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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

The influence of a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse on plaque regrowth in orthodontic patients. A randomized prospective study. Part I: clinical parameters.

In a prospective plaque regrowth study focusing on oral hygiene during fixed appliance therapy 12 adolescent patients (mean age 14.1 +/- 1.5 years) were evaluated twice over 2-day test periods. In the randomized, double-blind study the influence of a 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthrinse (Corsodyl) and a commercially available dentifrice supplementing fluoride (Odol-med-3) were compared intra- and interindividually in a crossover design with regard to plaque and gingivitis. Before starting the first test phase there was a 14-day preliminary phase for upgrading the oral hygiene. Between the 2 test phases was a 5-day "washout". On the last day of the second test phase the patients were asked to fill in a questionnaire concerning their experiences during the study. The 0.2% Corsodyl reduced the plaque index scores significantly (p < 0.001). The gingival index revealed a similar reduction (2nd day of test: p = 0.03). Until the 5th day of washout a clear-cut carryover effect of the chlorhexidine rinse on the gingival index was observed. Both the lower mean values of the 2 clinical parameters at the beginning of the test phases as compared with those at the beginning of the preliminary phase and the evaluation of the questionnaires indicated a possible Hawthorne effect. 0.2% Corsodyl may be employed as an adjunct to other preventive measures such as professional care and patient-oriented instruction on an intermittent basis in order to reduce the plaque-induced iatrogenic side effects and to enhance the efficacy of oral hygiene measures in connection with orthodontic therapy with fixed appliances.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Influence of repeated chlorhexidine varnish applications on mutans streptococci counts and caries increment in patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances.

The occurrence of new carious lesions is among the most detrimental side effects in subjects undergoing orthodontic therapy with fixed appliances. The present study evaluated the efficacy of repeated applications of a 40% chlorhexidine varnish in this patient group with regard to long-term suppression of elevated mutans streptococci levels and the frequency and location of new carious lesions. Thirty-three prospective orthodontic patients age 11 to 18 harboring more than 10(5) mutans streptococci per ml saliva at the initial examination participated in the study. At baseline the previous carious involvement in each subject was recorded using the DMFS index, and extensive information on caries prevention was given. Using a random assignment 18 subjects were included in the test group while the remaining 15 subjects were assigned to the placebo group. From the time of banding until removal of the fixed appliances (median: 21 months) salivary mutans streptococci counts were recorded once every 8 weeks in both groups. At the same appointments all teeth and introaral appliances in the test group were coated with a 40% chlorhexidine varnish. Subjects in the placebo group were treated in the same way, using a placebo varnish with the same varnish base. After debanding, the DMFS score of each participant was recorded again. Analysis of the data revealed that mutans streptococci counts in the test group were only temporarily suppressed and were restored almost to baseline levels by the end of the study. In both groups a clinically relevant increase in the average DMFS score was recorded. Inter-group differencies were not significant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Chlorhexidine gluconate: an ideal scolicidal agent in the treatment of intraperitoneal hydatidosis?

Hydatid disease is a parasitic disease that is treated primarily by surgery. The most important complication of surgical treatment is spillage of the contents of the cyst, leading to secondary dissemination. In this study, the effect of chlorhexidine gluconate (Chx-Glu) was investigated in the treatment of experimental intraperitoneal hydatidosis (IPH). IPH was reproduced in 100 Wistar albino rats by inoculation with 1 ml of a suspension contained approximately 1500 viable protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus following determination of scolicidal activity of chlorhexidine gluconate in vitro. Five minutes after protoscolex inoculation, 5 ml of the scolicidal solution was instilled into the peritoneal cavity: 0.9% NaCl (control group), 4.0% Chx-Glu, 0.4% Chx-Glu, and 0.04% Chx-Glu. After 6 months of follow-up, the rats were sacrificed, and the number of isolated cysts, peroperative and postoperative deaths, and toxicity were evaluated. Cyst formation did not occur in any of the Chx-Glu groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05), whereas it was detected in all of the control rats. In addition, to 4.0% Chx-Glu was found to be more toxic and to cause a high mortality rate compared to the 0.4% and 0.04% Chx-Glu groups and the control group (p < 0.05). Chx-Glu 0.04% was found to be the most potent, nontoxic agent; it is easily available, inexpensive, and highly potent in a short period of time at the low concentration. Chx-Glu 0.04% can be used safely in the treatment of intraperitoneal hydatidosis and hydatid cyst.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The effects of cetrimide-chlorhexidine combination on the hepato-pancreatico-biliary system.

