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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Duration of immunity of a quadrivalent vaccine against respiratory diseases caused by BHV-1, PI3V, BVDV, and BRSV in experimentally infected calves.

Several laboratory studies assessed the duration of immunity of a quadrivalent vaccine (Rispoval 4, Pfizer Animal Health) against bovine respiratory diseases (BRD) caused by bovine herpes-virus type-1 (BHV-1), parainfluenza type-3 virus (PI3V), bovine viral-diarrhoea virus type 1 (BVDV), or bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). Calves between 7 weeks and 6 months of age were allocated to treatment and then were injected with two doses of either the vaccine or the placebo 3 weeks apart. Six to 12 months after the second injection, animals were challenged with BHV-1 (n=16), PI3V (n=31), BVDV (n=16), or BRSV (n=20) and the course of viral infection was monitored by serological, haematological (in the BVDV study only), clinical, and virological means for > or =2 weeks. Infection induced mild clinical signs of respiratory disease and elevated rectal temperature in both vaccinated and control animals and was followed by a dramatic rise in neutralising antibodies in all treatment groups. Titres reached higher levels in vaccinated calves than in control calves after challenge with BHV-1, BVDV, or BRSV. On day 3 after PI3V challenge, virus shedding was reduced from 3.64 log10TCID50 in control animals to 2.59 log10TCID50 in vaccinated animals. On days 6 and 8 after BRSV challenge, there were fewer vaccinated animals (n=2/10 and 0/10, respectively) shedding the virus than control animals (n=8/10 and 3/10, respectively). Moreover, after challenge, the mean duration of virus shedding was reduced from 3.8 days in control animals to 1 day in vaccinated animals in the BVDV study and from 3.4 days in control animals to 1.2 days in vaccinated animals in the BRSV study. The duration of immunity of >or =6 months for PI3V, BHV-1 and BVDV, and 12 months for BRSV, after vaccination with Rispoval 4, was associated mainly with enhanced post-challenge antibody response to all four viruses and reduction of the amount or duration of virus shedding or both.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A prospective study of the effect of Neospora caninum and BVDV infections on bovine abortions in a dairy herd in Arequipa, Peru.

We used a prospective seroepidemiological approach to investigate endemic abortion in a dairy herd in Arequipa, Peru, and its association with Neospora caninum and bovine viral-diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections. Between January 2002 and March 2004, 1094 pregnancies were confirmed in 538 cows. Of these, 137 pregnancies (13%) in 121 cows ended in abortion. The serological status to N. caninum was assessed using a single serological screening, whereas BVDV status was assessed at the herd level through consecutive samplings of young stock. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to estimate the effect of N. caninum and BVDV on the hazard of early (between day 42 and day 100 in gestation), and late (after day 100) abortions, respectively. Serological status to N. caninum was included as a dichotomous variable, and the effect of BVDV estimated at the herd level, as a time-dependent seasonal effect. Because data from repeated pregnancies were included, we considered possible lack of independence between observations and included frailty effects into the models. Our models also considered the possible confounding by parity and animal origin. Only multiparity was associated with the hazard of early abortion (HR=2.8 compared to nulliparous heifers). N. caninum seropositivity significantly affected the hazard of late abortion, but interacted with parity. The HRs for Neospora-positive animals were 6.4, 3.7 and 1.9, respectively, for nulliparous heifers, first-lactation cows and multiparous cows. Evidence of BVDV circulating (or not) among the young stock was not associated with abortions, but few cows in this herd were susceptible to incident infection.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2004

Bovine viral diarrhea virus with deletions in the 5'-nontranslated region: reduction of replication in calves and induction of protective immunity.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) with deletions in the 5'-nontranslated region (5'-NTR) were tested for their suitability as live BVD vaccines. Firstly, the genetic stability of the mutants was established by culturing over 15 passages in bovine cells. Secondly, two deletion mutants and the parent strain CP7-5A were characterised with respect to in vivo replication competence, attenuation and induction of protective immunity against BVDV. Naïve calves (n = 5 per group) were inoculated with mutants d2-31 and d5-57 or CP7-5A and 5 weeks later, a challenge with the BVDV type 1 strain New York was performed. The mutants were found to be genetically and phenotypically stable. Moreover, the results indicate that the mutants were attenuated with regard to effects including pyrexia and drop in leucocyte counts. Infection with the mutants induced moderate to high titers of BVDV neutralizing antibodies and completely prevented viremia after challenge infection with a heterologous BVDV strain. Taken together, the 5'-NTR deletion mutants combine a good safety profile with good efficacy and are therefore well suited as candidate live vaccines.

5' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of the IFAT and Iscom-ELISA response in bovine foetuses with Neospora caninum infection.

