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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Alcohol expectancies, social and environmental cues as determinants of drinking and perceived reinforcement.

Increasing evidence suggests that outcome expectancies and environmental cues interact to influence post-drinking behaviors. Using an experimental methodology in a simulated social drinking setting, this research tested the potential influence of expectations for the effects of drinking, environmental cues, and beverage content on ad lib consumption and post-drinking self-perception. Eighty-eight moderate to heavy-drinking males were randomly assigned to one of eight experimental conditions in which beverage content (alcohol or placebo), social environment (friendly or unfriendly), and physical environment (simulated bar or residence) were varied. Subjects were further divided into high and low groups on three outcome expectancy factors. Unaffected by environmental cues, beverage self-administration increased when subjects strongly expected behavioral impairment from drinking but received placebo beverage. Post-drinking reports of disinhibition increased in response to friendly social cues but were not affected by beverage content or amount. Results therefore suggest that individual's beliefs about the effects of drinking influence the amounts of beverage they consume, whereas social cues more greatly affect post-drinking self-perception.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Reactivity to alcohol-relevant beverage and imaginal cues in alcoholics.

This study was designed to explore three primary facets of reactivity to alcohol-relevant stimuli among alcoholics: (a) comparison of exposure to an alcohol-containing beverage vs. an appropriate, standardized control beverage; (b) efficacy of imaginally presented cues to elicit reactivity, alone and in combination with beverage cues; and (c) examination of the recovery process. Forty-eight male veterans attending an inpatient alcohol treatment program served as participants and were randomly assigned to one of four groups in a 2 (Alcohol vs. Lemonade Beverage) X 2 (High-Risk vs. Low-Risk Imagery) design. Heart rate reactivity to Beverage cues was consistent with previous research. An interaction of Beverage and Imagery manipulations during recovery revealed both experimental manipulations influenced heart rate, although the Alcohol/High-Risk Imagery exposure group did not demonstrate enhanced effects. Both manipulations also had an impact on ratings of desire to consume alcohol. These findings provide further support for the reliability of cue reactivity effects, and suggest the utility of imaginal exposure procedures as a component of a comprehensive cue reactivity assessment.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of cue control relaxation on adults with severe mental retardation.

This study was designed to assess two aspects of behavioural relaxation training with subjects who have severe mental retardation. The first was whether or not cue words could be linked effectively to training so that they would eventually produce a relaxation effect in the absence of a full relaxation procedure. The second was to determine the effects of relaxation training and subsequent cue control on concentration and attention to an occupational task. Five subjects participated, and individual case designs were used. Cue Control, behavioural relaxation training (BRT), and new therapists were introduced at different times for each subject to ascertain the effects of each variable. Subjects were assessed at baseline and following each training session on a behavioural relaxation scale to judge the direct effects of relaxation training and on the amount of time spent concentrating on an occupational task. BRT produced reductions in rated anxiety and improvements in concentration for all subjects. The cue control words were effective only after they had been linked to BRT. In most cases, the introduction of a new therapist had no appreciable effect on anxiety or concentration. There was some suggestion that in the final cue only phases concentration was better and more consistent than during the BRT phases of the study.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inner speech as a retrieval aid for task goals: the effects of cue type and articulatory suppression in the random task cuing paradigm.

Articulatory suppression has been shown to increase switch costs in the list paradigm (e.g., [J. Exp. Psychol.: General 130 (2001) 641, J Memory Language 48 (2003) 148]). The present dual-task study examined whether this effect generalizes to the random task cuing paradigm. Participants performed color or shape judgments according to explicit word cues (COLOR or SHAPE) or less transparent letter cues ( C for the color task and S for the shape task). In the word cue condition, the switch cost was equivalent for the articulatory suppression and the control (no dual-task) conditions, but, in the letter cue condition, the switch cost was significantly greater for the articulatory suppression condition than for the control condition. These results suggest that inner speech may be recruited as a tool for retrieving and activating the relevant task goal when the task cue is not transparent and hence imposes nonnegligible retrieval demand.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Pictorial gaze cues do not enhance long-tailed macaques' performance on a computerised object-location task.

The perception of pictorial gaze cues was examined in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). A computerised object-location task was used to explore whether the monkeys would show faster response time to locate a target when its appearance was preceded with congruent as opposed to incongruent gaze cues. Despite existing evidence that macaques preferentially attend to the eyes in facial images and also visually orient with depicted gaze cues, the monkeys did not show faster response times on congruent trials either in response to schematic or photographic stimuli. These findings coincide with those reported for baboons testing with a similar paradigm in which gaze cues preceded a target identification task [Fagot, J., Deruelle, C., 2002. Perception of pictorial gaze by baboons (Papio papio). J. Exp. Psychol. 28, 298-308]. When tested with either pictorial stimuli or interactants, nonhuman primates readily follow gaze but do not seem to use this mechanism to identify a target object; there seems to be some mismatch in performance between attentional changes and manual responses to gaze cues on ostensibly similar tasks.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Acute stress and nicotine cues interact to unveil locomotor arousal and activity-dependent gene expression in the prefrontal cortex.

