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PubMedDate not supplied

Profile of raw milk consumers in California.

OBJECTIVES: The authors sought to determine the prevalence of raw milk consumption in California--the largest producer of certified raw milk in the United States--and to describe the demographic and behavioral characteristics of raw milk consumers in that state. METHODS: The authors analyzed responses to questions on the 1994 California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey that asked respondents about whether they drank raw milk, the amount consumed, the reason for drinking raw milk, and where raw milk was most often obtained. RESULTS: Among 3999 survey respondents, 3.2% reported drinking raw milk in the previous year. Raw milk drinkers were more likely than nondrinkers to be younger than age 40, male, and Hispanic and to have less than a high school education. CONCLUSIONS: Raw milk continues to be consumed by some residents of California despite the documented hazards associated with this dietary practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

An evaluation of the effectiveness of alcohol treatment, driver license actions and jail terms in reducing drunk driving recidivism in California.

AIM: There has been long-standing interest in determining which sanctions work best to reduce drunk driving. This study examines the effectiveness of alcohol treatment, driver license actions and jail terms in reducing drunk-driving recidivism. DESIGN: This quasi-experimental study examines the relationships between the sanctions that drivers convicted of driving-under-the-influence (DUI) receive and their subsequent reconviction of DUI, while statistically controlling for pre-existing differences among groups receiving different sanctions. Separate analyses were conducted for subjects having 0, 1 or 2 or more prior DUI convictions on their driving record. SETTING: The study analyzes drunk driving reacidivism throughout the state of California. Participants. All drivers holding a California driver license who were convicted of DUI by a California court during 1990 and 1991 were selected for inclusion in the study. MEASUREMENTS: A number of demographic, prior personal driving history and surrogate traffic environment measures were collected and used as covariates in the analyses. Data were also gathered on subsequent DUI reconvictions, and the number of days to first subsequent DUI reconviction, and used as outcome variables in the study. FINDINGS: Results of the analyses showed that for all levels of prior DUI convictions, combining alcohol treatment with either driver license restriction or suspension is associated with the lowest DUI recidivism rates. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this research, and the results of prior studies, it can be persuasively argued that combining license actions with alcohol treatment represents the most effective sanction combination for combating DUI recidivism.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1998

Predictors of California nursing facilities' acceptance of people with HIV/AIDS.

OBJECTIVE: To examine factors that might predict the provision of HIV/AIDS care among California nursing facilities (NFs) in 1990. STUDY DESIGN: Logistic regression to examine the probability that a NF had admitted a person with AIDS/HIV (PWA/H). Independent variables of key interest included whether the facility was hospital-based; whether it sustained a financial loss in FY 1990; whether it had a hospice; the percentage of its residents on Medicare; the percentage of its residents on MediCal; the number of PWA/Hs per elderly in the county where the facility was located; the ratio of home-based hospices to elderly in the county; and the ratio of NF beds to elderly in the county. DATA COLLECTION METHODS: Data on all California NFs, obtained from the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD), were merged with state data on the cumulative incidence of AIDS cases by county; U.S. census data on the number of elderly by county; and home-based hospice data from the 1990 Case Management Resource Guide for California. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Of the 902 facilities examined, 7.65 percent served AIDS residents. The financial loss variable was not significant. The community-based hospice variable was significant and negative. All other key variables were significant and positive. CONCLUSIONS: This study (1) suggests that NFs respond to external pressures to provide AIDS care even in the absence of financial incentives or a positive financial margin; (2) supports concerns that competition may exist between the elderly and PWA/H for NF beds; (3) shows that NFs are less likely to provide care if substitute services are available; and (4) demonstrates that facilities capable of providing a higher level of clinical and psychosocial care may be particularly willing, perhaps able, to provide AIDS care.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1998

Tetanus among injecting-drug users--California, 1997.

During 1997, 47 cases of tetanus were provisionally reported in the United States; 11 of these were reported from California. Of these 11, six (55%) occurred among injecting-drug users (IDUs). The substantial proportion of cases among IDUs prompted a review of reported tetanus cases in California. This report summarizes reported cases of tetanus in IDUs in California during 1987-1997 and presents two case reports for 1997.

California↗
PubMed1998

Causes of unintentional deaths from carbon monoxide poisonings in California.

