Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “BUTTER”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Role of dietary saturated fatty acids on lowering the incidence of heart lesions in male rats.

Male weanling rats were fed soybean or low erucic acid rapeseed oils alone or in combination with cocoa butter (a source high in saturates) or triolein for 16 weeks. All diets contained 20% by weight of the test oils. The apparent digestibility of all diets and test oils increased with the age of the rat. The apparent digestibility of saturated fatty acids was lower in rats fed the diets containing cocoa butter. The relative organ weights, however, were not affected by diet, but growth was improved by supplementing the vegetable oils with cocoa butter. This growth difference was significant for the addition of cocoa butter to low erucic acid rapeseed oil. After 16 weeks all groups of rats developed myocardial necrosis. A dramatic lowering of myocardial lesion incidence was observed in rats fed diets enriched with saturated fatty acids. The results of the present experiment suggest that enriching a vegetable oil with saturated fatty acids affects both nutritional and cardiopathological properties of the oil.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Dietary fat and the beta-adrenergic-mediated chronotropic response in the rat.

We have investigated the effect of dietary fat on isoproterenol-stimulated and propranolol-inhibited heart rate in the rat. In the first experiment, weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 10% butter (10B), 10% corn oil (10C) or 9% butter/1% corn oil (10M) for 4 wk. Heart rate was determined in response to increasing i.v. doses of isoproterenol. The percent stimulation at the highest dose of isoproterenol (100 microM) was found to be significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in the 10C-fed group than either the 10B- and 10M-fed groups. A similar study investigated the effect of propranolol inhibition of heart rate in low-fat (10C and 10B) as well as high-fat (25C) corn oil- and high-fat (25B) butter-fed animals. Heart rate was elevated with a constant i.v. infusion of isoproterenol and the inhibitory effect of propranolol was determined. The ED50 was found not to depend on the level of fat, but was found to be significantly lower in the corn oil-fed animals than in those red butter fat (P less than 0.05). Thus, animals appear to be more sensitive to these beta-adrenergic agonists/antagonists when fed a diet containing corn oil rather than butter fat as the lipid source.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Low fat and high monounsaturated fat diets decrease human low density lipoprotein oxidative susceptibility in vitro.

Oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is thought to play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Some studies have found that LDL enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) are less susceptible to oxidation than LDL enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). A high MUFA diet is an alternative to a lower-fat blood cholesterol-lowering diet. Less is known about the effects of high MUFA versus lower-fat blood cholesterol-lowering diets on LDL oxidative susceptibility. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of men and women consuming diets high in MUFA (peanuts plus peanut butter, peanut oil and olive oil) on LDL oxidative susceptibility, and to compare these effects with those of a Step II blood cholesterol-lowering diet. A randomized, double-blind, five-period crossover design (n = 20) was used to study the effects of the following diets on LDL-oxidation: average American [35% fat, 15% saturated fatty acids (SFA)], Step II (25% fat, 7% SFA), olive oil (35% fat, 7% SFA), peanut oil (35% fat, 7% SFA) and peanuts plus peanut butter (35% fat, 8% SFA). The average American diet resulted in the shortest lag time (57 +/- 6 min) for LDL oxidized ex vivo, whereas the Step II, olive oil and peanuts plus peanut butter diets resulted in a lag time of 66 +/- 6 min (P < or = 0.1). The slower rate of oxidation [nmol dienes/(min x mg LDL protein)] observed when subjects consumed the olive oil diet (24 +/- 2) versus the average American (28 +/- 2), peanut oil (28 +/- 2) and peanuts plus peanut butter diets (29 +/- 2; P < or = 0.05) was associated with a lower LDL PUFA content. The results of this study suggest that lower-fat and higher-fat blood cholesterol-lowering diets high in MUFA have similar effects on LDL oxidative resistance. In addition, our results suggest that different high MUFA sources varying in the ratio of MUFA to PUFA can be incorporated into a high MUFA diet without increasing the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1986

Diets rich in saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids differently affect plasma lipids, platelet and arterial wall eicosanoids in rabbits.

