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PubMed2001

Formation of biogenic amines in bulk-stored chilled hake (Merluccius merluccius L.) packed under atmospheres.

The production of biogenic amines in the lots of whole hake stored bulk under a controlled or modified atmosphere for 12 days with the gas mixture 40% CO2:40% O2:20% N2 and after packing in trays under a modified atmosphere in the same mixture of gases or with air was studied. Results indicated a close relation between the development of trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N) and the sensory parameters gill appearance and odor but not with the general appearance of the skin and eyes. These results were related to changes observed in the concentration of gases (CO2 and O2) during storage containers and trays. The lot of bulk-stored whole hake in controlled atmospheres for 12 days with the gas mixture 40% CO2:40% O2:20% N2 and then packed in trays with the same atmosphere exhibited TMA-N levels below the 12.5 mg/100 g limit designated by the legislation in force (Directive 91/143/EU) on day 31 of storage when the sensory parameters general appearance and skin and gill color were not rejected. Histamine and tyramine levels were less than 1 mg/kg, putrescine levels were approximately 7 mg/kg, and cadaverine and agmatine levels were 33.91 and 20.33 mg/100 g, respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Relation of biogenic amines with microbial and sensory changes of whole and filleted freshwater rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) stored on ice.

The biogenic amine (BA) content of whole and filleted rainbow trout was monitored during ice storage for a period of 18 days and related to respective microbial and sensorial changes occurring during the same period. Eight amines, namely, putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, spermidine, tryptamine, beta-phenylethylamine, spermine, and histamine, were determined. Agmatine was not detected in any of the fish samples. In all cases, concentration of BAs was higher (P < 0.05) in filleted compared with whole trout samples. Pseudomonads, H2S-producing bacteria, and, to a lesser extent, Enterobacteriaceae were the dominant microorganisms in both whole and filleted trout. Higher populations (P < 0.05) of these microorganisms were present in filleted trout compared with whole fish samples. Of the BAs determined, concentration of putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, tryptamine, and beta-phenylethylamine increased steeply in both whole and filleted trout between days 15 and 18 of storage when pseudomonads and H2S-producing bacteria reached approximately 10(6) to 10(7) CFU/g. For the rest of the BAs, including tyramine, histamine, and spermine, a stepwise increase was recorded throughout the entire storage period. Interestingly, Enterobacteriaceae counts remained below 10(6) throughout the entire storage period, accounting for the lower production of histamine. A putrescine value of 13 to 14 mg/kg and a spermidine value of approximately 7 mg/kg for both the whole and filleted trout obtained after 12 and 9 days, respectively, may be proposed as the upper limit for spoilage initiation (freshness indicator) of fresh rainbow trout based on sensorial and microbiological (total viable count of 10(6) to 10(7)) data. With respect to other amines determined, both tyramine and spermine may also be proposed as freshness indicators preferably for whole trout, whereas tryptamine, beta-phenylethylamine, histamine, and cadaverine produced only during later stages of storage are not suitable as freshness indicators of either whole or filleted trout.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

A rapid and inexpensive method for the determination of biogenic amines from bacterial cultures by thin-layer chromatography.

This study describes a simple, rapid, and inexpensive method to determine the ability to produce biogenic amines (BA) by bacteria in liquid culture media containing the corresponding amino acid precursor. In view of their role as starters in food fermentation, BA formation by these microorganisms has to be taken into consideration by selecting appropriate strains. For the standardization of the assay pure BA were mixed. The method avoids a prior extraction step of the amines and allows the separation and identification of the amines histamine, tyramine, putrescine, and phenylethylamine using thin-layer chromatography. The method was successfully applied to several BA-producer bacterial strains. This method constitutes a simple solution to the previous reports describing false-positive reactions in routine screening procedures generally involving the use of a differential medium containing a pH indicator.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2006

PCR detection of foodborne bacteria producing the biogenic amines histamine, tyramine, putrescine, and cadaverine.

