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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Psychological climate and countertransference in psychiatric treatment homes.

The associations between milieu therapists' feelings towards patients and the unit's psychological climate were studied at 21 small treatment homes for severely disturbed psychiatric patients. The milieu therapists filled out self-report instruments where they rated their feelings towards patients on a feeling-word checklist and their opinion about the psychological climate on a Bion-based scale. Scores on the climate scale were used as independent variables in a series of regression analyses, with scores on the feelings as the dependent variables. It was found that a substantial component of the average differences between units with regard to feelings towards patients could be attributed to the unit's climate. Correlations showed that units characterized by "Work' and "Pairing' had high scores for helpful and autonomous feelings, while unhelpful feelings were evoked in units characterized by "Dependency' and "Fight'. Close feelings were evoked in units characterized by "Dependency'.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Relationship between achievement goal orientations and perceived motivational climate on intrinsic motivation.

This study examines first the relationship of perceived motivational climate and goal orientation to indices of intrinsic, extrinsic motivation and amotivation, and second their respective role in predicting these indices of motivation. A total of 160 students enrolled in physical activity classes volunteered to participate. Results of Pearson correlation analyses indicated that students who perceived their class climate as emphasizing mastery were more likely to feel self-determined. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that perceived motivational climate was a better predictor of all indices of motivation than goal orientations. Results, discussed according to the achievement goal perspective and the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, highlight a possible motivational process explaining how the motivational climate overrides goal orientations.

Achievement↗
PubMed2001

Detection of anthropogenic climate change in the world's oceans.

Large-scale increases in the heat content of the world's oceans have been observed to occur over the last 45 years. The horizontal and temporal character of these changes has been closely replicated by the state-of-the-art Parallel Climate Model (PCM) forced by observed and estimated anthropogenic gases. Application of optimal detection methodology shows that the model-produced signals are indistinguishable from the observations at the 0.05 confidence level. Further, the chances of either the anthropogenic or observed signals being produced by the PCM as a result of natural, internal forcing alone are less than 5%. This suggests that the observed ocean heat-content changes are consistent with those expected from anthropogenic forcing, which broadens the basis for claims that an anthropogenic signal has been detected in the global climate system. Additionally, the requirement that modeled ocean heat uptakes match observations puts a strong, new constraint on anthropogenically forced climate models. It is unknown if the current generation of climate models, other than the PCM, meet this constraint.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Advanced technology paths to global climate stability: energy for a greenhouse planet.

Stabilizing the carbon dioxide-induced component of climate change is an energy problem. Establishment of a course toward such stabilization will require the development within the coming decades of primary energy sources that do not emit carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, in addition to efforts to reduce end-use energy demand. Mid-century primary power requirements that are free of carbon dioxide emissions could be several times what we now derive from fossil fuels (approximately 10(13) watts), even with improvements in energy efficiency. Here we survey possible future energy sources, evaluated for their capability to supply massive amounts of carbon emission-free energy and for their potential for large-scale commercialization. Possible candidates for primary energy sources include terrestrial solar and wind energy, solar power satellites, biomass, nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, fission-fusion hybrids, and fossil fuels from which carbon has been sequestered. Non-primary power technologies that could contribute to climate stabilization include efficiency improvements, hydrogen production, storage and transport, superconducting global electric grids, and geoengineering. All of these approaches currently have severe deficiencies that limit their ability to stabilize global climate. We conclude that a broad range of intensive research and development is urgently needed to produce technological options that can allow both climate stabilization and economic development.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Detection of a human influence on North American climate.

Several indices of large-scale patterns of surface temperature variation were used to investigate climate change in North America over the 20th century. The observed variability of these indices was simulated well by a number of climate models. Comparison of index trends in observations and model simulations shows that North American temperature changes from 1950 to 1999 were unlikely to be due to natural climate variation alone. Observed trends over this period are consistent with simulations that include anthropogenic forcing from increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols. However, most of the observed warming from 1900 to 1949 was likely due to natural climate variation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

The challenge of long-term climate change.

Climate policy needs to address the multidecadal to centennial time scale of climate change. Although the realization of short-term targets is an important first step, to be effective climate policies need to be conceived as long-term programs that will achieve a gradual transition to an essentially emission-free economy on the time scale of a century. This requires a considerably broader spectrum of policy measures than the primarily market-based instruments invoked for shorter term mitigation policies. A successful climate policy must consist of a dual approach focusing on both short-term targets and long-term goals.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Atlantic Ocean forcing of North American and European summer climate.