BACKGROUND: This study examines the interactive effects of acute stress and nicotine-associated contextual cues on locomotor activity and activity-dependent gene expression in subregions of the prefrontal cortex. METHODS: Locomotor activity of rats was measured in a context associated with either low-dose nicotine or saline administration with or without 5 minutes of pre-exposure to ferrets, a nonphysical stressor. After 45 minutes in the test environment, plasma corticosterone levels and mRNA levels of the immediate-early genes Arc, NGFI-B, and c-Fos in prefrontal and primary motor cortical subregions were measured. RESULTS: Stress alone increased plasma corticosterone and prefrontal cortex gene expression. Low-dose nicotine cues had no effect on corticosterone levels nor did they elicit conditioned motor activation, and they caused minor elevations in gene expression. Stress and low-dose nicotine cues, however, interacted to elicit conditioned motor activation and further increases in early response gene expression in prefrontal but not in the primary motor cortical subregions. CONCLUSIONS: Stress interacts with nicotine-associated cues to uncover locomotor arousal, a state associated with prefrontal neuronal activation and immediate early gene expression. Thus, in nicotine-experienced individuals, stress may be an important determinant of subjective reactivity and prefrontal cortex activation that occurs in response to nicotine-associated cues.

AIDS-Related Complex↗
PubMed2006

ERPs dissociate the effects of switching task sets and task cues.

Recent studies have suggested that reaction time (RT) costs associated with switching tasks do not reflect an endogenous control process of task set reconfiguration [Logan, G. D., Bundesen, C., 2003. Clever Homunculus: Is There an Endogenous Act of Control in the Explicit Task-Cuing Procedure? J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 29 (3), 575-599]. Participants randomly switched between two simple tasks. Task was cued 600 ms prior to stimulus presentation using either a color or shape cue. A significant RT task switch cost was found when controlling for either a repeat or switch in cue category. In comparison, a switch in cue category had no effect on RT, even when examined across a cumulative distribution. Electrophysiological data revealed early cue processing effects within the first 300 ms after cue onset. However, replicating previous findings, an increased parietal positivity was found for task switch relative to task repeat trials that emerged prior to stimulus onset. This suggests that task set reconfiguration processes are activated when switching between tasks and supports the usefulness of task-switching paradigms in investigating cognitive control processes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The effects of stress and statistical cues on continuous speech segmentation: an event-related brain potential study.

The study of the processes involved in speech segmentation has gained special relevance in recent years by trying to establish what type of information listeners use to segment the speech signal into words. An event-related brain potential experiment was conducted in order to understand how two of these cues (statistical and stress cues) interact. The experiment consisted of the presentation of artificial speech streams in which words were marked either by statistical cues alone, or by a combination of statistical and stress cues. As a baseline, comparison streams were also created with the same syllables but organized in random order. Results showed an N400 component that marks the on-line segmentation of speech into words, and an increased positivity (P2 component) for languages that include both types of cues. Possible implications of these results for the process of speech segmentation are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Dopamine D3 as well as D2 receptor ligands attenuate the cue-induced cocaine-seeking in a relapse model in rats.

Environmental cues associated with the previously abused drug elicit craving and relapse to drug use in humans. Several reinstatement paradigms are used in animals to examine the relapse-preventing efficacy of possible medical treatments. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of D3 dopamine receptor ligands in a relapse model where animals with stable cocaine self-administration behavior were exposed to all the environmental and reinforcement-contingent discrete cues associated for the previous cocaine-intake in a single extinction session after 3-week long abstinence period. The following compounds were studied: SB-277011-A as a selective D3 antagonist, BP-897 as a D3 partial agonist/D2 antagonist and haloperidol as a preferential D2 receptor antagonist. In addition, in the same paradigm we investigated the effect of the above ligands on relapse to natural reward-seeking behavior using sucrose as natural reward. SB-277011-A (5 and 20 mg/kg), BP-897 (1 mg/kg) and haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the secondary cues-induced cocaine-seeking behavior. None of the above drugs significantly influenced the cue-controlled sucrose-seeking behavior. These results confirm the importance of the D3 as well as the D2 dopamine receptor in modulating the cue-induced cocaine relapse and the possible usefulness of the D3 dopamine receptor ligands as potential medication in cocaine addicts.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Verbal cues facilitate memory retrieval during infancy.

