standard survival-adjusted test for a dose-related trend in the prevalence of nonlethal tumors is the Hoel-Walburg test, which stratifies on age at death by grouping survival times into intervals. An alternative analysis assesses trend on the basis of the likelihood score test under a logistic model for the prevalence function, which adjusts for survival by including age at death as a continuous regression variable. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the test based on modeling the prevalence log-odds as a linear function of age is more powerful than the Hoel-Walburg test, regardless of the intervals used by the latter to stratify the data. Without incorporating a continuity correction, the size of each test often exceeds the nominal level, especially when the mortality patterns differ across dose groups. Corrected versions of the tests operate at conservative levels, where the degree of conservatism varies with the distribution of the data. When the mortality patterns for the dose groups are similar, both tests have essentially the same power to detect a trend in tumor prevalence rates. However, when mortality varies with dose, the logistic regression test with a linear age term is more powerful than the Hoel-Walburg test, and this gain in power increases as the dose-specific mortality patterns become more disparate.

Aging↗
PubMed1979

Persistent traditional Yemenite ways of dealing with stress in Israel.

Using her own clinical-field case material, the author, an anthropologist working in ethnopsychiatry, analyzes and illustrates the contemporary Israeli-Yemenite cultural concepts and therapeutic approaches to mental illness. The sources and content of the traditional Yemenite health system are historically traced with particular emphasis on Judaism as the moral matrix. Despite the continuing identification and involvement with the traditional bases of health beliefs, it is pointed out that this folk conservatism has been no bar to the acceptance and utilization of scientific medicine. The Yemenite has been able to integrate, without apparent cognitive dissonance, both the traditional healers and the modern physicians. The moral approach of the Yemenite traditional healer in dealing with interpersonal, functional disorders, is reflected in the diagnostic and therapeutic behavioral and ritual prescriptions of Jewish religion and Islamic influences. In this connection, there is no incongruity perceived between the existence of the evil eye, devils and spirits possessing a person and the teachings of the Talmud.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Oligopeptide mapping of the antigenic drift of influenza virus hemagglutinins].

Drift variants of influenza viruses of the groups Hsw1, H0 and H1 including the A/USSR/77 (H1N1) virus. Major subunits of Hsw1, H0, and H1 hemagglutinins having common oligopeptides differ considerably in other oligopeptides. Within the H1 antigen viruses there are differences between the viruses of the early (1947), middle (1950--1952), and late (1956) periods of circulation. The latter (1956) differ markedly from their predessessors. The A/USSR/77 virus is most close to A/Fort Warren/50 virus. Oligopeptide maps of minor hemagglutinin subunits of all the viruses under study differ little from each other. Some suggestions on the causes of the great variability of the HA1 chain and conservatism of the HA2 hemagglutinin chain are given.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1977

[The biological clock: circadian organization of the cell (author's transl)].

Unicellular systems, and particularly individual cells, are advantageous in investigating the molecular mechanism of the circadian rhythm. The greeen alga Acetabularia has proven to be a uniquely suitable organism. Experiments are described which indicate that the circadian rhythm is due to a sequence of events which are casually interrelated. A model is presented which is based on a two-step mechanism, the first step of which is the synthesis of "essential polypeptides" on 80 S ribosomes. In a second step these polypeptides are consumed. The function of the "essential polypeptides" is to change a membrane component of the circadian clock. The membrane participates in a feed-back mechanism which produces a periodic alteration of the rate of synthesis of "essential polypeptides" and of photosynthesis. It is possible to draw parallels between this circadian rhythm model and other repetitive and non-repetitive types of temporal organization within the cell, e.g., the cell cycle; however, it must be stressed that in the case of the circadian rhythm, much stronger and more efficient mechanisms exist to keep the period constant. This is true particularly for temperature compensation. Such a conservatism is understandable if one recalls that during evolution, the circadian rhythm represents an adaptive advantage which permits the organism to adjust it activities in advance to periodic processes resulting from the earth's rotation.

Acetabularia↗
PubMed1966

Canadian-trained medical scientists view Canadian academia from their American laboratories.