Recent extreme events such as the devastating 2003 European summer heat wave raise important questions about the possible causes of any underlying trends, or low-frequency variations, in regional climates. Here, we present new evidence that basin-scale changes in the Atlantic Ocean, probably related to the thermohaline circulation, have been an important driver of multidecadal variations in the summertime climate of both North America and western Europe. Our findings advance understanding of past climate changes and also have implications for decadal climate predictions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Climate Change During the Last Deglaciation in Antarctica

Greenland ice core records provide clear evidence of rapid changes in climate in a variety of climate indicators. In this work, rapid climate change events in the Northern and Southern hemispheres are compared on the basis of an examination of changes in atmospheric circulation developed from two ice cores. High-resolution glaciochemical series, covering the period 10,000 to 16,000 years ago, from a central Greenland ice core and a new site in east Antarctica display similar variability. These findings suggest that rapid climate change events occur more frequently in Antarctica than previously demonstrated.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Climate change effects on plant disease: genomes to ecosystems.

Research in the effects of climate change on plant disease continues to be limited, but some striking progress has been made. At the genomic level, advances in technologies for the high-throughput analysis of gene expression have made it possible to begin discriminating responses to different biotic and abiotic stressors and potential trade-offs in responses. At the scale of the individual plant, enough experiments have been performed to begin synthesizing the effects of climate variables on infection rates, though pathosystem-specific characteristics make synthesis challenging. Models of plant disease have now been developed to incorporate more sophisticated climate predictions. At the population level, the adaptive potential of plant and pathogen populations may prove to be one of the most important predictors of the magnitude of climate change effects. Ecosystem ecologists are now addressing the role of plant disease in ecosystem processes and the challenge of scaling up from individual infection probabilities to epidemics and broader impacts.

Ecosystem↗
PubMed2005

[Influence of climatic factors on the incidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding].

OBJECTIVES: Several studies have suggested the existence of seasonal variation in the incidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB). However, the role of climatic factors has not been elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of these factors in the incidence of UGB secondary to esophageal varices (EV), gastric ulcer (GU), and duodenal ulcer (DU). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Based on the use of the Minimum Data Set and the International Classification of Diseases, cases of endoscopically-confirmed UGB secondary to EV, GU and DU were retrospectively included (1998-2001). The incidence of UGB was correlated with daily climatic factors (temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, direction and speed of wind) in Jerez de la Frontera (Spain) during the study period. RESULTS: A total of 499 patients were included (GU = 192, DU = 199, EV = 108). No significant differences were found in the monthly or seasonal incidence of UGB. Episodes of UGB were grouped according to the climatic conditions present on the day of admission. No significant relationship was found between UGB and any of the daily climatic factors studied. DISCUSSION: The results of our study do not support the existence of a seasonal pattern in the incidence of UGB secondary to GU, DU or EV and allow us to conclude that, in our geographical area, these factors are not involved in episodes of bleeding.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

School-based mental health services in Baltimore: association with school climate and special education referrals.

This study investigated the association between school-based mental health services and two proposed but untested outcomes of these services: (a) school climate and (b) patterns of referrals to special education. Results from a climate survey found that teachers and staff in eight elementary schools with expanded school mental health (ESMH) services gave higher ratings on the survey's mental health climate subscale than respondents from schools in a matched comparison group. No differences were found for the General Climate subscale of the survey. Results also indicated that teachers in ESMH schools referred fewer students to the special education eligibility process because of emotional and behavioral issues and that fewer students in ESMH schools were found eligible for special education for emotional and behavioral disabilities. Results of this study provide beginning evidence for the positive impact of ESMH programs on these two schoolwide indicators of functioning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

A climate survey for medical students. A means to assess change.

An instrument was developed to assess the perceptions of students regarding six aspects of school climate and their experience of and attitudes toward sexual harassment and gender insensitivity. During clerkship orientation, 77 students (92% return rate), half female, were given the survey. Cronbach alpha reliabilities for the six scales ranged from .71 to .85. One significant female/male difference among the three scales of general school climate was observed; two significant female/male differences occurred among the three scales relating to gender concerns. Seventy percent of both males and females reported having observed sexually harassing behavior during the previous year; 46% of females and 15% of males reported experiencing sexually harassing behavior during the year. Observing and/or personally experiencing sexual harassment was associated with a decrease in positive climate ratings and an increase in negative climate ratings.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of a school climate instrument for assessing affective objectives in health professional education.