In three experiments, 18-month-olds were tested in a deferred imitation paradigm. Some infants received verbal information during the demonstration and at the time of the test (full narration), and some did not (empty narration). When tested after a 4-week delay, infants given full narration exhibited superior retention relative to infants given empty narration (Experiment 1). This retention advantage appears to be due to the effects of verbal cues at the time of memory retrieval. There was no effect of verbal cues that were presented only at the time of original encoding (Experiment 2A). Furthermore, infants who received verbal cues only at the time of retrieval exhibited superior retention relative to infants who received verbal cues only at the time of original encoding (Experiment 2B). These findings demonstrate that verbal cues can enhance memory retrieval by participants who are not yet fluent speakers themselves.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The proximate cue of density-dependent soldier production in a social aphid.

Tuberaphis styraci is a social aphid that produces 2nd instar soldiers with morphological, behavioral and reproductive division. High aphid density was shown to induce soldier production in T. styraci, although direct cue of soldier induction associated with high density has been unknown. In order to identify the proximate environmental cue underlying the density-dependent soldier production, a series of experiments was conducted using an artificial diet rearing technique. When adult aphids were reared with live normal nymphs, live soldiers, dead normal nymphs, shed skins, honeydew globules and excreted wax, only live normal nymphs effectively induced soldier production. In order to gain insights into the nature of soldier-inducing cue associated with normal aphids, we performed artificial diet experiments using partitioned and non-partitioned chambers, in which direct contact between aphids was either inhibited or allowed. Induction of soldiers was observed only when direct contact was allowed. Therefore, it was shown that the soldier-inducing cue is neither volatile in the air nor diffusible through the diet, but is transmitted between normal non-soldier aphids via direct contact. On the basis of these results, we suggest that the soldier-inducing cue might be physical stimulus combined with non-volatile surface chemicals whose properties differ between normal aphids and soldiers.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Touch down: the effect of artificial touch cues on orientation in microgravity.

Orienting oneself in space is not an easy task. On Earth, we combine visual, vestibular and pressure cues into a coherent concept of up and down. Since there are no cues from gravity in space, astronauts have to adjust the way they determine up from down, with the possible risk of space motion sickness. In three tasks performed by one astronaut in the International Space Station (ISS), we examined the effect of artificial touch cues presented to the torso. The role of "natural" touch cues on spatial orientation in microgravity, such as pressure presented to the sole of the feet, has already been shown, but it is not trivial whether the brain can also integrate artificial orientation information that has no real life equivalent. We find that artificial touch information in the form of a localised vibration on the torso that indicates down can make orienting in microgravity faster, better and easier. The importance of the artificial touch information seems to increase over the initial 7 days of staying in microgravity while the weight of visual information decreases over the same period. The results underline the capacity of the brain to adapt to unusual environments and to use and integrate artificial cues. Besides astronauts, pilots, divers and people with a vestibular dysfunction may benefit from this technology.

Cues↗
PubMed2006

Contributions of prefrontal cue-, delay-, and response-period activity to the decision process of saccade direction in a free-choice ODR task.

To examine how the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) contributes to the decision process of the saccade direction, we recorded single-neuron activity while two monkeys performed two oculomotor delayed-response (ODR) tasks. In an ordinary ODR task, monkeys were required to make a memory-guided saccade to the cue location after a 3-s delay. In a self-selection version of the ODR task (S-ODR), four identical visual cues were presented simultaneously at the cue period, and monkeys were required to make a saccade toward any one of four directions after a 3-s delay. By comparing the same neuron's activity between two tasks, we found (1) neurons having directional cue-period activity in the ODR task did not show directionally selective activity in the S-ODR task, (2) neurons having directional pre-saccadic activity showed highly similar directional preferences in two tasks and exhibited temporal coupling between the onset of pre-saccadic activity and the initiation of saccadic eye movements, (3) neurons with directional delay-period activity in the ODR task exhibited similar directional preferences and showed gradual increase in the strength of the directional selectivity toward the end of the delay period in the S-ODR task. These results suggest that directional delay-period activity contributes to the decision process of the saccade direction in the S-ODR task, while directional cue-period and pre-saccadic activities do not. The gradual increase of the directional selectivity in delay-period activity might correspond to neural correlates of the decision process of the saccade direction in the S-ODR task.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2005

Metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR5) antagonist MPEP attenuated cue- and schedule-induced reinstatement of nicotine self-administration behavior in rats.