The study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of foetal serology in the diagnosis of Neospora-associated bovine abortions. Fluids from 14 foetuses of cows with confirmed neosporosis (Group A), seven foetuses with confirmed bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVD infection) (Group B) and 11 aborted foetuses without demonstrable infection (Group C) were examined. The age of the foetuses ranged from 4.5 months to 9 months. Albumin concentration (measured by Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis) was not significantly different in Group A compared with that in both Groups B and C, while that in Group B was significantly lower than in Group C. Levels of total IgG ranged from 0.01 to 1.78 (mg IgG) ml(-1) measured by single radial immunodiffusion technique. A measurable level of total IgG was found in all foetuses from Groups A and B, with no significant difference between levels in the two groups. Only one foetus in Group C had a detectable level of IgG. All foetuses in Group A had a specific IgG response (titre> or = 20) against Neospora caninum using the IFAT, while no positive responses in IFAT were found in Groups B and C. Measurement of specific IgG1 and IgG2 by Iscom-ELISA showed one and three false-negative results, respectively, in Group A. The IgG1 and IgG2 response in Group A was correlated according to the Spearman test (r = 0.66). Increasing age of the foetuses correlated significantly with the foetal IgG concentration, the specific IgG and IgG1 + IgG2. On the basis of the results obtained, it was concluded that the IFAT with a cut-off titre of 1:20, was a specific method for diagnosis of neosporosis in foetuses older than 4.5 months. The Iscom-ELISA also showed promising results as a method for screening specific antibodies against N. caninum in foetal fluid.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1996

Nutritional myodegeneration associated with dorsal scapular displacement in beef heifers.

Scapular displacement due to bilateral rupture of the serratus ventralis muscles ("flying scapula") occurred in four heifers from a large beef herd. Two of the four affected animals were necropsied. Additional animals on the farm developed intermittent lameness when enclosed on certain pastures. The lameness and scapular displacement were attributed to selenium deficiency in the feed and pasture environment. This is the first account of "flying scapula" in the United States.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Large scale assessment of the effect associated with bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection on fertility of dairy cows in 6149 dairy herds in Brittany (Western France).

This study aimed at quantifying on a large scale the risk of both three-week-return-to-service and late-return-to-service for dairy cows according to the BVDV-infection status of the herds. Three-week- and late-returns-to-service were defined as a repeat service occurring respectively from 19 to 25 days and after 25 days following a first or a second service. The level of BVDV-specific-antibodies in bulk tank milk were measured four times at four months intervals by a blocking ELISA test to define five BVDV-infection-herd-statuses: (i) presumed non-infected herds for a long time, (ii) presumed not-recently-infected herds, (iii) presumed past-infected-recently-recovered herds, (iv) presumed past-steadily-infected herds, (v) presumed recently-infected herds. A total of 150,854 AIs from 122,697 cows in 6149 herds was included in the analysis. The risk of return-to-service was assessed using logistic regression and survival analysis models. The BVDV-infection-herd-status was not significantly associated with the risk of 3-week-return-to-service, but significantly with that of late-return-to-service. Cows in herds presumed past-infected-recently-recovered, past-steadily-infected, or recently-infected had a significantly higher risk of late-return-to-service (relative risk of 1.03, 1.11, 1.12, respectively) compared with cows in herds presumed not-recently-infected. Risk of late-return-to-service was not significantly different in cows from herds presumed non-infected for a long time or not-recently-infected. In conclusion, BVDV-infection was found to mainly increase the risk of embryonic and foetal death.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Clinical and pathologic features of cloned transgenic calves and fetuses (13 case studies).

The neonatal abnormalities, treatments and outcomes in a group of 13 cloned transgenic calves and fetuses that progressed into the third trimester of pregnancy are described. From these 13 fetuses, 8 calves were born live, 4 stillborn fetuses were recovered from 3 cows that died 7 d to 2 mo before term, and 1 aborted fetus was recovered at 8 mo gestation. All fetuses and calves were derived from the same male fetal Holstein fibroblast cell line transfected with a beta-galactosidase marker gene. Six calves were delivered by Cesarian section and two by vaginal delivery between 278 and 288 d of gestation. Birth weights ranged from 44 to 58.6 kg. Five of the 8 live born calves were judged to be normal within 4 h of birth based on clinical signs and blood gas measurements. One of these 5 calves died at 6 wk of age from a suspected dilated cardiomyopathy. Three of the 8 calves were diagnosed with neonatal respiratory distress immediately following birth, one of which died (at 4 d of age) as a result of pulmonary surfactant deficiency coupled with pulmonary hypertension and elevated systemic venous pressures. Similar findings of chronic pulmonary hypertension were also observed in 2 of 5 fetuses. Placental edema was present in both calves that later died and in the 2 fetuses with cardiopulmonary abnormalities. Hydrallantois occurred with or without placental edema in 6 cows, and only 1 calf from this group survived. The 6 cows without hydrallantois or placental edema produced 5 live calves and 1 aborted fetus. The cardiopulmonary abnormalities observed in the calves and fetuses occurred in utero in conjunction with placental abnormalities, and it is likely that the cloning technique and/or in vitro embryo culture conditions contributed to these abnormalities, although the mechanism remains to be determined.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Development of an ELISA for bovine IL-10.