A conceptual framework for the study of school climate and development of professional caring ability is proposed that is compatible with research on learning environment and socialization. Student input characteristics were measured demographically and through use of previously validated scales from the Parental Bonding Instrument; student outcome characteristics were measured on the Caring Ability Inventory for which considerable empirical validity evidence exists. The primary focus of this evaluation addressed reliability and validity of an instrument designed to assess learning environment that had not previously been used in postsecondary education. Four abbreviated School Climate scales were studied: Respect, Trust, Morale, and Caring. Source data were obtained from the initial phase of a longitudinal study of baccalaureate nursing students throughout the United States. Factor analysis, score reliability, and item-total correlation results indicate the School Climate instrument has indicate the School Climate instrument has theoretical and practical utility for program evaluation and improvement in health professional education.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Structure and faculty perception of climate in schools of nursing.

The purpose of this descriptive study was to explore the relationship between dimensions of structure (i.e., centralization, formalization, and complexity) and climate in schools of nursing, using the framework of contingency theory. Data were collected from 111 full-time faculty from 11 baccalaureate and 7 associate degree schools of nursing in Minnesota accredited by the National League for Nursing. The findings indicated a significant relationship between structure and climate in the schools of nursing. Dispersion of influence throughout the school was associated with a more favorable climate. A higher degree of supervision by superiors was related to a less favorable climate.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed2003

School climate and the institutionalization of the CATCH program.

School climate refers to various physical and psychosocial structures that shape schools' social and physical environments. The Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH) study provided an opportunity to study how aspects of school climate are associated with continued implementation of the CATCH program. Nutrient analysis of menus, observations of physical education (PE) classes, and teacher and staff self-reports were used to measure CATCH program components. Results of this study indicate that aspects of school climate were associated with continued implementation of the CATCH classroom component but not the CATCH food service or PE components. These findings have implications for how we plan for the progression of innovative school health promotion programs from the initial trial stage to institutionalization. Measures of school climate may be useful in determining a school's readiness to adopt and implement an innovative health promotion curriculum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Attitudes of direct care staff towards external professionals, team climate and psychological wellbeing: a pilot study.

Relationships with external professionals may be an important factor in the psychological wellbeing of care staff. A questionnaire to measure team climate and staff wellbeing was developed, tested and revised. Seventy-two direct care staff completed the revised questionnaire, which had acceptable levels of internal consistency. Significant correlations were found between care staff attitudes towards professionals and levels of team climate and psychological wellbeing. The pattern of relationships was explored by path analysis. Further work is needed on the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. There is a clear association between attitudes to professionals and team climate and between some aspects of climate and psychological wellbeing. Professionals should adopt collaborative ways of working based on problem-solving approaches with staff teams, with the aim of delivering improved quality of care to residents.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Measuring progress in clinical governance: assessing the reliability and validity of the Clinical Governance Climate Questionnaire.

Despite a lack of conceptual clarity, the importance of cultural change to clinical governance is widely accepted. While generic measures of organizational performance, culture and climate are available, their relationship to clinical governance is unclear. Consequently, there is currently no valid and reliable measure of clinical governance climate. This study aimed to address the deficiency by reducing a pool of clinical governance climate indicators developed via previous qualitative research, describing a latent factor structure and assessing the internal consistency and external validity of the factor model. The resultant instrument, the Clinical Governance Climate Questionnaire (CGCQ), attained high internal consistency and external (discriminant and construct) validity in a study population of healthcare Trust staff. It consists of 60 items distributed across six sub-scales of clinical governance: planned and integrated quality improvement; proactive risk management; absence of unjust blame and punishment; working with colleagues; training and development; and organizational learning. The measure enables those charged with leading the clinical governance agenda in UK healthcare organizations to assess the progress of organizational development initiatives, highlighting areas requiring particular attention. They might also be of interest to those concerned about the negative unintended consequences of performance management.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Is the global rise of asthma an early impact of anthropogenic climate change?

The increase in asthma incidence, prevalence, and morbidity over recent decades presents a significant challenge to public health. Pollen is an important trigger of some types of asthma, and both pollen quantity and season depend on climatic and meteorologic variables. Over the same period as the global rise in asthma, there have been considerable increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and global average surface temperature. We hypothesize anthropogenic climate change as a plausible contributor to the rise in asthma. Greater concentrations of carbon dioxide and higher temperatures may increase pollen quantity and induce longer pollen seasons. Pollen allergenicity can also increase as a result of these changes in climate. Exposure in early life to a more allergenic environment may also provoke the development of other atopic conditions, such as eczema and allergic rhinitis. Although the etiology of asthma is complex, the recent global rise in asthma could be an early health effect of anthropogenic climate change.

Allergens↗