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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

The Indian langur: preliminary report of a new nonhuman primate host for visceral leishmaniasis.

Described are the susceptibility of the Indian langur (Presbytis entellus) to Leishmania donovani and the consequent haematological and serum biochemical changes. The host response to antileishmanial chemotherapy and the immunological profile were also examined. Each langur was inoculated intravenously with 1 x 10(8) amastigotes; a spleen biopsy carried out on day 35 post-infection (p.i.) revealed 10-13 L. donovani bodies per 500 cell nuclei, which reached a maximum of 130-195 at death (day 105-110 p.i.). The infected monkeys lost body weight, developed severe anaemia, lymphocytosis, hyperproteinaemia, hypergammaglobulinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and an increase in the level of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase (AAT). Treatment with sodium stibogluconate (60 mg Sb5+ per kg body weight intramuscularly for 10 days) reduced the number of spleen parasites (0-1 amastigotes per 500 cell nuclei) but after the therapy the parasites appeared in the skin, which had previously been free of infection. Relapse occurred on day 30 post-treatment (10-24 amastigotes per 500 cell nuclei) and the parasites were resistant to repeat intensive therapy (120 mg Sb5+ per kg per day x 30 days). The stibogluconate treatment caused a proportionate reduction in the haematological and biochemical parameters to normal values except for alkaline phosphatase and AAT, which remained elevated. The level of IgG antibodies, which rose during the infection, rapidly fell to the pretreatment value following the first therapeutic schedule and then increased a second time coinciding with relapse. Our findings suggest that langurs could serve as acceptable models for human visceral leishmaniasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Study of equivalents of rhesus antigens in non-human primates].

Human alloantibodies specific of some Rh antigens cross-react with non human primates red blood cells. These crossreactions demonstrated that only African apes express equivalents of Rho (D) and hr' (c). The antigenic resemblance between these two human antigens and their primate homologues is confirmed by the reactivities of human anti-D and anti-c monoclonal antibodies. The use of a human Rh cDNA probe allowed to confirm by Southern blot hybridization that nonhuman primates possess Rh-like genes. The number of Rh-like genes per haploid genome was deduced from the results obtained with exon-specific probes.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine trials in leaf monkeys (Presbytis cristatus) infected with Wuchereria kalimantani.

Clinical trials of Ivermectin in single oral doses of 200, 400, and 1,000 mg/kg body weight or in multiple doses of 200 mg/kg body weight for 5 consecutive days were performed in leaf monkeys (Presbytis cristatus) infected with Wuchereria kalimantani. Optimal microfilaricidal effect occurred at 200 mg/kg body weight. The drug was less effective than diethylcarbamazine in this animal model for human filariasis but had no adverse effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Double-stranded dideoxy sequencing from "dirty" DNA--done in a day.

A rapid method for preparing and directly sequencing plasmid and phagemid miniprep DNA is described. This protocol is a novel combination of two fairly standard procedures, resulting in quick and easy generation of sequence data. The lack of extensive manipulations in the purification process allows the production of DNA sequence data in a single day.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Infectious disease of simian herpes B virus].

The epidemiology and the method of diagnosis were elucidated for simian herpes B virus (SHBV) infection. It is important that usefulness was demonstrated for the methods of DNA diagnosis having high sensitivity and specificity for SHBV and HSV-1, 2 types, and of detectable serological diagnosis for each specific antibody. The methods allowed the final diagnosis of the human infection due to the reactivation of latent SHBV and the HSV infection from human to monkey. These results would be able to become important and fundamental knowledge for the sero-epidemiological analysis of the infectious stile.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of cryptosporidium and other enteric parasites among wild non-human primates in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka.

Cryptosporidiosis is a rapidly emerging disease in the tropics. This is the first report of Cryptosporidium and other protozoan infections (Entamoeba spp., Iodamoeba, Chilomastix, and Balantidium spp.) in wild primates that inhabit the natural forest of Sri Lanka. It is unclear if non-human primates serve as a reservoir for these parasites under certain conditions. A cross-sectional coprologic survey among 125 monkeys (89 toque macaques, 21 gray langurs, and 15 purple-faced langurs) indicated that Cryptosporidium was detected in all three primate species and was most common among monkeys using areas and water that had been heavily soiled by human feces and livestock. Most macaques (96%) shedding Cryptosporidium oocysts were co-infected with other protozoans and important anthropozoonotic gastrointestinal parasites (e.g., Enterobius and Strongyloides). The transmission of these parasites among primates in the wild may have important implications for public health as well as wildlife conservation management.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Multifactorial disorder: molecular and evolutionary insights of uric acid nephrolithiasis].