New Zealand male rabbits, on a moderate dietary fat intake (10.2% w/w) received, as the major dietary lipid, butter, olive oil and corn oil, respectively, for a period of 8 weeks. At the end of the dietary treatment, plasma total cholesterol was significantly decreased in the corn oil group, compared to butter, whereas the olive-oil-consuming rabbits had an intermediate cholesterolemia; the corn oil and olive oil groups had significantly elevated high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterolemia, compared to the butter group. Maximal platelet aggregability, with collagen and arachidonic acid, did not appear to differ in the three treatment groups. Thromboxane B2 release in the sera of treated rabbits was slightly higher after corn oil administration. The arterial release of prostacyclin (PGI2), tested by perfusing platelet-rich plasma through the aorta of donor rabbits, was lowest in the corn oil group. Corn oil is the most effective dietary fat in reducing cholesterolemia, but it may also reduce PGI2 release from arteries. Butter has the most unfavorable effect on lipidemia and HDL-cholesterol, whereas dietary olive oil shows an intermediate lipid-lowering activity but preserves arterial PGI2 production.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Population-attributable risk of dietary aflatoxins and hepatitis B virus infection with respect to hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Aflatoxins and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are important risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study assesses the population-attributable risk of these two factors, both jointly and separately, with respect to HCC. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in Sudan between 1996 and 1998. Among 114 cases and 198 controls the consumption of peanut butter (a major source of aflatoxins) and HBV infection were investigated, as were drinking and smoking habits. RESULTS: A clear dose-response relation was observed between increasing peanut butter consumption and HCC in people without HBV infection. Age-adjusted odds ratios for peanut butter consumption, HBV infection, and for the combination of both factors were, respectively, 5.1 (95% confidence interval = 1.8-13.9), 32.2 (4.0-257), and 41.5 (11.2-155). In this study, about 80% of the HCC cases are attributable to either peanut butter consumption or HBV infection. Depending on assumptions in the data analysis, 27-60% of all cases can be attributed to aflatoxin exposure and 49-52% to HBV infection; of these figures, 7-34% reflect a shared responsibility of the two factors. CONCLUSIONS: Both reduction of aflatoxin contamination of foods and HBV vaccination may be useful public health strategies in HCC prevention in Sudan.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Serum cholesterol levels and the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid as an indicator of lipid metabolism in rat liver.

Tne dietary effects of phytosterol and polyunsaturated fat (PUFA-fat) on the cholesterol and fatty acids levels in serum and liver of female rats were studied, with the following results. (1) Addition of 1% cholesterol with 0.25% cholic acid to a 10% butter diet increased cholesterol levels and decreased the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) to saturated fatty acid (SFA) in the serum and liver. These changes diminished upon additions of phytosterol and PUFA-fat (cod liver oil) to the 10% butter-cholesterol diet. (2) While the cholesterol-rich diet increased the fatty acid content of the liver, addition of phytosterol to the butter-cholesterol diet depressed this increase. On the other hand, addition of PUFA-fat to the butter-cholesterol diet caused an increase of total fatty acid in the liver. (3) A negative relationship was found between the cholesterol level and the ratio of PUFA to SFA in serum (r = -0.810) and also in liver (r = -0.548). There were significant positive correlations between the values for the serum and liver cholesterol levels (r = 0.720) and also between the respective values in the ratios of PUFA to SFA (r = 0.521). These results indicate that dietary phytosterol and PUFA-fat modulate the levels of cholesterol in proportion to the increase in the ratio of PUFA to SFA in both serum and liver with the cholesterol diet, and show that the changes in the values for the serum reflected in changes in the liver.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Survival, growth, and thermal resistance of Listeria monocytogenes in products containing peanut and chocolate.

