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PubMed1994

The phenomenology of behavior: an overview of behavioral principles.

Noncognitive behavioral symptoms are common in dementia and present challenges to caregivers, clinicians, and researchers. This article reviews these noncognitive symptoms from a behavioral point of view and suggests that both operant and associative conditioning principles might apply. A central feature underlying these approaches is a detailed, specific description of the behavior. Careful description combines the approach of the phenomenologist and the behaviorist but remains underappreciated and underdeveloped.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Expanding child behavior management technology in pediatric dentistry: a behavioral science perspective.

Changing attitudes on the part of dentists and parents alike have resulted in increasing interest by dentists to develop additional child behavior management techniques. Collaborative research between dentists and behavioral psychologists has been encouraged by the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) to address these concerns, but additional research is needed. This paper describes three techniques that, from a behavioral science perspective, offer promise for pediatric dentists managing disruptive children. In addition to scientific appeal, these techniques appear to have potential for acceptance and incorporation into the dental operatory. Although early research suggests these procedures can fit easily into routine practice, are time and cost efficient, and are relatively easy to learn, additional research is needed to clearly establish their external validity, cost efficiency, and ease of implementation. The discussion focuses on issues relevant to incorporating new technology into the dental school curriculum and disseminating it to practicing dentists.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1984

Does behavior therapy normalize the classroom behavior of hyperactive children?

This study evaluated the effectiveness of eight weeks of intensive behavioral treatment in normalizing the classroom behavior of 28 children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH). Using blind classroom observers, treatment efficacy was examined for full normalization, partial normalization, and the rate of hyperactive children classified as being like normals. Evidence for normalization was scarce. With treatment, there was no significant change in the percentage of hyperactive children classified as normal. Some normalization gains were found at midtreatment but were not sustained. Attention, activity, and impulsivity, the primary features of ADDH, were not normalized. Aggression, however, was consistently and fully normalized. The modification of aggression does not appear to remedy hyperactive behaviors. The clinical meaningfulness of treatment was minimal; the hyperactive children remained deviant in many aspects of classroom conduct.

Aggression↗
PubMed2000

Behavior phenotype of FG syndrome: cognition, personality, and behavior in eleven affected boys.

In this study we examined several behavioral, personality, and cognitive characteristics of boys with FG syndrome. We confirmed high rates of attention and activity level problems, which were described previously. Nine of the 11 patients met criteria for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The boys did not manifest autistic behavior, and none met criteria for an autism spectrum disorder, though their parents reported substantial repetitive behavior. The personalities of the participants often were described as friendly, good-natured, and cheerful, but they did not differ empirically on a standardized measure of personality structure from typically developing comparison children, even after controlling for the effects of IQ. Specifically, higher rates of agreeableness and extraversion were not confirmed, though these constructs do not correspond perfectly with the traits of affability and gregariousness described in earlier published case studies of FG syndrome. In terms of neuropsychological assessment, the boys had relatively less developed language, fine motor, and executive function skills, and visual-spatial abilities were a relative strength. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The Disruptive Behavior Scale: an objective assessment of unmanageable social behavior in adolescents.

The Disruptive Behavior Scale, a 26-item behavioral checklist, provides an objective measure of socially unacceptable public secondary school behavior and may prove to be of value in determining public school exit and reentry plans for disruptive adolescents. The checklist may be completed in 15-25 minutes and does not require direct administration. Test-retest reliability scores were significant (p less than .05) for all items; item-whole test scores were significant for all but 2 items. Both initial and replication validity studies that involved comparisons between public school students and adolescents expelled from public schools yielded significant differences (p less than .05) in the expected direction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Advancement to independent living: a model behavioral program for the intermediate care of adults with behavioral and emotional problems.