Sclerosing cholangitis is a rare but dreadful complication of liver hydatid surgery. Almost all scolocidal agents are associated clinically or experimentally with this complication. Cetrimide-chlorhexidine combination is the most potent scolocidal agent, and this study was designed to examine its effect on the hepato-pancreatico-biliary system. Forty Wistar-albino rats were divided into two groups. 0.5% cetrimide-0.05% chlorhexidine was injected into the biliary tract of study group animals and 0.9% saline ( NaCl ) into the control group through a 3-mm duodenotomy. The animals were sacrificed after 90 days and histopathological examination of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas was performed 90 days after the biliary injection. The histopathological examination showed that the lesions ranged from focal necrosis to sclerosing cholangitis to liver cirrhosis. Focal necrosis and eosinophilic inflammation were observed in all rats in the study group. The changes in the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas of the study group animals were significantly more severe than those in the control group (p < 0.05). This experimental study confirms the deleterious effect of another scolocidal agents on the hepato-pancreatico-biliary system. Although it is a very effective scolocidal agent, it should not be used in the presence of a duct biliary-cyst communication.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effects of low-concentrated chlorhexidine on growth of Streptococcus sobrinus and primary human gingival fibroblasts.

The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of low concentrations of chlorhexidine (CHX) on the proliferation of Streptococcus sobrinus (ATCC 33478) and primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). Liquid cultures of bacteria or human gingival fibroblasts were exposed to CHX concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 40 microM in microtiter plates at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Bacteria or cells grown without CHX served as controls. The effects of CHX were determined either by measurements of the optical density (OD) of bacterial cultures or by evaluation of cell growth with the DNA-intercalating fluorescent stain H33342 in comparison to untreated controls. Results were evaluated calculating means and standard deviations. Data were statistically analyzed by an ANOVA using Post Hoc tests ( p<0.005). No growth inhibition of S. sobrinus was found at concentrations between 0.07 and 0.15 microM CHX, whereas 0.3 microM CHX led to an elongated (2 h more) lag phase and 0.6 microM CHX induced a lag phase of 4 h more and a minor inclination of the curve in the log phase. Concentrations of CHX>/=1.25 microM completely inhibited growth of S. sobrinus. On the contrary, CHX showed no significant effect on growth of HGF at concentrations </=5 microM. A slight growth inhibition was only observed at a concentration of 5 microM. CHX-concentrations of 10 and 20 microM reduced cell growth to 88 or 75% of control assays. Data analysis showed that overall treatment effects were highly significant ( p<0.005). Our data reveal that chlorhexidine inhibits proliferation of S. sobrinus even at very low concentrations while concentrations of CHX</=5 microM are not cytotoxic to human gingival fibroblasts.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Effect of an intensified treatment with 40% chlorhexidine varnish on plaque acidogenicity.

Previous work showed that a single application of 40% chlorhexidine varnish, EC40, reduced plaque acidogenicity upon sucrose challenge during less than 3 weeks. It was questioned whether lactic acid production could be reduced significantly longer when the treatment was intensified. Therefore, the effects of three consecutive EC40 applications on plaque acidogenicity were evaluated. Nine subjects who participated in the previous study received three full mouth EC40 applications within 1 week. Before the first application and up to 9 weeks after the third application, plaque samples were taken after a 10% sucrose rinse and analyzed for organic acids with capillary electrophoresis. At baseline, the mean provoked lactic acid concentration was 1.64 (+/-0.69) micromol/mg protein. At the first and seventh day after the third application, there was too little plaque to measure acid concentrations. At 2 weeks after the third application, lactic acid concentrations were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). The acid concentrations 3 weeks after the third application (1.61 (+/-0.99) micromol/mg protein) did not differ from the values at baseline (paired T test, p > 0.05). We conclude that a triple 40% chlorhexidine varnish treatment did not affect plaque acidogenicity for more than 3 weeks. From comparison with a previous study, we conclude that the triple treatment with EC40 within 1 week was not more effective in reducing plaque acidogenicity than the single one.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1988

Effects of proprietary oral rinses containing chlorhexidine, hexetidine and benzydamine on the proliferation of human buccal epithelial cells in culture.

