Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Baths”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources

The Bath Idiot and Imbecile Institution.

The Bath Institution for Idiot Children and those of Weak Intellect was founded in 1846 by Miss Charlotte White, and opened in April 1846 in two rooms with a resident matron and three pupils. It was unique amongst the Idiot Asylums in being managed by women. In time it became similar to any small private idiot home but the Commissioners in Lunacy forced its reform, without registering it as an idiot asylum. It was taken over by the Bath Municipal Charity Trustees. It eventually became an endowed school, licensed by the Board of Control. This paper describes its history and its eventual control by the Lunacy Commission.

Charities↗

A randomized controlled trial assessing infectious disease risks from bathing in fresh recreational waters in relation to the concentration of Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, and somatic coliphages.

We performed epidemiologic studies at public freshwater bathing sites in Germany to provide a better scientific basis for the definition of recreational water quality standards. A total of 2,196 participants were recruited from the local population and randomized into bathers and nonbathers. Bathers were exposed for 10 min and had to immerse their head at least three times. Water samples for microbiological analysis were collected at 20-min intervals. Unbiased concentration-response effects with no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) were demonstrated for three different definitions of gastroenteritis and four fecal indicator organisms. Relative risks for bathing in waters with levels above NOAELs compared with nonbathing ranged from 1.8 (95% CI, 1.2-2.6) to 4.6 (95% CI, 2.1-10.1), depending on the definition of gastroenteritis. The effect of swallowing water provided additional evidence for true dose-response relationships. Based on the NOAELs, the following guide values for water quality are suggested: 100 Escherichia coli, 25 intestinal enterococci, 10 somatic coliphages, or 10 Clostridium perfringens per 100 mL. Recreational water quality standards are intended to protect the health of those consumers who are not already immune or resistant to pathogens that may be associated with indicator organisms. In contrast to current World Health Organization recommendations, we concluded that standards should be based on rates of compliance with NOAELs rather than on attributable risks determined above NOAELs, because these risks depend mainly on the unpredictable susceptibility of the cohorts. Although in theory there is no threshold in real concentration-response relationships, we demonstrated that a NOAEL approach would be a more robust and practical solution to the complex problem of setting standards.

Clostridium perfringens↗

Sex and the baths: a not-so-secret report.

During the 1984 debate about closing the baths in San Francisco the mayor directed the police to investigate sexual behavior in the bathhouses and write a report for her. The directive had been a secret, but when the community learned of the report, its response was quick and furious. The mayor squelched the report and no one but the report's authors, the mayor, and probably a handful of intermediaries ever saw the written report. In response to this investigation, two local journalists conducted a more open investigation that resulted in a newspaper article for Coming Up!, a lesbian and gay community newspaper published monthly in San Francisco (California). This article is reprinted here in large part because of its scientific rather than journalistic or historical value. These investigators approached their work systematically (certainly much more so than many other scientists, journalists or police professionals at the time), and as a result, their article provides a much more thorough description of what was happening in the baths at that point in the AIDS epidemic. Interestingly, many public policy options considered today were already part of the discussion then and, at times, already in place in the San Francisco bathhouses. Of note, at the time, orgy rooms were considered likely to be contributing to transmission, thus the authors gave particular attention to its presence/absence and use. The original paper was published in the July 1984 edition (pp. 17-22). As with all the reprinted papers in this volume, no editorial changes were made to the paper and only minor typographical errors were corrected. The editor of Coming Up! included a preface to the article in the original publication, and that preface is also reprinted here.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

Preparation of plastic spherical microlenses by use of a fluoropolymer stencil and oil-bath heating.

A new method for fabricating plastic spherical microlenses was developed, which allowed self-alignment of lenses and self-organized formation of a spherical shape. First a low-surface-energy fluoropolymer thin film was deposited and patterned as a stencil. Then photosensitive phenol resin was patterned on it as the lens material. Finally the resin was annealed in an oil bath to form a sphere. The molten phenol resin spontaneously formed a sphere and positioned itself in the center of the fluoropolymer ring pattern as a result of the difference of surface free energy and the equivalently zero-gravity condition in the oil bath. When a light-emitting-diode printer head was loaded with spherical microlenses, its optical output increased by 1 order of magnitude.

Journal Article↗

Genomic insights into methanotrophy: the complete genome sequence of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath).