This article describes and evaluates the treatment effectiveness of a behaviorally oriented intermediate day-care clinic for adults with psychiatric disturbances. The goals of the program included reducing the number of psychiatric hospital admissions and readmissions, providing a community-based controlled environment to assist patients in the modification of specific problem behavior, improving interpersonal relations with "significant others" in the natural environment, teaching patients how to use community resources, and preparing them for employment and/or continued outpatient treatment. The program was structured so that patients advance through a series of four achievement levels for a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic reinforcers. While in the program, patients were introduced to available community resources, and were gradually phased into follow-up services. Results showed that 79% of all patients thus far treated partially, if not completely, advanced through the levels. There was also a high probability that a patient would advance from any given level. Outside-clinic behavior showed sustained improvement, with the authors concluding that the day-care clinic offered promise for the future.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Integrative behavioral couple therapy for chronic pain: promoting behavior change and emotional acceptance.

Couple therapy has been used with success in treating marital distress, psychological distress, and other problems. Researchers in the pain field have also shown that the inclusion of the spouse in pain treatment may be beneficial to the patient. In this article, we present integrative behavioral couple therapy (IBCT) as one option for therapists treating patients who have pain and marital distress. IBCT improves on traditional behavior therapy because it promotes processes that have been shown to be lacking in pain patients' relationships: emotional acceptance and empathy. After reviewing the use of behavior change and emotional acceptance strategies in couples, we describe a couple for whom IBCT improved functioning.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1992

Cluster analysis of child behavior checklists of 6 to 11-year-old males with varying degrees of behavior disorders.

Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist ratings were collected on boys aged 6 to 11 years screened as not having significant behavior problems, as clinic-referred boys, and as boys diagnosed as having Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder alone or together with Oppositional-Defiant Disorder or Conduct Disorder. Cluster analysis resulted in a classification system related to DSM-III-R classification of the boys and parent self-report of mildly antisocial acts. Clusters also enhanced the ability of the instrument to detect Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and disruptive behavior disorders.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1977

Behavior modification in the home: siblings as behavior modifiers, parents as observers.

It was hypothesized that siblings could function as effective behavior change agent for their behaviorally disturbed brother and sisters within the home environment. Further, it was predicted that parents could be trained to be reliable observers of their children's performance under these circumstances. The results of the study supported both predictions with siblings in two separate families demonstrating their ability to work with their brother or sister within the context of an ABAB reversal design. Parents were also shown to obtain consistently high reliability ratings when compared to outside observers. The judicious use of siblings as behavior modification aides is recommended as a treatment procedure.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1989

A guide for conducting a comprehensive behavioral analysis of a target behavior.

This paper provides a sequenced, structured format for conducting a behavioral analysis. It is designed to help ensure that the analysis is comprehensive, that it includes potentially important antecedent events, that influencing factors become apparent and that useful recommendations for treatment can be derived from it. In addition, the guide solicits other useful types of information, including: (1) covert antecedents such as thoughts; (2) distant antecedents which may relate to a behavior; and (3) under what conditions the behavior does not occur.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1983

Influence of androgen on the development of sexual behavior in the rat. II. Time and dosage of androgen administration during the neonatal period and masculine and feminine copulatory behavior in females.

The objective of the present study was to delineate the period of sensitivity to a single androgen exposure during the initial neonatal hours on the development of masculine and feminine copulatory behavior in female rats. Female rats were injected once with either 500, 50, or 5 micrograms testosterone propionate (TP) at either 1 or 24 hr after birth. Following castration in adulthood and TP replacement, the females were tested four times at weekly intervals in prolonged sessions for masculine copulatory behavior. One month following the masculine copulatory tests the females were tested for 3 weeks for feminine copulatory behavior with weekly increasing levels of estradiol benzoate (2.5, 10, and 25 micrograms) and progesterone (200 micrograms). The results demonstrate that a single injection of TP administered at either 1 or 24 hr after birth can significantly increase the capacity of female rats to exhibit ejaculation patterns and that the amount of androgen that is administered is critical in determining the levels of ejaculatory responding. Similarly, the females given high doses (50 and 500 micrograms) of TP at either 1 or 24 hr neonatally were almost completely defeminized. In contrast, however, the females treated with 5 micrograms TP at 1 and 24 hr showed different levels of lordotic performance indicating a greater sensitivity to androgen immediately after birth than at 24 hr in female rats as has been shown in male rats.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists and male sexual behavior: I. Mating behavior.