The objective of the study was to develop an assay for bovine IL-10 that could be applied to analyses of immune responses and advance understanding of a variety of diseases of cattle. Recombinant bovine IL-10 (rbo IL-10) was transiently expressed in Cos-7 cells and shown to inhibit the synthesis of IFN gamma by bovine cells stimulated with antigen in vitro. Mice were immunised with a plasmid containing a cDNA insert encoding rbo IL-10 and inoculated with rbo IL-10. A number of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were generated that reacted with rbo IL-10 in an ELISA. Some of these mAb neutralised the ability of rbo IL-10 to inhibit IFN gamma synthesis by antigen-stimulated bovine cells. A pair of mAb was identified that together could be used to detect both recombinant and natural bovine IL-10 present in supernatant of PBMC stimulated with ConA. A luminescent detection method was applied to the ELISA making it more sensitive. Using this method native IL-10 was detected in supernatants of PBMC, diluted blood and undiluted blood from cattle immunised with Mycobacterium bovis BCG or ovalbumin and incubated in vitro with antigen indicating the applicability of the assay to a number of in vitro culture systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Phenotype, growth regulation and cytokine transcription in Ovine Herpesvirus-2 (OHV-2)-infected bovine T-cell lines.

The causal agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), Ovine Herpesvirus-2 (OHV-2), can be propagated in IL-2-dependent lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from diseased cattle and deer providing a useful model for the investigation of the pathogenesis of MCF. In this study, five interleukin-2 (IL-2)-dependent cell lines were established from affected cattle to examine their growth regulation and cytokine transcription. All cell lines expressed CD2, CD5 and CD25. Three of the cell lines were CD4+ and one CD8+, whereas one cell was of mixed CD4 and CD8 phenotye. The growth of these cell lines was reduced when cultured with antibody against CD25, the IL-2 receptor alpha subunit. All cell lines showed a lack of response to Con A and their cell growth was inhibited by Cyclosporin A which is known to inhibit cytokine promoters. It was decided therefore, to examine the cell lines for the presence of mRNA of different cytokines. The results showed that the cell lines transcribed message for IFNgamma, TNFalpha, IL-4 and IL-10 whereas no mRNA for IL-2 or IL-1beta was detected. In conclusion, the OHV-2-immortalised cell lines resemble anergic T-cells which may be activated giving rise to the characteristic lesions of MCF.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Designing blood-stage vaccines against Babesia bovis and B. bigemina.

The tick-transmitted apicomplexan parasites Babesia bovis and B. bigemina cause significant disease in cattle in many tropical and temperate areas of the world. These parasites present a challenge for vaccine development, and yet provide a system for studying the pathogenesis, mechanisms of protective immunity and regulation of host immune responses associated with intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites in a non-rodent species. In this article, Wendy Brown and Guy Palmer review strategies for identifying candidate vaccine antigens of B. bovis and B. bigemina and for priming immune responses to evoke strain crossprotective immunity.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effect of Mycobacterium sp. wall and Avridine on the antibody response, IgG isotype profile and proliferative response induced by foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccination in cattle.

Different immunomodulators have been previously tested in our laboratory as enhancers of the specific immune response to FMDV vaccines in a murine model [2-4]. Here, we present results of two of these immunomodulators, a water-soluble fraction of the cell wall of Mycobacterium sp. (WSF) and a synthetic lipoamide, Avridine (AV), which were tested in bovines included in FMDV oil vaccines. Two different concentrations of inactivated viral antigen were employed and the effect of different concentrations of the adjuvants were studied when added to the lower viral dose. It is shown that the inclusion of these adjuvants in the higher concentration in vaccines formulated with low antigen concentration induced the same antibody levels as those induced by vaccines containing twice the concentration of virus, and no adjuvants, and as a commercial formulation which performed with 100% of protection in the potency test. The IgG isotypes profiles induced in these experimental vaccines differed from those elicited by the commercial and control vaccines. Both IgG1 and IgG2 were augmented by the experimental formulations. These adjuvants, specially the WSF, also enhanced the cellular immune response against the FMDV in antigen driven proliferation assays, thus acting on a broad range of immune mechanisms.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