The purpose of this study was to determine the annual number and incidence of unintentional deaths from carbon monoxide (CO) poisonings in California and to identify specific factors that caused or contributed to the deaths. Unintentional CO deaths in California over a ten-year period (1979 to 1988) were identified from the database of the California Master Mortality File and coroners' investigation reports. Factors associated with unintentional CO deaths were determined based on the information from the investigation reports. The annual number of unintentional CO deaths varied from 27 to 58 over the ten years examined, with an average annual death incidence of 1.7 x 10(-6). Death rates were high among males and African-Americans. Alcohol appeared to be a factor in 31% of the cases. The types of combustion sources associated with unintentional CO deaths were: heating or cooking appliances; motor vehicles; charcoal grills and hibachis; small engines; and camping equipment. Factors associated with unintentional CO deaths interact in a complex way. To reduce the rate of unintentional CO deaths effectively, joint efforts involving several prevention methods are suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Vector competence of alpine, Central Valley, and coastal mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from California for Jamestown Canyon virus.

Mosquitoes collected from alpine, Central Valley, and coastal habitats in California were evaluated for their vector competence for four strains of Jamestown Canyon (JC) virus. Three of the viral strains examined were isolated from alpine Aedes species collected in California, and one, the prototype JC virus, was isolated from Culiseta inornata (Williston) collected in Colorado. Alpine Aedes tahoensis Dyar, Ae. cataphylla Dyar, Ae. hexodontus Dyar, Ae. increpitus Dyar, Ae. clivis Lanzaro and Eldridge, and coastal Aedes washinoi Lanzaro and Eldridge were variably susceptible to alpine strains of JC virus. Infection rates ranged from 22 to 77%, and peroral transmission rates of the infected females ranged from 0 to 26%. The differences were related to both mosquito species and viral strain. Coastal populations of Cs. inornata, Ae. washinoi, and Ae. sierrensis (Ludlow) were incompetent vectors when fed an alpine strain of JC virus, whereas Ae. squamiger (Coquillet) and Ae. dorsalis (Meigen) were competent vectors. Peroral transmission rates following parenteral infection of females of most species were about twofold higher than those for perorally infected females. A population of Cs. inornata from the Central Valley was highly susceptible when fed an alpine strain of JCV and transmitted virus both horizontally and vertically. Alpine strains of JC virus also were transmitted vertically by Ae. tahoensis, Ae. washinoi, and Ae. squamiger following parenteral infection of females.

Aedes↗
PubMed2000

Utilization of Alzheimer's disease community resources by Asian-Americans in California.

Alzheimer's disease is as prevalent among Asian ethnic minority groups as among Caucasians. We explored Asian groups' utilization of available Alzheimer's disease services in California, using a uniquely large sample of Asian-Americans. The Minimum Uniform Dataset includes data from nine California Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers. Of the 9,451 cases included in the Minimum Utilizable Dataset, 4.2% were Asian (primarily Chinese), 0.8% Filipino, 0.3% Pacific Islander, and 75.9% Caucasian. In comparison to their numbers within the nine California countries served, Asian ethnic elders were underrepresented in enrollment by approximately 50%, except at one center where all staff were bilingual. The centers referred a significantly greater proportion of Asian than Caucasian patients for financial help (47.8 vs. 7.4%, P < 0.001), case management (47.8 vs. 22.3%, P < 0.001), and to Alzheimer's disease day care (41.3 vs. 28.4%, P < 0.05). A significantly greater proportion of Asian caregivers received referrals to caregiver resource centers (32.6 vs. 61.3%, P < 0.001) and financial help (29.6 vs. 4.7%, P < 0.001). A smaller proportion of Asian patients received referrals to home health services than Caucasians (4.3 vs. 14.9%, P < 0.05). Filipino patients were also referred more frequently to financial assistance than Caucasians (P < 0.05). Asians and Pacific Islanders under-enroll at centers specializing in AD care. Bilingual staff at centers specializing in dementia care, training for community physicians who treat these patients, and establishment of caregiver support groups within Asian and Pacific Islander communities may enhance the enrollment of these elders. AD care centers in areas supporting Asian and Filipino families may need to concentrate resources on providing financial assistance in case management.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Vasopressin and aggression in cross-fostered California mice (Peromyscus californicus) and white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus).