Cell cultures were established from small samples of buccal tissue, using a 3T3 fibroblast feeder-layer technique. After exposure to increasing dilutions of three proprietary oral rinses for 22 h or 2 h, the effects upon cell proliferation were studied by measurement of [3H]-thymidine incorporation into cellular DNA. Cell membrane damage was assessed by measurement of lactate dehydrogenase content. Cultures exposed to hexetidine-containing or chlorhexidine-containing rinses for 22 h at dilutions of 250-fold or lower showed almost complete inhibition of [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Cultures treated with benzydamine-containing rinse at the same dilutions showed no significant inhibition of incorporation. Exposure to the same dilutions of hexetidine- and chlorhexidine-containing rinses for 2 h resulted in 65% and 20% inhibition of incorporation, respectively. Lactate dehydrogenase content decreased to negligible levels after exposure to the rinse containing hexetidine at a 250-fold dilution, but was unaffected by the other two rinses. Thus dividing buccal epithelial cells in vitro may be adversely affected by exposure to certain commercial oral rinses.

Benzydamine↗
PubMed1985

A comparison of the effects of nonoxynol-9 and chlorhexidine on sperm motility.

The effects of Nonoxynol-9 and chlorhexidine on sperm motility were compared using the objective Transmembrane Migration Ratio method. These agents were found to be of similar potency in inhibiting sperm motility. The concentrations which reduced sperm motility by 50% (EC50) were 0.205 mg/ml for Nonoxynol-9 and 0.215 mg/ml for chlorhexidine. The implications of these findings in relation to the comparison of the effects of drugs on sperm motility and the development of new contraceptive agents are discussed.

Chlorhexidine↗
PubMed1990

Comparative vaginal spermicidal studies in the stumptailed macaque with alkyloxynol-741, nonoxynol-9 and chlorhexidine.

Alkyloxynol-741 ("agent 741") is used in the People's Republic of China as a substitute for nonoxynol-9 in vaginal contraceptive formulations. However, no studies are available that compare the effectiveness of these agents as vaginal spermicides. For this reason, dissolvable polyvinylalcohol (PVA) films were prepared containing various concentrations of alkyloxynol-741 and nonoxynol-9. Films were also prepared containing chlorhexidine, a potentially new vaginal contraceptive agent. Postcoital vaginal spermicidal studies were performed with the films in the stumptailed macaque (Macaca arctoides). The order of spermicidal potency was: alkyloxynol-741 greater than nonoxynol-9 greater than chlorhexidine. These observations suggest that alkyloxynol-741 can be used instead of nonoxynol-9 in those countries where alkyloxynol-741 is more readily available and can be obtained at a lower cost.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Iron discoloration of acrylic resin exposed to chlorhexidine or tannic acid: a model study.

A clinical model was introduced to study the ability of chlorhexidine, tannic acid, and iron to discolor dental plaque formed on acrylic resin surfaces. None of the agents caused discoloration when applied individually five times daily during a 5-day period. However, exposure of the dental plaque to either chlorhexidine or tannic acid before the iron applications produced marked staining. Possible mechanisms, among which denaturation appears to be significant, are discussed. The use of a strong oxidizing agent, peroxymonosulfate, completely bleached the established discolorations.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1989

Prevention of group B streptococci transmission during delivery by vaginal application of chlorhexidine gel.

In a prospective study in 227 parturients, carriership of group B streptococci was established to be 25%. In carriers, transmission of streptococci to the newborn occurred in 50%. 10 ml of a chlorhexidine gel containing hydroxypropylmethylcellulose was introduced into the vagina during labor in 17 parturients, who were known to be carriers of group B streptococci from the first trimester of pregnancy. In none of the newborns from these mothers colonization by group B streptococci did occur. Vaginal application of chlorhexidine may prevent transmission of group B streptococci, and serve as an alternative to intrapartum prophylaxis using antibiotics. A large multicenter randomized controlled study should be performed to confirm this hypothesis.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1977

The effect of chlorhexidine mouth rinses on oral Candida in a group of leukemic patients.

Eighteen leukemic patients were examined for the presence of Candida albicans in the oral cavity. Fifteen patients were found to be Candida "carriers." Nine of the patients were put on a chlorhexidine mouth rinse regimen. Although chlorhexidine was clearly fungicidal in vitro, no decrease in Candida titer was obtained with the mouth rinse. The ineffectiveness of the drug in vivo might be due to the specific location of Candida organisms in the oral mucosa.