Outbreaks of listeriosis associated with the consumption of ready-to-eat foods have raised interest in determining growth, survival, and inactivation characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes in a wide range of products. A study was undertaken to determine the thermal tolerance of L. monocytogenes in a peanut-based beverage (3.1% fat), whole-fat (3.5%) milk, wholefat (4.0%) and reduced-fat (1.0%) chocolate milk, a chocolate-peanut spread (39% fat), and peanut butter (53% fat). The D60 degrees C value (decimal reduction time at 60 degrees C) in peanut beverage (3.2 min) was not significantly different (P > 0.05) than the D60 degrees C value in whole-fat milk (3.3 min) or whole-fat chocolate milk (4.5 min) but significantly lower (P < or = 0.05) than the D60 degrees C value in reduced-fat chocolate milk (5.9 min). The pathogen was significantly more resistant to heat when enmeshed in chocolate-peanut spread (water activity [aw] of 0.46; D60 degrees C = 37.5 min) and peanut butter (aw of 0.32; D60 degrees C = 26.0 min) than in liquid products. At 10 degrees C, the pathogen grew most rapidly in whole-fat chocolate milk and slowest in peanut beverage. At 22 degrees C, populations increased significantly within 12 and 16 h in whole-fat milk and reduced-fat chocolate milk, respectively, and within 8 h in whole-fat chocolate milk and peanut beverage. Initial populations (3.37 to 4.42 log CFU/g) of L. monocytogenes in chocolate-peanut spread and peanut butter adjusted to an aw of 0.33 and 0.65 declined, but the pathogen was not eliminated during a 24-week period at 20 degrees C. Survival was enhanced at reduced aw. Results indicate that a pasteurization process similar to that used for full-fat milk would be adequate to ensure the destruction of L. monocytogenes in peanut beverage. The pathogen survives for at least 24 weeks in chocolate-peanut spread and peanut butter at an aw range that encompasses that found in these products.

Arachis↗
PubMed2001

Role of genetic polymorphism of glutathione-S-transferase T1 and microsomal epoxide hydrolase in aflatoxin-associated hepatocellular carcinoma.

Exposure to aflatoxins is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aflatoxins occur in peanut butter and are metabolized by genetically polymorphic enzymes such as glutathione-S-transferases encoded by glutathione-S-transferase mu 1 gene (GSTM1) and glutathione-S-transferase theta 1 gene (GSTT1) and microsomal epoxide hydrolase encoded by epoxide hydrolase gene (EPHX). The rate at which aflatoxins become activated or detoxified may depend on polymorphisms in the encoding genes. GSTM1 homozygous deletion was indeed found to modify the association between peanut butter consumption and HCC. In this study, we investigate possible roles of GSTT1 and EPHX polymorphisms in this relationship. From a Sudanese case-control study on HCC, we analyzed data of 112 incident cases and 194 controls. All participants were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire inquiring about social and demographic factors, peanut butter consumption, and other known HCC risk factors. Univariate analysis showed that GSTT1 polymorphism was not associated with HCC, whereas EPHX 113HH and 139HH genotypes increased the risk of HCC (Odds ratio, 3.10; 95% Confidence interval, 1.18-8.12). Adjustment for age and region of origin slightly attenuated this association (Odds ratio, 2.56; 95% Confidence interval, 0.83-7.95). Interestingly, unlike GSTM1, both GSTT1 and EPHX polymorphism did not modify the association between peanut butter consumption and HCC. In conclusion, these epidemiological findings do not suggest significant roles of GSTT1 and EPHX in aflatoxin metabolism, although EPHX polymorphism is possibly related to the increased risk of HCC. Further studies are needed to investigate mechanisms by which the EPHX polymorphism potentially modifies cancer risk.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Liquid chromatographic method for determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in corn and peanut products: collaborative study.

A collaborative study of a liquid chromatographic method for the determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 was conducted in laboratories located in the United States, Canada, South Africa, and Switzerland. Twenty-one artificially contaminated raw peanuts, peanut butter, and corn samples containing varying amounts of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 were distributed to participating laboratories. The test portion was extracted with methanol-0.1N HCl (4 + 1), filtered, defatted with hexane, and then partitioned with methylene chloride. The concentrated extract was passed through a silica gel column. Aflatoxins B1 and G1 were derivatized with trifluoroacetic acid, and the individual aflatoxins were determined by reverse-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Statistical analysis of the data was performed to determine or confirm outliers, and to compute repeatability and reproducibility of the method. For corn, relative standard deviations for repeatability (RSDr) for aflatoxin B1 ranged from 27.2 to 8.3% for contamination levels from 5 through 50 ng/g. For raw peanuts and peanut butter, RSDr values for aflatoxin B1 were 35.0 to 41.2% and 11.2 to 19.1%, respectively, for contamination levels from 5 through 25 ng/g. RSDr values for aflatoxins B2, G1, and G2 were similar. Relative standard deviations for reproducibility (RSDr) for aflatoxin B1 ranged from 15.8 to 38.4%, 24.4 to 33.4%, and 43.9 to 54.0% for corn, peanut butter, and raw peanuts, respectively. The method has been adopted official first action for the determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in peanut butter and corn at concentrations greater than or equal to 13 ng total aflatoxins/g.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed1977