Three alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists yohimbine, idazoxan, and imiloxan were compared by examining the effects of a single injection on male rat copulatory behavior. Dose ranges were: yohimbine: 0.25-8.0 mg/kg; idazoxan: 0.25-8.0 mg/kg; imiloxan: 12.5-50.0 mg/kg. Yohimbine and idazoxan administration produced significant increases in the number of animals copulating to ejaculation and all three drugs increased the rate of copulation as evidenced by reductions in ejaculation latency and intercopulatory interval. Only yohimbine significantly reduced mount latency and postejaculatory interval, but yohimbine and imiloxan significantly reduced intromission latency and idazoxan showed a similar trend. The highest yohimbine dose suppressed sexual activity. A time-course experiment with yohimbine (2.0 mg/kg) and idazoxan (4.0 mg/kg) showed stimulation at 75 min and a trend at 5. To further explore the arousal-stimulating capacity of the two more effective drugs, a mounting test with genital anesthetization was used. Yohimbine but not idazoxan showed marked increases in mounting at 1.0-4.0 mg/kg. Both drugs had a suppressive effect at the highest doses. These data support the involvement of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the regulation of male sexual behavior, specifically by facilitating sexual arousal, with no effects on ejaculatory threshold, as measured by intromission frequency. Yohimbine is the most globally effective agent and it is likely that factors other than yohimbine's alpha 2-antagonism may play a role in its unique, consistent and broad behavioral effects.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed1988

Competition between lever-pressing behavior and thermoregulatory behavior on exposure to heat in intracranial self-stimulating rats.

To investigate the relationship between the thermoregulatory system and the brain-reward system, we examined effects of heat exposure and tail amputation on lever-pressing behavior in intracranial self-stimulating rats. Rats that continuously pressed a lever voluntarily for 1 hour at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 22 degrees C interrupted lever pressing and showed heat loss behaviors, such as grooming and body extension, at a Ta of 36 degrees C. Hypothalamic temperature (Thy) at the time of the first body extension was higher than that after 1 hour of lever-pressing at a Ta of 22 degrees C. Tail amputation experiments showed the same result. Thy at the onset of the body extension after tail amputation was higher than that at the end of 1 hour of lever-pressing under control conditions. The data suggest that thermal factors, especially Thy, are important in the control of lever-pressing behavior.

Amputation, Surgical↗
PubMed1976

Neurochemical correlates of behavior: levels of amino acids in four areas of the brain of the rat during drug-induced behavioral excitation.

The levels of GABA, aspartate, glutamate, glycine and alanine were determined in 4 specific brain areas (telencephalon, diencephalon-mesencephalon cerebellum and pons-medulla oblongata) of rats killed during a period of drug-induced behavioral excitation. Behavioral excitation was obtained in adult, male Wistar rats working on a Sidman shock-avoidance schedule following administration of 2 mg/kg tetrabenazine (TBZ) 18 hr after iproniazid (50 mg/kg) pretreatment. When compared to trained animals (working on the avoidance schedule but receiving no drugs), the excited rats had increased levels of GABA in the telencephalon and diencephalon-mesencephalon, decreased levels of aspartate in all 4 brain areas, and a lower content of glycine in the pons-medulla region. The changes in the levels of aspartate in all areas of the brain, GABA in the diencephalon-mesencephalon, and glycine in the pons-medulla were significantly correlated (p less than 0.01) with the degree of excitation. It was observed that avoidance training alone produced increases in the levels of four amino acids: aspartate in telencephalon and cerebellum, GABA in cerebellum, and glycine and glutamate in the pons-medulla. The injection of iproniazid alone or iproniazid followed by TBZ into naive animals had little effect on the levels of the five amino acids. The data are discussed in terms of aspartate and GABA interacting as neurotransmitters with cholinergic and catecholaminergic and/or serotonergic neurons to produced the behavioral excitation.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1980

Behavioral treatment of chronic pain: the spouse as a discriminative cue for pain behavior.