Nephrolithiasis is a common multifactorial disorder affecting about 10% of the Western populations and it is characterized by the presence of small crystals and stones in the urinary tract. Uric acid nephrolithiasis (UAN) accounts for 20% of all stones but its prevalence varies between countries. Nephrolithiasis is likely caused by several factors but a genetic component has clearly been demonstrated. While studying an ancient founder population in Sardinia, we recently identified a susceptibility locus for UAN on chromosome 10. In this region we identified a missense mutation in a specific isoform of a novel gene is strongly associated with UAN. Through a comparative genomic approach, we did not found a mouse homolog even if we were able to identify the corresponding genomic region, while in Old World monkey we found a canonical gene structure with several stop codons preventing protein production. We detected expression in New World monkeys while in humans we observe a functional protein. It seems, therefore, that, to avoid human disease, a fierce selection worked to develop a renal-haematic urate homeostasis system against excessive hyperuricaemia. ZNF365 emerged during primate evolution and assumed its role in parallel with the disappearance of uricase, probably against a disadvantageous excessive hyperuricaemia.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Population genetics of Rhinopithecus bieti: a study of the mitochondrial control region].

Yunnan snub-nose monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) is a famous endangered primate in China. So far, however, studies on its population genetics based on DNA sequences are not available. In this paper, the whole mitochondria control region of the samples from Weixi, Yunan Province as well as the whole cytochrome b gene in some individuals were sequenced. A deep divergence was observed within the Weixi population, which was confirmed after excluding the possibility of it being a nuclear pseudogene. Nonetheless, if the effects of population structure and migration are considered, the true level of polymorphism of the Weixi population may be not as high as observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Biochemical studies in Presbytis cristata infected with subperiodic Brugia malayi.

The Presbytis cristata--Brugia malayi model, now established as a reliable non-human primate model for the experimental screening of potential filaricides, was monitored at monthly intervals for changes in the liver and renal function tests and also for alkaline phosphatase levels during infection. Animals infected with 200-400 infective larvae became patient at 50-90 days post-infection and geometric mean microfilarial counts were above 1000 per ml from the fourth month onwards. There were no significant changes in the biochemical parameters monitored throughout the period of observation. This is an important observation as any changes seen in these parameters during experimental drug studies can be attributed to drug reaction or toxicity and this will be invaluable in decision making as to drug safety.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed2006

Facial patterns in Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea: a geometric approach.

The maxillofacial and orbital compartments of the primate skull contribute to the ontogenetic and phylogenetic variability of the viscerocranium and are of crucial evolutionary relevance. As the form of organisms changes depending on endo- and exogenous factors, metrical evaluation of specific adaptations and incorporation of the results into a biological framework could be helpful in identifying valid characters for separation of taxa (e.g. family, genus, and species) and in understanding divergence and convergence. During the last two decades a morphometric "revolution" heralded by Rohlf & Marcus (1993), Adams et al. (2004) and Oxnard (2004) brought about a synthesis of traditional quantitative-morphometrical with modern methods. This approach is called "Geometric Morphometrics (GM)" and constitutes the coremethod applied here. Based on standardized photographs (in Norma frontalis), landmarks (LM) were set and two-dimensional coordinates (X, Y) recorded for the facial cranium in selected representatives of the superfamilies Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea. The comparison of two datasets by means of factor analysis and distance computation for the complete maxillofacial complex on the one hand, and circumorbital and orbital features on the other, indicate that morphological differences between super-families and genera are valid for separating them even in a heterogeneous sample like the one presented here. Including more landmarks and therewith capturing the morph in a more complex way optimizes separation within the sample.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1990

Humoral response to SIV/SMM infection in macaque and mangabey monkeys.

Natural infection of sooty mangabey monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus, designated SIV/SMM, results in long-term persistent infections with little or no disease. In contrast, experimental infection of macaques with isolates of SIV/SMM induces chronic and progressive disease that terminates in an AIDS-like illness and death in most animals. To determine whether antibodies might be important in preventing the development of disease in mangabeys or progression of disease in macaques, humoral immune responses to SIV/SMM were compared in 13 macaques infected for up to 43 months and in infected and uninfected mangabeys selected at random from among a breeding colony. Total SIV/SMM-specific antibody titers, profiles of antibodies to specific viral proteins, neutralizing antibodies that inhibited infectivity of cell-free virus or syncytia formation, antibodies that inhibited reverse transcriptase activity, and antibodies to lymphocyte cell-surface antigens were assessed. The results indicated that in macaques the magnitude of the SIV/SMM-specific antibody response and progression of disease were functions of virus load. Surprisingly, asymptomatic mangabeys also had high virus loads with, on average, lower antibody titers than macaques. In both species, the presence of neutralizing antibodies or antibodies that inhibited SIV/SMM reverse transcriptase activity did not correlate with protection from clinical disease. A correlation was observed, however, between the development of disease and the presence of antibodies to an 18-kDa protein that is found on the surface of activated lymphocytes and appears to be related to histone H2B. A similar correlation has been observed in association with HIV infection in humans, suggesting that some manifestations of both human and simian AIDS may result from autoimmune reactions.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Inhibition of SIV/SMM replication in vitro by CD8+ cells from SIV/SMM infected seropositive clinically asymptomatic sooty mangabeys.