Interviews with 98 Canadian-trained basic medical scientists currently employed in the United States reveal that they were attracted to the United States by the belief that greater career opportunities exist in the United States than in Canada.THEY ATTRIBUTED THE FAILURE ON THE PART OF CANADA TO ATTRACT SCIENTISTS TO CANADA AND TO RETAIN THEIR OWN GRADUATES TO: (1) Poor recruiting methods and a failure on the part of Canadian employees to keep in touch with Canadian scientists in American graduate and postgraduate training positions. (2) Scarcity of research funds. (3) Lack of opportunity in Canada occasioned by the smaller number of medical schools and medical research institutions as compared to the United States. (4) The negative conservatism of Canadian academic circles occasioned by academic inbreeding, anti-Semitism, Anglophilia and the tight control of research, research funds and university appointments by an oldguard "establishment".

Canada↗
PubMed1983

Isozymes of human phosphofructokinase: biochemical and genetic aspects.

Human PFK is under the control of three structural loci that encode muscle-type (M), liver-type (L), and platelet-type (P) subunits. These loci are differentially expressed in various human tissues, resulting in a tissue-specific isozyme distribution patterns. Random tetramerization of these subunits produces various homotetrameric and heterotetrameric isozymes distinguishable by ion-exchange chromatography and subunit-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies. Inherited PFK deficiency is associated with five clinically and biochemically identifiable groups. The largest and best defined of these consists of the patients with glycogenosis type VII (group I). This syndrome results from a total deficiency of the catalytically active M subunit; the molecular pathology of the other four syndromes remains to be elucidated. Subunit- and species-specific hybridoma antibodies to the PFK subunits have permitted not only precise immunochemical analysis of this complex isozyme system, but also chromosomal localization of the PFK loci. In addition, immunochemical homologies among vertebrate PFKs determined using monoclonal antibodies suggest both an ancient duplication of the ancestral PFK gene and the structural conservatism of vertebrate PFK subunits despite this early divergence. Using somatic cell hybrids and subunit-specific antibodies, the PFKM, PFKP, and PFKL loci have been assigned to chromosomes I (region cen leads to q32), 10p and 21, respectively. The localization of PFKL to chromosome 21 and the chromatographic demonstration of a specific increase in the L subunit in red cells from trisomy 21 individuals has thus resolved the controversy about whether the previously observed elevation in PFK activity in Down syndrome represented a gene dosage effect. PFK exhibits both quantitative increases and isozymic shifts secondary to the altered gene expression in neoplasia. Since these alterations are correlated with the rate of growth and not the cell type of origin, PFK appears to be not only a transformation-linked but also a progression-linked discriminant of malignancy.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1984

Advances in diagnosis and management of salivary gland diseases.

Salivary glands may be involved in a wide variety of diseases, which may be broadly grouped into (1) inflammatory, (2) noninflammatory, nonneoplastic and (3) neoplastic categories. Most inflammatory and noninflammatory, nonneoplastic diseases should be managed conservatively and symptomatically. The common exceptions are first-arch branchialcleft cysts and calculi. Neoplastic lesions always require resection if that is feasible. For benign tumors, simple excision with a cuff of normal tissue around it will usually suffice. The prevailing trend for treatment of malignant neoplasms is conservatism. No longer is the facial nerve routinely sacrificed. The resection done is dictated by the tumor size and the facial nerve is spared unless directly invaded. Postoperative radiation therapy is increasingly used.

Cysts↗
PubMed1978

[Study of evolutionary changes in subfraction composition of histone H1 in birds].

Analysis of electrophoretic mobility of histone H1 subfractions from liver, brain and erythrocytes of 41 bird species was carried out. Subfractions of erythrocyte H1 histones from each species were compared with those of thrush Turdus musicus. The majority of species proved to possess a set of electrophoretically similar subfractions. Interspecific differences in histone H1 were mainly due to the differences in the ratio of those subfractions. The identity of the electrophoretic mobility and similar contribution to H1 histone from the respective tissues in different species permits to consider certain subfractions as homologous ones. The conservation of electrophoretic mobility for homologous subfractions of the birds of different orders shows a high evolutionary conservatism of the corresponding genes. It seems that in the course of evolution only a change in the expression of some of those genes occurs.

Animals↗