Methanotrophs are ubiquitous bacteria that can use the greenhouse gas methane as a sole carbon and energy source for growth, thus playing major roles in global carbon cycles, and in particular, substantially reducing emissions of biologically generated methane to the atmosphere. Despite their importance, and in contrast to organisms that play roles in other major parts of the carbon cycle such as photosynthesis, no genome-level studies have been published on the biology of methanotrophs. We report the first complete genome sequence to our knowledge from an obligate methanotroph, Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath), obtained by the shotgun sequencing approach. Analysis revealed a 3.3-Mb genome highly specialized for a methanotrophic lifestyle, including redundant pathways predicted to be involved in methanotrophy and duplicated genes for essential enzymes such as the methane monooxygenases. We used phylogenomic analysis, gene order information, and comparative analysis with the partially sequenced methylotroph Methylobacterium extorquens to detect genes of unknown function likely to be involved in methanotrophy and methylotrophy. Genome analysis suggests the ability of M. capsulatus to scavenge copper (including a previously unreported nonribosomal peptide synthetase) and to use copper in regulation of methanotrophy, but the exact regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. One of the most surprising outcomes of the project is evidence suggesting the existence of previously unsuspected metabolic flexibility in M. capsulatus, including an ability to grow on sugars, oxidize chemolithotrophic hydrogen and sulfur, and live under reduced oxygen tension, all of which have implications for methanotroph ecology. The availability of the complete genome of M. capsulatus (Bath) deepens our understanding of methanotroph biology and its relationship to global carbon cycles. We have gained evidence for greater metabolic flexibility than was previously known, and for genetic components that may have biotechnological potential.

Bacterial Proteins↗

Experimental bath infection with Flavobacterium psychrophilum, inducing typical signs of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fry syndrome.

Flavobacterium psychrophilum infection in salmonid fish, known as rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS) or bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD), is widespread in fish farms and natural waters. Despite many studies in which attempts at infection were made, an adequate method of infection has not yet been established. In this study, we evaluated a bath infection method in which we used bacteria at different stages of growth in the infection of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Rainbow trout with a mean body weight of 1.3 or 5.6 g, respectively, were infected by immersion in a bacterial suspension at different stages of growth (18 to 66 h shaking culture at 15 degrees C). The fish immersed in a logarithmic phase culture showed higher mortality than those in other culture phases. Indeed, 1.3 and 5.6 g fish showed typical clinical signs including ulcerative tissue of the trunk and lack of caudal fin edge. F. psychrophilum was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in these tissue samples. These results indicate that experimental bath infection using a logarithmic phase bacterial solution is the most appropriate method for studies of infectious mechanisms.

Animals↗

Change of temperature in mouse tumour tissue immersed in a water bath at 44 degrees C.

We investigated the change in temperature in tumour and normal tissues of mice when immersed in a water bath at 44.0 degrees C as part of a series of studies of hyperthermia. The right hind legs of the mice bearing the experimental tumour sarcoma 180 were immersed in the water bath, and measurements were performed using the multi-thermocouple thermosensor from a radiofrequency (RF) generator every 24 sec with a precision of 0.1 degrees C. The temperature in all tumour tissues exceeded 43.0 degrees C only at 1 min 24 sec after immersion of the limbs. The rise in temperature then reached a plateau phase, and was maintained around 44.0 degrees C. However, we found that the temperature of the normal tissue was about 0.6 degrees C lower than that of the tumour tissue or the tissue around the tumour at the plateau phase.

Animals↗

[Is there a delay in bathing the external eye in the treatment of ammonia eye burns? Comparison of two ophthalmic solutions: physiological serum and Diphotérine].

PURPOSE: An experimental animal study was conducted to analyze the delay for ocular bathing in the treatment of severe ocular ammonia burns. Two solutions of ocular wash, saline solution and Diphotérine were compared. MATERIAL: and methods: The study included 23 eyes of New Zealand albino rabbits that received for 1 minute 100 microl of 15.3% ammonium solution. Each eye was then washed with 250 of saline solution or 250ml Diphotérine after a delay of 1, 3, 5, 10 or 30 minutes. Effects were assessed on the basis of changes in anterior chamber pH, ammonia concentration in the anterior chamber, and cytopathology examination of the burned corneas. RESULTS: Ocular wash with Diphotérine in the first minutes following ocular burn induced an inflexion of the pH curve unlike ocular wash with saline solution. At 30 minutes, there was no inflexion of the pH curve and the ammonia concentration in the anterior chamber was low. Contrary to ocular wash using Diphotérine, stromal edema was seen at cytopathological analysis after washing with saline solution. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence of the interest of ocular bathing in the first minutes following ocular burn by ammonia. The efficacy of external ocular washing with Diphotérine was proven by biochemical and cytopathological demonstrations. The importance of sequelae were related to the degree of initial stromal edema.

Ammonia↗

Recurrence of skin disease in a nursery: ineffectuality of hexachlorophene bathing.