This study describes an easy PCR method for the detection of foodborne bacteria that potentially produce histamine, tyramine, putrescine, and cadaverine. Synthetic oligonucleotide pairs for the specific detection of the gene coding for each group of bacterial histidine, tyrosine, ornithine, or lysine decarboxylases were designed. Under the conditions used in this study, the assay yielded fragments of 372 and 531 bp from histidine decarboxylase-encoding genes, a 825-bp fragment from tyrosine decarboxylases, fragments of 624 and 1,440 bp from ornithine decarboxylases, and 1,098- and 1,185-bp fragments from lysine decarboxylases. This is the first PCR method for detection of cadaverine-producing bacteria. The method was successfully applied to several biogenic amine-producing bacterial strains.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed2006

Formation of histamine and biogenic amines in cold-smoked tuna: an investigation of psychrotolerant bacteria from samples implicated in cases of histamine fish poisoning.

Two outbreaks and a single case of histamine fish poisoning associated with cold-smoked tuna (CST) were reported in Denmark during 2004. The bacteria most likely responsible for histamine formation in CST implicated in histamine fish poisoning was identified for the first time in this study. Product characteristics and profiles of biogenic amines in the implicated products were also recorded. In the single poisoning case, psychrotolerant Morganella morganii-like bacteria most likely was responsible for the histamine production in CST with 2.2% +/- 0.6% NaCl in the water phase (WPS). In outbreak 1, Photobacterium phosphoreum most likely formed the histamine in CST with 1.3% +/- 0.1% WPS. In outbreak 2, which involved 10 persons, the bacteria responsible for histamine formation could not be determined. The measured concentrations of WPS were very low compared with those of randomly collected commercial samples of CST and cold-smoked blue marlin (4.1 to 12.7% WPS). Challenge tests at 5 degrees C with psychrotolerant M. morganii and P. phosphoreum in CST with 4.4% WPS revealed growth and toxic histamine formation by the psychrotolerant M. morganii-like bacteria but not by P. phosphoreum. In a storage trial with naturally contaminated CST containing 6.9% WPS, lactic acid bacteria dominated the microbiota, and no significant histamine formation was observed during the shelf life of about 40 days at 5 degrees C and of about 16 days at 10 degrees C. To prevent toxic histamine formation, CST should be produced with >5% WPS and distributed with a declared 5 degrees C shelf life of 3 to 4 weeks or less.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

[Microspectrophotometric study of biogenic amines in ganglions of the central nervous system of Crepidula fornicata (Phil.)].

The fluorescent products formed from biogenic amines treated with formaldehyde according to the method of Falck and Owman have been studied in the brain of Crepidula fornicata. The microspectrophotometric analysis of cellular indolamines shows excitation emission maxima at 385--525 nm (serotonine) and catecholamine at 410--475 nm upon HCl treatment catecholamine products show a shift of the excitation peak from 410 to 370 nm (dopamine).

Animals↗

PubMed2000

The fight and flight responses of crickets depleted of biogenic amines.

Aggressive and escape behaviors were analysed in crickets (Orthoptera) treated with either reserpine, a nonspecific depleter of biogenic amines, or the synthesis inhibitors alpha-methyltryptophan (AMTP) and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMT) to specifically deplete serotonin, respectively dopamine and octopamine. Standard immunocytochemical techniques were used to verify depletion from central nervous tissue, and determine the effective dosages. Reserpinized crickets became exceedingly lethargic and had severely depressed escape responses. However, they were still able to express all the major elements of the escalating sequences of stereotype motor performances that typifies normal aggressive behavior in the cricket. AMT and AMTP treatment had opposing influences on escape behavior, being enhanced by serotonin depletion, but depressed by dopamine/octopamine depletion. AMTP-induced serotonin depletion had no influence on aggressive or submissive behaviors. AMT-treated crickets could normally only be brought to fight by coaxing. Though capable of expressing aggressive behavior per se, agonistic encounters between AMT-treated crickets were shorter, and rarely involved actual physical interactions. Hence, although amines seem to have similar actions on escape behavior in insects and crustaceans, the aminergic control of aggression seems to be fundamentally different in these arthropods groups. We conclude that amines are not in principle required for the initiation and operation of the motor circuits underlying aggression in the cricket. However, octopamine and/or dopamine seem necessary for establishing a level of excitability sufficient for aggressive behavior to become overt in response to appropriate natural releasing stimuli.

Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors↗

PubMed2000

[The change of biogenic amine blood level under the influence of the low intensity laser infrared radiation].

The dynamics of the biogenic amines level in the blood of patients after performance of hemorrhoidectomy was dependent on severity of an organism stress-reaction predicting the wound healing outcome. When the wound irradiation using the low-energy laser of infrared diapason is performed in patients with the lowered reactivity of organism the histamine and serotonin contents dynamics is the same as in the patients with normal reactivity.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Long-term effects of postnatal aluminium exposure on acetylcholinesterase activity and biogenic amine neurotransmitters in rat brain.

The long-term effects of early postnatal exposure to aluminium on acetyl choline esterase (AChE) activity and on biogenic amines were studied in different brain regions. The subjects were eight days old male Wistar rat pups. They were grouped into normal control and aluminium exposed groups. For aluminium exposure, the pups were gastric intubated with aluminium chloride (40 mg/Kg body weight) for two weeks. Control rats were given equal volumes of distilled water. After the treatment, they were rehabilitated for forty days. On the sixtieth day, the rats from both the groups were sacrificed and AChE activity, levels of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin were estimated in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, septum, brainstem and striatum. In the aluminium exposed group: the AChE activity was significantly decreased in the hippocampus, septum, striatum and brainstem; serotonin levels were reduced by 20% in the cortex, hippocampus, septum and striatum; in brain stem, the serotonin level was decreased by 40%. A 60% reduction in noradrenaline levels was observed in the striatum whereas it was reduced by 25% in other regions except in hippocampus. Though dopamine levels were not altered in the cortex, septum and brainstem, they were reduced by 40% in the striatum. The study documents the long-term consequences of exposure to aluminium during the developmental periods.

Acetylcholinesterase↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunoglobulins, binding opioid peptides, biogenic amines, and opiates, in substance abusers].

Immunoglobulins binding morphine, biogenic amines, and an opioid peptide dermorphine were measured by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay in patients abusing narcotics. The patients' ages varied from 20 to 40, with the duration of narcotic use 1-17 years. Narcotic dependence was found to involve increased production of immunoglobulins binding opioid and monoamine neuromediators. Enzyme immunoassay of antibodies to opiates detects latent forms of narcomania in cases when the narcotic is not present in the body. These results serve the basis for creating a new method for analysis of narcotic abuse and evaluation of the duration of their use, which can be used in practical medicine and in forensic medical expert evaluations.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Disturbances of diurnal rhythms of biogenic amines contents in hypothalamic nuclei as an evidence of neurotropic effects of enterotropic carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.

OBJECTIVES: Our data on the contents of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and the metabolite of serotonin 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) measured in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), preoptic area (PA) and median eminence (ME) of hypothalamus of rats after single subcutaneous injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) as well as the effect of this carcinogen on formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the PA are presented in this paper. RESULTS: Diurnal changes of DA in all studied brain structures and of NE in the PA have been observed in the control group. Their morning levels were higher than evening ones. Rhythms of 5-HIAA in the SCN and diurnal changes of ROS formation have been shown to have contrary changes in control. Both the morning (11 a.m.) and evening (11 p.m.) subcutaneous administration of DMH at the dose of 21 mg/kg of body weight resulted in changes of all rhythms observed in control. In some cases a phase shift was found, in others the rhythms of neurotransmitters and ROS formation disappeared entirely. CONCLUSION: The data obtained confirm the idea of dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems taking part in mechanisms of a response of the hypothalamic nuclei to non-photic stimuli. It is suggested that the effect of DMH on the content and diurnal rhythms of neurotransmitters in the hypothalamic structures under study is due to its affecting activities of the enzymes of biogenic amines synthesis, synaptic transmission, melatonin synthesis and secretion rhythms. The change in ROS formation that is caused by administration of DMH is likely to be due to a disturbance of diurnal rhythms of neurotransmitters that are one of the sources of formation of free radicals in the brain.

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine↗

PubMed2001

[Disruption of circadian rhythms of biogenic amines in rat hypothalamus upon administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine].

Levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and the main metabolite of serotonin 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) have been measured in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), preoptic area (PA), and median eminence (ME) of hypothalamus of rats after sole subcutaneous injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (SDMH). Circadian changes of DA in all the brain structures under study as well as of NE in PA were observed in the control group, their levels in the mornings being higher than in the evenings; a circadian change of 5-HIAA in SCN had an opposite tendency. Both the evening (11 p.m.) and morning (11 a.m.) administrations of SDMH at the dose of 21 mg/kg body weight resulted in disturbances of all the circadian rhythms observed in control. In some cases only a 12 hrs circadian rhythms phase shift was found, in the others these rhythms of neurotransmitters disappeared entirely. The evening administration of SDMH, unlike the morning one, resulted in an increase in total NE content in the hypothalamic structures under study. It is suggested that the effect of SDMH on the levels and circadian rhythms of neurotransmitters in the hypothalamic structures under study is due to affecting activities of the enzymes of biogenic amines synthesis, synaptic transmission, melatonin synthesis and secretion rhythms, as well as to its genotoxic influence upon the genes controlling circadian actions.

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine↗

PubMed1976

Specificity of release of biogenic amines from isolated rat brain tissue as a function of the meta substituent of N-ethylamphetamine derivatives.

The actions of several meta-substituted N-ethylamphetamines on the release, uptake and catabolism of biogenic amines were investigated in vitro in two regions of rat brain. Each of the compounds released 3H-norepinephrine from chopped cerebral cortex, and 3H-dopamine and 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine from chopped corpus striatum. Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses indicated that the potencies (EC50 values) with which the compounds released 3H-norepinephrine were inversely related (r = 0.94) to the size of the meta substituent. Addition of substituent lipophilic or electronic effects to the regression equation did not greatly improve the correlation. However, the maximal release of 3H-norepinephrine produced by these compounds was directly related only to substituent lipophilic effects (r = 0.95). The potencies and maxima with which the compounds released 3H-dopamine or 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine and the potencies with which the compounds inhibited the uptake of the 3H-amines were not correlated with substituent size, lipophilicity or electronegativity. Variations in meta substituent also altered the degree to which the release 3H-amines were metabolized by monoamine oxidase. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that for each of the 3H-amines, the maximal percent increase in 3H-deaminated metabolites produced by the drugs was directly correlated only with substituent size (r = 0.85, 0.89 and 0.95 for 3H-norepinephrine, 3H-dopamine and 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine, respectively). Comparisons among the potencies with which compounds released the various 3H-amines indicated that, in general, as substituent size increased, the compounds became relatively less potent in releasing 3H-catecholamines and relatively more potent in releasing 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine. Thus, these studies indicate that variations in the meta substituent group of N-ethylamphetamine derivatives determine the affinity of the derivatives for norepinephrine nerve endings and the relative affinities of the derivatives for norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine nerve endings.

Amphetamines↗

PubMed1976

[The endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal epithelium and the metabolism of biogenic amines in the gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)].