Twenty married chronic pain patients (pain duration > 8 mo.) consecutively admitted to a pain management program were administered a taped structured interview designed to elucidate the responses of their spouses to pain behavior. Additionally, patients were required to report their pain levels in two different observational conditions: when observed by their spouse and when observed by a "neutral observer", the ward clerk. Those patients who reported that their spouses were relatively non-solicitous in responding to pain behavior reported significantly lower pain levels in the spouse-observing condition than in the neutral-observer condition. Patients who reported that their spouses were relatively solicitous in responding to pain behavior reported marginally higher levels of pain in the spouse-observing condition than in the neutral-observer condition.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2006

Role of glutamate receptors in the ventromedial hypothalamus in the regulation of female rat sexual behaviors. II. Behavioral effects of selective glutamate receptor antagonists AP-5, CNQX, and DNQX.

Bilateral infusions of glutamate or its selective ionotrophic receptor agonists to the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) produce a rapid inhibition of both appetitive and consummatory sexual behavior in hormone-primed female rats. The present study examined whether infusion of selective ionotrophic glutamate receptor antagonists to the VMH can facilitate female sexual behavior in females treated with estradiol benzoate (EB) and progesterone (P), or EB alone. Ovariectomized, sexually experienced female rats were implanted bilaterally with guide cannulae aimed at the ventrolateral VMH. After recovery from surgery, females were primed either with EB+P or EB alone, and infused with saline, or one of two doses each of AP-5 (to target NMDA receptors), CNQX, or DNQX (to target AMPA/kainate receptors), immediately before tests with sexually vigorous male rats in bilevel chambers. In general, the drug infusions had a more powerful effect in females primed with EB alone compared to females primed with EB+P. AP-5 increased lordosis in females primed with EB alone. CNQX had a similar facilitative effect on lordosis, and also increased solicitations. DNQX increased solicitations in both hormone-priming conditions, increased lordosis quotients and magnitudes, and decreased pacing and defensive responses in the EB-alone condition. These results indicate that antagonism of glutamate receptors in the VMH resembles the effect of P, and that the addition of P to an EB baseline eliminates most of the effects of glutamate receptor antagonists. These data support the notion that glutamate receptors in the VMH contribute a strong inhibitory influence in the control of female sexual behavior.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗
PubMed2004

Longitudinal change in REM sleep components in a patient with multiple system atrophy associated with REM sleep behavior disorder: paradoxical improvement of nocturnal behaviors in a progressive neurodegenerative disease.

A 60-year-old patient with multiple system atrophy (MSA) who presented with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder was investigated longitudinally by all-night polysomnography. REM sleep components, i.e. rapid eye movements and chin muscle activity, were analyzed together with the frequency of behaviors/movements on the videorecording. Decreased frequency of elaborate motor activity during REM sleep with time in this patient was compatible with the observation by his wife, and this change seemed to correlate with predominant tonic chin electromyogram with relatively suppressed phasic chin muscle activity, but the reduction of the REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) episodes could be interpreted as being due to the increased rigidity along with MSA progression. The chronological change in REM sleep components in RBD with neurological disorders is worth studying in large follow-up series to enlarge our knowledge about the mechanism of behavioral manifestation of RBD in humans.

Brain Stem↗
PubMed2004

The relationship between alcohol use and risk-taking sexual behaviors in a large behavioral study.

BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) present a continuing challenge to the efforts to prevent disease in the military. Since the degree of high-risk sexual behavior is a primary determinant for acquiring STIs, the identification of personality traits or situations associated with such behavior is of special interest. METHODS: Data for this study were obtained from the 1998 Department of Defense Survey of Health Related Behaviors Among Military Personnel. The survey instrument was a self-administered questionnaire that was conducted using a stratified, two-stage, two-phase probability design to obtain representative samples of U.S. active duty personnel worldwide. RESULTS: More frequent episodes of alcohol intoxication were associated in a dose-dependent manner with an increased risk of having more sexual partners in the previous 12 months. Men and women who experienced intoxication more than 3 days per week were, respectively, 4.55 and 6.18 times more likely to have more than one sexual partner in the previous year. CONCLUSIONS: This study is based on retrospective self-report and may be subject to recall bias as well as information bias due to the sensitive nature of the subject matter. However, the results are compatible with a personality-based hypothesis, in which individuals with certain sensation-seeking tendencies may incur an increased risk for sexually transmitted infections.

Adolescent↗