Previous studies suggested that metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptors play an important role in the reinforcing effects of abused drugs. The present experiments evaluated the effects of the mGlu5 receptor antagonist, MPEP (2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine hydrochloride; 1-10 mg/kg, salt, i.p.), in rat models of nicotine-seeking behavior that may have relevance to relapse to drug-taking. Male Wistar rats (with restricted access to food) were trained to nose-poke to receive intravenous infusions of nicotine (0.03 mg/kg per infusion, base) under a fixed ratio 5 time out 60 s schedule of reinforcement. After stable nicotine self-administration was acquired, nose-poking behavior was extinguished in the absence of nicotine-associated cues. During the reinstatement test phase, independent groups of animals were exposed to: (a) response-contingent nicotine-associated cues (cue-induced reinstatement); or (b) response-noncontingent presentations of 45-mg food pellets under fixed time 2 min schedule (schedule-induced reinstatement). Additional control experiments were conducted to demonstrate that in nicotine-naïve animals MPEP does not affect cue-induced reinstatement of food-seeking behavior and has no effects on operant behavior maintained by a simple fixed interval 2 min schedule of food reinforcement. Pretreatment with MPEP (10 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the reinstatement of nicotine-seeking in both experiments. Further, MPEP (10 mg/kg) significantly attenuated polydipsia induced by a fixed time 2 min food schedule. In conclusion, the present findings indicate that the blockade of mGlu5 receptors attenuates cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine self-administration behavior (but not food-seeking) and may produce a general inhibition of schedule-induced behaviors, including schedule-induced nicotine-seeking.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Processing biases towards the preferred hand: valid and invalid cueing of left- versus right-hand movements.

A Posner-like paradigm was employed to investigate the effects of valid and invalid cueing of each hand on reaction time, movement time and peak velocity in an aiming task. Given claims of left hemisphere superiority in movement selection and inhibition (and the privileged within-hemisphere access of the right hand to such systems), it was hypothesised that invalidly cueing the left hand (i.e. right-hand movement precued, left-handed movement required by a go signal) would result in increased reaction time relative to invalid right-hand cueing. The hypothesis was not confirmed as reaction times of both hands were slowed equivalently by invalid cueing. Nevertheless, it was found that the movement duration of the left hand was increased substantially by invalid cueing, while the right hand was unaffected on this measure, suggesting a possible intentional rather than attentional difference between the two hands. These results are discussed in terms of a possible asymmetry of intentional processes related to hand movement and the right-hand advantage in movement duration.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Dynamic modulation of visual detection by auditory cues in spatial neglect.

One of the most constant findings of studies about selective attention is that detection of visual stimuli is enhanced when a visual cue is presented at the position of the upcoming target. In healthy participants, comparable benefits were reported when the cue was presented in a different modality than the target. The aim of this study was to examine spatial and temporal dynamics of visual attention following auditory cues in patients with spatial neglect. Twelve healthy subjects and five patients with left-sided neglect were asked to react to a small vertical line presented randomly at one of four positions. The target appeared 150 or 1000 ms after an auditory cue that was either static (continuous 380 Hz tone presented to the left or right ear) or dynamic (380 Hz tone moving from the left to the right ear or vice versa). The reaction time pattern of healthy participants was unaffected by the different tones. In contrast, reaction times of neglect patients were significantly faster to left targets following a dynamic tone moving from right to left in comparison to a tone moving from left to right. Interestingly, static unilateral tones modulated visual attention of neglect patients to a lesser degree than dynamic tones. The modulation of visual attention by dynamic auditory cues was of short duration and disappeared after 1000 ms. These results demonstrate a fast automatic shift of spatial attention in the direction of a moving tone, suggesting strong dynamic links between visual and auditory attention in patients with a severe spatial deficit.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Nucleus accumbens dopamine release is necessary and sufficient to promote the behavioral response to reward-predictive cues.

The nucleus accumbens is part of the neural circuit that controls reward-seeking in response to reward-predictive cues. Dopamine release in the accumbens is essential for the normal functioning of this circuit. Previous studies have shown that injection of dopamine receptor antagonists into the accumbens severely impairs an animal's ability to perform operant behaviors specified by predictive cues. Furthermore, excitations and inhibitions of accumbens neurons evoked by such cues are abolished by inactivation of the ventral tegmental area, the major dopaminergic input to the accumbens. These results indicate that dopamine is necessary to elicit neural activity in the accumbens that drives the behavioral response to cues. Here we show that accumbens dopamine release is causal to the rats' reward-seeking behavioral response by demonstrating that dopamine in this structure is both necessary and sufficient to promote the appropriate behavioral response to reward-predictive cues.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The effects of external cues on ankle control during gait initiation in Parkinson's disease.

The present study investigated the effects of external cues on motor control of the ankle joint during gait initiation in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and in age-matched healthy subjects. The soleus H-reflexes were recorded during self-generated and cue-triggered gait initiation. The tibialis anterior muscle burst during cue-triggered gait initiation was found to be significantly larger than that during self-generated gait initiation in both groups. External cues significantly increased soleus H-reflex depression during gait initiation in PD patients, although this significant increase was not present in healthy subjects. These findings indicate that external cues affect motor control of the extensor muscle of the ankle joint during gait initiation in PD patients.

Aged↗