An outbreak of streptococcal and staphylococcal skin disease was discovered in a full-term nursery after the discontinuation of bathing infants with hexachlorophene. The epidemic was only temporarily controlled by conventional means and recurred despite reinstitution of hexachlorophene bathing. Measures that decreased infants' exposure to visitors and hospital personnel and enforced aseptic techniques in the nursery were more important than use of hexachlorophene soap in achieving and maintaining control.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

The significance of sunlight for the elimination of indicator bacteria in small-scale bathing ponds in central Europe.

In order to determine the impact of sunlight on the reduction rate of indicator bacteria, bathing waters of different turbidity were artificially contaminated with indicator bacteria and exposed to sunlight. The reduction rates determined for the indicator bacteria showed a significant correlation with radiation intensity and, thus, also the time of day as well as the turbidity of the water. Under conditions of strong radiation intensity and low water turbidity (< 5 FTU), indicator bacteria were eliminated within 1-2 h of contamination with an initial concentration of 10(5) CFU/mL. Moreover, differences between different indicator bacteria were found. Enterococcus faecalis proved to be significantly more resistant to sunlight than the other indicator bacteria tested (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus). The results of the present study, namely the complete elimination of indicator bacteria within a few hours, showed that sunlight, given an appropriate intensity and good water transparency, was the most important factor in the reduction of hygienically-relevant microorganisms in surface waters and, thus, also in small-scale bathing ponds.

Bacteria↗

Integrating developmental biology into the undergraduate curriculum at the University of Bath, United Kingdom.

The undergraduate curriculum for bioscience degrees at the University of Bath is outlined, and the place is described of the developmental biology components within it. In the first year, all students receive four lectures on animal development and four on plant development. In the second year, many choose substantial lecture and practical courses on animal development, which outline the early development of Xenopus, mouse and Drosophila. The third year is usually spent on placement, with a company or research institute, a few of which are developmental biology-based, and may also involve some distance learning. The fourth year is spent back in Bath. Students interested in developmental biology can opt for advanced courses covering vertebrate organogenesis, developmental neurobiology and plant development. There are also one-semester, final-year projects spent in the labs of faculty members, several of whom specialise in developmental biology and offer projects accordingly.

Developmental Biology↗

Comparison of amino acids bathing the oxyntic gland area in the stimulation of gastric secretion.

This study was undertaken to compare the ability of L- and D-isomers of amino acids bathing the oxyntic gland area to stimulate acid secretion in conscious dogs with Heidenhain pouch (HP), gastric fistula (GF) and pancreatic fistula (PF). Acid outputs from HP were determined by an intragastric titration method when amino acid solutions were perfused into HP at various concentrations, pH values, and distention pressures. Only L-isomers of all natural amino acids were found to stimulate acid secretion, whereas D-isomers of amino acids tested were completely inert in this respect. The comparison of the secretagogue activity of amino acids shows that L-histidine among essential amino acids and glycine among nonessential amino acids exhibited the strongest stimulation of acid outputs, reaching, respectively, 52 and 40% of the maximal response to histamine. Decreasing the pH of L-histidine solution perfused into HP in sequential order from 5.0 to 1.0 resulted in a stepwise reduction of acid output, falling at pH 1.0 to about 40% of the peak response achieved at pH 5.0. Local irrigation of HP by 2% xylocaine and intravenous infusion of atropine (100 mug per kg per hr) or metiamide (2.9 mg per kg per hr) reduced but did not abolish HP response to chemical stimulation and the pH dependency of this response. We conclude that only L- and not D-isomers of amino acids bathing the oxyntic gland area stimulate acid secretion by a local, gastrin-independent mechanism sensitive to distention pressure and pH.

Amino Acids↗

Swan neck presternal ("bath tub") catheter for peritoneal dialysis.

We hypothesize that the swan neck catheter for peritoneal dialysis with exit in the presternal area will have better exit site healing and a decreased incidence of exit site infection than currently used peritoneal dialysis catheters with the exit located on the abdomen. The chest is a very stable structure, with minimal wall motion, especially of the upper chest and over the sternum. Hence, a catheter exit located on the chest will be subjected to only minimal movement. Decreased piston like movement of the catheter at the exit site reduces inward transfer of outer microbial flora. Moreover, a tight garment is usually not worn on the chest and there is less pressure on the exit. Based on this rationale a new catheter (swan neck presternal) has been designed. The presternal peritoneal dialysis catheter is composed of two flexible (silicon rubber) tubes joined through a titanium connector at the time of implantation. The device has been dubbed as a "bath tube" catheter because, with the exit on the chest, a patient may take a tub bath without the risk of exit contamination due to submersion. Two such catheters were implanted in two patients. One patient had multiple problems (including chronic exit site infection) with a previously implanted swan neck Missouri 2 catheter, the other patient was originally rejected as a peritoneal dialysis candidate due to extreme obesity. Both catheters healed well in 6 weeks and the exits have not become infected during the first 8 months. These preliminary experiences with 2 catheters support the rationale of their design.