To examine how developmental experiences alter neural pathways associated with adult social behavior, we cross-fostered pups between the more aggressive and monogamous California mouse (Peromyscus californicus) and the less aggressive and polygamous white-footed mouse (P. leucopus). Cross-fostered males became more like their foster parents when tested as adults. Male white-footed mice became more aggressive only in an aggression test in a neutral arena, whereas the territorial California mice became less aggressive in resident-intruder aggression test, as measured by attack latency. Only the species that displayed a change in resident-intruder aggression showed a change in arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels: cross-fostered California mice had significantly lower levels of AVP-immunoreactive (AVP-ir) staining than controls in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and a nonsignificant trend toward lower levels in the medial amygdala (MA). Neither species showed changes in AVP-ir staining in a control area, the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). The changes in AVP-ir staining in the BNST and SON may not be caused by stress because cross-fostering was not associated with changes in adult plasma concentrations of two steroid hormones, corticosterone and testosterone, that have been associated with stress-related alterations in AVP pathways. These results suggest that manipulating the early parental environment can directly alter both a neurotransmitter system and species-typical patterns of social behavior, but that these effects may vary between species and under different social contexts.

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

Heavy metal accumulation in four species of sea turtles from the Baja California peninsula, Mexico.

Heavy metals were assessed in four species of sea turtles from the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, representing the first report of heavy metal concentrations in tissues of post-yearling sea turtles from the Eastern Pacific. Concentrations of Cd measured in C. mydas kidney (653 microg/g dry wt) were the highest ever reported for any sea turtle species. Cd accumulated preferentially in kidney and the ratios of kidney to liver Cd in Baja California turtles were among the highest reported for sea turtles globally. Zn, Ni, and Mn concentrations were also significantly higher in kidney than other tissues, while Cu and Fe were greatest in liver, and all metals were lowest in muscle. With the exception of one value (69.9 microg/g in kidney of C. caretta), Pb was low in all tissues from Baja California. In comparisons across species, kidney of C. mydas had greater Zn and Ni concentrations as compared to other species, although there was no difference in liver metal levels among the species. Positive correlations were detected in the concentrations of Cd, Cu and Ni with the straight carapace length of C. caretta.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Crop loss assessment for California: modeling losses with different ozone standard scenarios.

Crop yield losses were estimated for ambient O3 concentrations and for a series of potential O3 air quality standards for California, including the current statewide 1-h oxidant (O3) standard of 0.10 ppm (196 microg m(-3)), 12-h growing season averages, and other models. A model for statewide losses was developed using hourly O3 data for all sites in the State, county crop productivity data, and available O3 concentration-yield loss equations to determine potential yield losses for each crop in each county in California for 1984. Losses were based on comparison to an estimated background filtered air concentration of 0.025 or 0.027 ppm, for 12 or 7 h, respectively. Potential losses due to ambient air in 1984 were estimated at 19% to 25% for dry beans, cotton, grapes, lemons, onions, and oranges. Losses of 5% to 9% were estimated for alfalfa and sweet corn. Losses of 4% or less were estimated for barley, field corn, lettuce, grain sorghum, rice, corn silage, spinach, strawberries, sugar beets, fresh tomatoes, processing tomatoes, and wheat. Implementation of either a modified rollback to meet the current 1 h California O3 standard (0.10 ppm) or a three-month, 12-h growing season average of 0.045 ppm was necessary to produce large reductions in potential crop losses.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Aerobic bacterial flora of the vagina and prepuce of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and investigation of associations with urogenital carcinoma.

To investigate the association between genital bacterial infection and urogenital carcinoma in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), vaginal and preputial swabs for bacterial isolation were taken from 148 free-ranging and 51 stranded California sea lions including 16 animals with urogenital carcinoma. Cytological examination of vaginal or preputial smears showed a majority (65.5%, 57/87) of animals examined had mild or no inflammation. Aerobic bacteria were isolated from 116 (78.4%) wild sea lions and 100% of stranded animals. A total of 403 isolates were identified representing 51 unique bacterial species. The median number of isolates per animal increased with age in the wild group, but there was no difference in the number of isolates per animal between wild and stranded adults. The most common bacteria isolated from the wild sea lions were Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus (39 isolates), non-hemolytic Streptococcus (35 isolates), Corynebacterium spp. (30 isolates), and Escherichia coli (20 isolates). More bacterial species were isolated from stranded animals than wild animals (33 versus 26) and there was significantly less growth of P. phenylpyruvicus, Corynebacterium spp., and Moraxella-like spp. in the stranded animals. Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus was the only bacterium significantly associated with urogenital carcinomas in California sea lions, but only in females.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Population genetics of black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii, along the central California coast.