After a review on the historical development of morphological investigations of entero-endocrine cells, dating back to 1870, a detailed synoptical review of the current stage of findings in this field is given. At the present time nine different endocrine cell types can be distinguished in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Criteria for this differentiation are properties concerning specific staining methods, aldehyde-induced fluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructure. From present results it is obvious that distinct cell types are responsible for the synthesis of defined polypeptide hormones (e.g. gastrin, secretin, enterogastrone). The metabolism of amines, in relation to the endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract is of particular interest here. Points investigated include the uniqueness of endocrine cells, with regard to the metabolism of biogenic amines ("APUD-cells") and the possibility of serotonin synthesis by a definite cell type, i.e. by the EC-cell ("enterochromaffin" cell). In our experimental animal, male Wistarrats, seven different entero-endocrine cell types can be discerned by ultrastructural means: EC-, ECL-, G-, AL-, EG-, D- and D1-cells. The I-cell (found in other species) can hardly be distinguished from the AL-cell by ultrastructural means and the S-cells, as found in other species, are not to be found at all. Only some of the cited cell types can be seen by fluorescence microscopy. After formaldehyde-treatment of the tissue, the "enterochromaffin" cell shows a yellow, serotonin-specific fluorescence. This cell corresponds in shape, number and distribution to the ultrastructurally defined EC-cell. EC-cells are found predominantly in the pyloric region and the duodenum and less frequently in the middle- and hindgut and the cardiac region; seldomly EC-cells are encountered in the oxyntic gland area of the stomach. In the rat gastro-intestinal tract, number and fluorescent intensity of EC-cells does not always correspond with the serotonin content of a certain region--sometimes the level of serotonin is largely determined by the mast cells, which in the rat also contain serotonin. For example, the high serotonin content of the oxyntic gland area, which contains very few EC-cells, has to be contributed nearly exclusively to mast cell serotonin. Mast cells can be domonstrated by fluorescence microscopy, due to their histamine content, after treatment of the tissue with o-phthalaldehyde (OPD). It seems likely that the histamine content, especially that of the so-called "atypical mast cells" of the mucosa, is inversely related to their respective serotonin content. --In addition to mast cells, OPD-treatment leads to a fluorescence in some of the entero-endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal epithelium. In the gastric epithelium these fluorescing cells should be regarded as histamine-containing ECL-cells and glucagon-containing AL-cells while in the colonic epithelium they are considered to be glucagon-containing AL-cells...

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Modulation of lipid peroxidation by biogenic amines in model systems].

Specific effects of serotonin, histamine, noradrenaline and tyramine on the rate of lipid peroxidation were studied in model systems by means of measurement of malonic dialdehyde and Schiff base concentration as well as of kinetics of O2 consumption. Alterations in the lipid peroxidation rate in the presence of biogenic amines occurred dissimilarly depending on localization of oxidation substrates either in bilayer membranes or in micellar solution. The antioxidative effect of serotonin was the most pronounced as a result of its ability to react with lipid peroxidation radicals.

Biogenic Amines↗

PubMed2004

[The content of biogenic amines in the lymphocytes in bronchial asthma].

Serum serotonin and histamine were examined for their effects on lymphocytic dystrophic processes. During an exacerbation, there was an increase in the plasma concentration of biogenic amines (BGA) in patients with atopic and infective-and-allergic bronchial asthma. The elevated levels of BGA affected the activity of lymphocytes that were, on an exacerbation, in the functional stress accompanied by a derangement of adaptive processes that ended in cell dystrophy.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Behavioral effects of dibutyryl cyclic 3'5'AMP and biogenic amines in rats.

White male Wistar rats were injected intraventricularly with 200 mug of dibutyryl cyclic 3'5'AMP (DAMP. 30 min later part of animals was injected intraventricularly with 10 mug of dopamine (DA), 10 mug of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or 50 mug of acetylcholine (Ach). Immediately after injection of the amines the time of walking, convulsions, immobility and number of jumps during 10 min periods of observation was measured. DAMP induced excitation of animals expressed by convulsions, jumping and short period of immobility. All studied biogenic amines inhibited convulsions and caused periodically stereotypical behavior. 5-HT and Ach increased the time of immobility in animals injected with DAMP. DA increased the number of jumping. These results indicate the interaction between DAMP and DA, 5-HT and Ach on behavioral phenomena in rats.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1990

Biogenic amines distribution in the brain of nervous and normal pointer dogs. A genetic animal model of anxiety.

Nervous pointer dogs have been suggested as an animal model for pathological anxiety. In order to study possible disturbances in neurotransmitter functions in this animal model, we measured brain biogenic amines (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin) and their metabolites in both nervous and normal dogs. Eight nervous and six normal dogs were behaviorally tested and later anesthetized and killed. Brains were removed and dissected while frozen using a punch technique. Samples were assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. The nervous dogs had higher [NE] in the reticular formation and lower serotonin, and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, in the septal nuclei, indicating possible important differences in noradrenergic and serotonergic functions in the nervous dogs. There was a trend for lower [HVA] and [DOPAC] levels and a significantly lower [DOPAC]/[DA] ratio in the nervous dogs, suggesting decreased dopaminergic function.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