Catheters, Indwelling↗

[The analgesic efficacy of sulfur mud baths in treating rheumatic diseases of the soft tissues. A study using the double-blind control method].

Changes in pain thresholds assessed in 16 trigger points were traced in two randomly selected groups of patients subjected to diluted mud baths in the presence or absence of sulfur compounds. Sulfur baths produced a significant lowering of pain sensitivity. The effect was augmenting with the number of procedures, the rise slowing down to the end of the course.

Adolescent↗

[Pseudomonas bacteremia developing after whirlpool bath].

Whirlpools may be responsible for transmission of microbial infections among the bathers if the technical hygienic conditions in the care of the bath are not observed. Two cases of infection with Pneudomonas bacteria were observed after use of whirlpools in a deluxe summer chalet. On the basis of the documented cases, the necessity for specific requirements concerning the installation, running and control of whirlpools used commercially should be considered. In their advisory brochures, the responsible authorities should ensure that the requirements made concerning whirlpools should be intensified so that these baths in summer chalets which are rented out should be subject to public control. Owners and users of whirlpools should be aware of the importance of meticulous hygiene in their care.

Adult↗

Cytotoxicity of denture base resins: effect of water bath and microwave postpolymerization heat treatments.

PURPOSE: This study compared the effect of two postpolymerization heat treatments on the cytotoxicity of three denture base resins on L929 cells using 3H-thymidine incorporation and MTT assays. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sample disks of Lucitone 550, QC 20, and Acron MC resins were fabricated under aseptic conditions and stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 48 hours. Specimens were then divided into three groups: (1) heat treated in microwave oven for 3 minutes at 500 W; (2) heat treated in water bath at 55 degrees C for 60 minutes; and (3) no heat treatment. Eluates were prepared by placing three disks into a sterile glass vial with 9 mL of Eagle's medium and incubating at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. The cytotoxic effect from the eluates was evaluated using the 3H-thymidine incorporation and MTT assays, which reflect DNA synthesis levels and cell metabolism, respectively. RESULTS: The components leached from the resins were cytotoxic to L929 cells when 3H-thymidine incorporation assay was employed. In contrast, eluates from all resins revealed noncytotoxic effects as measured by MTT assay. For both MTT assay and 3H-thymidine incorporation, the heat treatments did not decrease the cytotoxicity of the materials tested. CONCLUSION: Resins were graded by 3H-thymidine incorporation assay as slightly cytotoxic and by MTT assay as noncytotoxic. Cytotoxicity of the denture base materials was not influenced by microwave or water bath heat treatment.

Acrylic Resins↗

[Measurement of sulfhemoglobin (S-Hb) blood levels to determine individual hydrogen sulfide exposure in thermal baths in Italy].

Significant exposure to hydrogen sulfide may occur in workers at sulphureous thermal baths. Work-related exposure to hydrogen sulfide may be shown by measuring sulfhemoglobin (S-Hb) blood levels. In this study we measured S-Hb blood levels in two groups of workers at two different thermal baths and compared these with hydrogen sulfide concentrations in the air of the two work environments. Our results show that blood S-Hb levels can be considered a reliable measure of individual exposure to hydrogen sulfide.

Balneology↗

Immunisation of fish by bath immersion using ultrasound.

Ultrasonic irradiations (USI) as a means to open routes in the skin, thus facilitating the transdermal delivery of vaccines that will improve the effectiveness of vaccination by immersion, are reviewed in this paper. Based on our recent results in goldfish and carp it could be summarized that: (i) USI significantly improved the antigen uptake and enhanced antibody response; (ii) the requirements for high antigen concentrations, which are needed for simple bath immersion, could be considerably reduced in presonicated fish; (iii) after bath immersion, the antigen was slowly released from the skin to the blood in which its presence could still be detected 24 hours later. This retardation of the antigen in the skin was suggested to be due to a possible interaction with cells of the local immune system, in which it is processed and recognized. It is concluded that the recent advances in biotechnology of immunization with recombinant DNA and the use of DNA vaccines, together with the improvement of their administration using USI, provide interesting prospects for the further application of vaccines against viral and even parasitic diseases of fish.

Animals↗