Over the past three decades, the black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii, has experienced precipitous declines in abundance over portions of its range in southern and central California. The potential for recovery of these populations is dependent in part on dispersal processes; that is, can distant populations serve as sources of recruits to locales that no longer harbor H. cracherodii? Here we use population genetic analysis to assess levels of population subdivision and infer recruitment processes. Epipodial tissue samples were obtained from over 400 black abalone from seven geographic sites between Santa Cruz and Santa Barbara counties in central California. Allelic frequencies were determined for each population at three polymorphic enzyme-encoding loci (GPI, AAT-1 and PGM). Significant allelic frequency differentiation among sites was observed at all three loci. Genetic distance was found to be independent of geographic distance over the approximately 300-km sampling range. In addition, a limited number of DNA sequences (total N=51) were obtained for the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) from five of the populations. Since the same common COI haplotype dominated each population, this analysis had little statistical power and failed to detect population structure. The observed level of population differentiation at allozyme loci was three-fold higher than that observed in California red abalone, H. rufescens. The species differ in their breeding period and it is suggested that the relatively short, summer breeding season of black abalone limits dispersal because larvae experience reduced variance in oceanographic conditions relative to red abalone that spawn year-round. Based on these results, rates of recolonization and recovery of locally depressed or extirpated black abalone populations are likely to be slow despite harvest restrictions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Genetic evidence for limited dispersal in the coastal California killifish, Fundulus parvipinnis.

The California killifish, Fundulus parvipinnis, is a marine species that lives in salt marshes, estuaries and wetlands along the California and Baja California coasts. In order to estimate levels of dispersal between different coastal habitats over its range, we have studied six populations using morphological and genetic markers. Lateral line scale and vertebrae counts showed significant differences between individuals collected north of Punta Eugenia and south of Punta Eugenia. Morphological differences across Punta Eugenia were accompanied by large genetic differences at the mitochondrial control region (5.8%). Gene flow was in general very reduced over the range of the species (pairwise average F(st)=0.70, Nm=0.30), with a strong break at Punta Eugenia (F(st)=0.95, Nm=0.03). Such limited interchanges between coastal habitats have important theoretical and conservation implications.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Identification of Simbu, California and Bunyamwera serogroup bunyaviruses by nested RT-PCR.

We describe a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primers that anneal to the 5' and 3' ends and amplify the Bunyavirus S RNA segments. The RT-PCR was done on the fluids of C6/36 cells infected with each of 21 bunyaviruses. The bunyaviruses studied, with the exception of Catu virus, produced amplicons having 700 to 1300 base pairs and probably contained the whole S RNA segment sequence. A nested PCR performed with these amplicons distinguished California and most Bunyamwera serogroup viruses from other bunyaviruses by use of BBC specific internal primers for the S RNA segment, and distinguished Simbu serogroup viruses from others by use of BS specific internal primers. The nested-PCR amplicons of Guaroa, Maguari, California encephalitis, Bunyamwera, and Oropouche viruses were sequenced. The sequences were aligned with previously known sequences of the S RNA segment of the same viruses, showing a high degree of homology and thus confirming the specific origin of these amplicons. The nested RT-PCR is suitable as a specific screening for most California and Bunyamwera serogroup and Simbu serogroup viruses depending on the use of BBC or BS internal primers. Oropouche virus is an important public health problem in Brazil and the nested PCR with BS primers could be used for the detection of this virus in tissue culture and mouse brain isolates as well as in clinical samples.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Incidence of anal cancer in California: increased incidence among men in San Francisco, 1973-1999.

BACKGROUND: Incidence of anal cancer has increased in the United States during the past 30 years. This report describes the incidence of this rare cancer in the diverse California population. METHODS: Age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIR) were calculated by gender, race/ethnicity, county, and year of diagnosis for over 2100 cases of cancer of the anus diagnosed between 1995 and 1999. Age-adjusted incidence rates by time period 1973-1999 were calculated for San Francisco County. RESULTS: Age-adjusted incidence was higher for women than for men (AAIR 1.5 vs 1.2) in California, but men under age 40 and those classified as non-Hispanic Black had higher rates than women, and men had higher rates in San Francisco County (AAIR=8.7). Rates were higher among non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites than among Hispanics and Asian/Pacific Islanders. For all of California, there was an average 2% annual increase among non-Hispanic White men between 1988 and 1999. Incidence of this cancer among White males residing in San Francisco County more than doubled between the 1984-1990 and 1996-1999 time periods. Rates rose especially dramatically for San Francisco men ages 40 to 64, from 3.7 cases per 100,000 in 1973-1978 to 8.6 cases per 100,000 in 1984-1990 and to 20.6 cases per 100,000 in 1996-1999. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated incidence of anal cancer among White men residing in San Francisco County is likely to be related to the high proportion of men who have sex with men. Rates of anal cancer in this high-risk population increased during the past decade.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Risks for abuse against pregnant Hispanic women: Morelos, Mexico and Los Angeles County, California.