Several investigators have demonstrated the ability of CD8+ T cells from HIV-1 infected humans and SIV infected rhesus macaques to inhibit viral replication in vitro. In this report we show that CD8+ cells from naturally SIV infected sooty mangabeys also have the ability to inhibit viral replication in vitro. In addition, initial experiments which seek to elucidate the mechanism and antigen specificity of CD8-mediated suppression are described.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of SIV/SMM replication in CD4+ T cell and monocyte/macrophage cultures from rhesus macaques and sooty mangabeys.

Monocytes from SIV/SMM infected sooty mangabeys and rhesus macaques were incubated in vitro with live SIV/SMM. The reverse transcriptase (RT) activity in the supernatant fluids of the monocyte cultures of the former species was higher than the RT activity in the latter species. No differences were found in the supernatant fluid of similar cultures of CD4+ T cells from both these species. Autologous (but not allogeneic) CD8+ T cells from SIV infected mangabeys and rhesus macaques inhibited SIV replication in vitro. The suppression appeared more marked in monocytes from the mangabey species. These in vitro differences may relate to the clinically asymptomatic state of the sooty mangabeys and the disease-susceptible state of the rhesus macaques.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Hematological changes in subperiodic Brugia malayi infection of the leaf-monkey, Presbytis cristata.

Hematological changes were monitored in the leaf-monkey, Presbytis cristata, infected experimentally with 200 subperiodic Brugia malayi infective larvae. Prepatent periods were 54-86 days and peak microfilarial geometric mean counts (GMCs) were 1324 per ml blood. Total leukocyte and differential counts were measured at pre-infection, and then at weakly intervals before and during patency. Blood eosinophil level increased to about thrice the initial level at 3 weeks post-infection and this was maintained for the next 13 weeks before it started to rise again, increasing to more than 5 times the initial level at 20 weeks post-infection. The observed pattern of eosinophilia is probably related to the level of microfilaremia and the destruction of microfilariae in the spleen. There was no significant change in the total leukocyte counts during the period of observation.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

SIVsmm infection of macaque and mangabey monkeys: correlation between in vivo and in vitro properties of different isolates.

Simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabey monkeys (SIVsmm), a lentivirus closely related to SIV from macaques and the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), is pathogenic for various species of macaques but is nonpathogenic for mangabeys. Comparison of in vivo and in vitro responses of macaques and mangabeys or their lymphocytes, respectively, to SIVsmm infection indicated that lack of disease in mangabeys apparently was not due to effective control of virus expression by the immune system because SIVsmm-infected, asymptomatic mangabeys have high viral loads. Failure of mangabeys to develop disease may be related to the fact that the prototype SIVsmm (SMM-9) replicated in, but was not cytopathic for, mangabey CD4+ cells. In contrast, replication of SMM-9 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from pigtailed macaques resulted in specific loss of CD4+ cells and induction of an AIDS-like disease. A variant of SMM-9, designated SMM-PBj14, was identified, however, that was extremely cytopathic for mangabey CD4+ cells and also induced acute lethal disease in both macaques and mangabeys. Acute disease was associated with extensive lymphoid hyperplasia, which was correlated in vitro with induction of proliferation of PBMC in SMM-PBj14-infected cultures. Infectious molecular clones of SMM-PBj14 exhibited the same in vitro and in vivo properties as SMM-PBj14. Future analysis of chimeric viruses may lead to the identification of specific regions of the viral genome that influence the various in vivo and in vitro properties of these SIVsmm isolates.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[The significance of Karl Landsteiner's works for syphilis research].

On January 7th 1905, more than five months before the detection of T. pallidum, Karl Landsteiner began his work on syphilis research together with notable members of the Viennese School of Medicine, namely Ernest Finger, Rudolf Müller, Viktor Mucha, Otto Pötzl and others. Extensive animal experiments led to the formulation of the Finger-Landsteiner Law and provided the basic facts for the Jadasson-Lewandowsky Law. Attempts of active or passive immunization were unsuccessful and, indeed, were still a failure in 1990 after implementation of the latest tools of modern research, including gene technology. Dark-field microscopy was introduced for the detection of T. pallidum by Landsteiner and Mucha. These authors noted that serum of syphilitic patients inhibited the movements of T. pallidum and, thus, observed the basic principle underlying the T. pallidum immobilization test (= TPI = Nelson-Mayer test). Finally, Landsteiner, Müller and Pötzl discovered that it was not an antibody specific to T. pallidum that reacted in the Wassermann reaction, but "autotoxic" substances, which they called reagines. During the 1970's and 1980's it was discovered that these reagines are autoantibodies directed against parts of the inner envelope of the mitochondria.

Animals↗