Biguanides↗
PubMed1980

Uptake and release of chlorhexidine by bovine pulp and dentin specimens and their subsequent acquisition of antibacterial properties.

Bovine pulp and dentin specimens were treated with either a 0.02 or 1.00 percent solution of chlorhexidine for either 20 or 40 minutes. Culture determination of the acquisition of antibacterial properties by the treated specimens immediately and 1 week after the treatment was evaluated using the test organism Streptococcus faecalis. It was concluded that chlorhexidine is a potent antibacterial agent under the test conditions and that its use as an endodontic irrigating solution should be further evaluated.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1985

Oral complications of acute leukemia: prophylactic impact of a chlorhexidine mouth rinse regimen.

The prophylactic value of twice-daily mouth rinses with a solution of 0.1% chlorhexidine gluconate in minimizing oral complications during remission-induction chemotherapy was tested in sixteen patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia. The study design was double blind with a placebo control. Standardized measurement indices were employed to assess the dental plaque levels and the degree of gingivitis and mucositis during remission-induction. The treatment group demonstrated superior oral health on the basis of each of these measurement parameters. A moderate increase in tooth staining was observed in the treatment group. The results also suggested the potential value of chlorhexidine mouth rinses in the prophylaxis of oral candidiasis in the myelosuppressed patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Clinical evaluation of benzydamine, chlorhexidine, and placebo mouthwashes in the management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

Eighteen patients with minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis were given alcoholic benzydamine hydrochloride, aqueous chlorhexidine, or a benzydamine-free placebo mouthwash in random order. Each patient used each preparation for a 3-month period. Ulcer diaries were marked at the same time each week during the 9-month test period. Records were made of the number, size, sites, and pain severity of any ulcers present. Statistical analysis of the results showed no significant differences between any of the treatments tested. Stinging of the oral mucosa was the only consistent side effects noted by nine patients using benzydamine, nine patients using placebo, and three patients using chlorhexidine. Eight patients stated a personal preference for benzydamine because of the transient local anesthetic effect of benzydamine, which gave pain relief.

Benzydamine↗
PubMed1992

Efficacy of chlorhexidine and nystatin rinses in prevention of oral complications in leukemia and bone marrow transplantation.

The goal of reducing oral complications during chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation has received attention at several centers. The current randomized study of 86 adults with leukemia treated with chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation assessed the potential role of chlorhexidine, nystatin, and saline solution rinses to reduce the findings of oral mucositis, gingivitis, and oral infection. The results of this study did not show a reduction in mucositis with the use of these rinses. However, potential bacterial and fungal pathogens were identified less frequently in the patients using chlorhexidine rinse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Triamcinolone acetonide versus chlorhexidine for treatment of recurrent stomatitis.

This study compared the efficacy of pain control of two medications, used to treat recurrent aphthous stomatitis, placed under a physical barrier of cyanoacrylate. Thirty patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis were selected from the records of the Diagnostic Referral Clinic at Indiana University School of Dentistry and randomly divided into three groups; one group was a control. Experimental groups received a topical application of either triamcinolone acetonide (0.025%) or chlorhexidine digluconate (0.12%). Medications were covered by isobutyl cyanoacrylate (Iso-Dent). Controls received the Iso-Dent only. Patients kept a diary to record their pain level on a 10 cm visual analog scale until the lesion healed. Ulcer episodes were treated for 12 weeks. Because some patients had multiple episodes, a total of 35 ulcer episodes were available for analysis. The mean number of ulcer days for each group was not significantly different. ANOVA with repeated measures for 10 days on each patient was first performed. A highly significant difference in pain intensity and perception was found at different days (p < 0.0001). No significant difference was found between the triamcinolone acetonide and chlorhexidine gluconate (p < 0.49).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Enhancing the effect of oral hygiene with the use of a foam brush with chlorhexidine.

The maintenance of oral hygiene for hospitalized patients, particularly medically compromised and immune compromised patients, may reduce the risk of oral and systemic infection. Foam brushes have been recommended for use in these populations, however, the use of a foam brush has not been shown to be an acceptable alternative to the use of a toothbrush. In this study, we demonstrate that the use of a foam brush saturated with chlorhexidine was equally effective in measures of plaque levels and gingivitis as was the use of a toothbrush. Therefore if a toothbrush cannot be used in hospitalized patients, an alternative may be the use of chlorhexidine applied with a foam brush.

Adult↗