BACKGROUND: Although violence against women is gaining international attention as a prevention priority, little is known about how risks differ across countries. METHODS: A comparative study of violence against pregnant Mexican women in Morelos, Mexico, and Latina women in Los Angeles County, California, United States. In 1998 and 1999, women in prenatal clinics were interviewed about psychological abuse and sexual and physical violence by their partner, during and the 1 year prior to the index pregnancy. The overall response rate for Morelos was 99%, with a sample size of 914; Los Angeles County had a response rate of 96.9%, with a sample size of 219. RESULTS: Women in Morelos reported a higher prevalence of violence compared to women in the California (14.8% v 11.9%, respectively). A partner aged <20 years was associated with increased violence in both countries, but the association of violence with other socioeconomic factors differed by country. For example, employed women had higher odds of violence in California but lower odds in Morelos. Women who experienced violence during both the year prior to pregnancy and as a child were more than 25 times more likely to be abused during pregnancy than women not reporting this type of abuse. CONCLUSION: The identification of factors associated with violence against women, especially as they differ by culture and ethnicity, will help clinicians to better identify victims and to design and implement culturally appropriate prevention programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Term delivery after hospitalization for preterm labor: incidence and costs in california.

Objective: To determine the incidence and costs for cases of idiopathic preterm labor followed by term delivery.Study Design: Patients hospitalized with preterm labor (N = 28,845) were identified in a dataset linking antepartum and delivery discharge abstracts of all women in California (N = 404,466) with a delivery related diagnosis from 1/1/93 to 11/19/93. Patients with multiple gestations, PROM, abruption, placenta previa, uterine anomalies, and other morbidities were excluded, leaving 19,897 study subjects. Birth outcomes were classified as term or preterm (<37 weeks). The incidence, hospital costs, and risk factors for hospitalization for preterm labor followed by term delivery were then determined using a retrospective nested case control design. Indirect costs of subsequent bedrest were estimated using data from the California Disability Insurance Fund.Results: Thirty-four percent of patients hospitalized with idiopathic preterm labor had term deliveries accounting for 2% of the pregnant population. Eighty-one percent of patients who were discharged undelivered after hospitalization delivered at term. These patients were significantly more likely to be Caucasian, privately insured, and older than patients who delivered preterm. A minimum of 45% of cases were estimated to be false diagnoses based on the relative risk of post-dates pregnancy between patients hospitalized with preterm labor and term controls. Costs totalled $4,995 per case with $2,335 in hospital costs and $2,497 in indirect costs from an average of 4 weeks of bedrest. Statewide costs for California were estimated to range from 24 to 48 million dollars annually for these potentially avertible hospitalizations.Conclusions: Hospitalization for idiopathic preterm labor with delivery at term is common, costly, and probably due to false diagnosis in a significant proportion of cases.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1973

California encephalitis virus endemicity in the Yukon Territory, 1972.

Sera from 218 of 1574 (14%) small mammals collected in the Yukon Territory between 14 May and 13 August 1972 neutralized a Yukon strain of California encephalitis virus (snowshoe-hare subtype). These included 133 of 319 (42%) snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), 84 of 1243 (7%) ground squirrels (Citellus undulatus) and 1 of 12 (8%) tree squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). California encephalitis virus (snow-shoe hare subtype) was isolated from four pools of unengorged Aedes communis mosquitoes collected near Whitehorse (61 degrees N., 135 degrees W.) and on one occasion each from pools of the same species collected at Hunker Creek (64 degrees N., 138 degrees W.) and at mile 125, Dempster Highway (66 degrees N., 138 degrees W.) during July 1972. Replication of a Yukon strain of California encephalitis virus was observed in wild-caught Culiseta inornata and Aedes canadensis mosquitoes after intrathoracic injection and holding at temperatures of 80 degrees , 50 degrees and 40 degrees F.

Animals↗