Effects of edible oils on blood and arterial lipids in rats after one year's balanced normolipidic diet.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed during one year with diets containing 12% of one of the following fats: butter, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, palm oil, canbra oil and arachid oil. Total serum cholesterol was lower in the arachid, suflower and butter groups and higher in the palm and hydrogenated soybean groups (p less than 0.01); serum cholesterol esters were lower in the arachid, sunflower and soybean groups, but higher in the palm and hydrogenated soybean groups ( p less than 0.01). Serum triglycerides were lower in the sunflower and arachid groups and higher in the butter and palm groups (p less than 0.01). There was a positive, significant correlation between serum cholesterol and phospholipids in the various groups. In aortas, free cholesterol levels were the same in different groups, but cholesterol ester levels increased in the following order: canbra, butter, arachid, palm, sunflower, rapeseed, hydrogenated soybean and soybean red groups (p less than 0.01). There was a significant correlation between aorta cholesterol esters and the ratio 18:0 + 18:1 of the dietary fat (r = 0.69; p less than 0.001).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for aflatoxin B1 in agricultural commodities.

An improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for aflatoxin B1 in cornmeal and peanut butter was developed. Aflatoxin B1 in cornmeal and peanut butter samples was extracted with 70% methanol in water containing 1% dimethylformamide diluted with assay buffer to a final concentration of 7.0% methanol, and directly subjected to an ELISA procedure that took less than 1 h for quantitative analysis and less than 30 min for screening tests. Analytical recoveries for 5-100 ppb B1 added to the cornmeal and peanut butter were 91 and 95.4%, respectively. The interwell and interassay coefficient of variation was 10% or less at the 20 ppb level and above. Agreement for B1 levels in more than 30 naturally contaminated corn, mixed feed, and peanut butter samples was excellent between the ELISA data and the data obtained from different independent laboratories using TLC or other analytical methods.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed1987

Effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT activities in liver and intestine of the rabbit.

The regulation of hepatic and intestinal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase and acyl-CoA; cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activities by dietary fish oil was examined in the rabbit. Rabbits were fed 10% menhaden oil or menhaden oil plus 1% cholesterol for 14 days. They were compared with animals fed a control diet or one enriched with long-chain saturated fats consisting of 10% cocoa butter oil or cocoa butter oil plus 1% cholesterol. Plasma cholesterol was increased in rabbits fed the fish oil and the two cholesterol-containing diets. In the liver, ACAT activity was increased and HMG-CoA reductase activity was decreased in rabbits ingesting the fish oil. The same was true for animals ingesting both cholesterol-containing diets. In the intestine, ACAT activity was not affected by the ingestion of the fish oil compared to control rabbits; however, it was significantly higher in animals fed the fish oil compared to animals ingesting the cocoa butter. HMG-CoA reductase activity was decreased in the distal two-thirds of the intestine in animals fed the menhaden oil compared to activities observed in controls. In animals ingesting the cholesterol diets, intestinal reductase was significantly decreased, whereas intestinal ACAT activity was increased in rabbits ingesting the cocoa butter and cholesterol diet when compared to their controls. Lipid analysis of hepatic and intestinal microsomes demonstrated an enrichment of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in membranes from rabbits ingesting the menhaden oil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Influence of dietary fats on ultrastructure and fatty acid. Composition of swine arterial tissue.

The effects of trans-fatty acid-rich and saturated acid-rich diets on the fatty acid composition and morphology of swine arterial tissues were studied. Three groups of two-month-old swine were fed either a basal diet or a basal diet containing 8.3% margarine or butter for 4 months. The most significant change observed in the fatty acid pattern was the accumulation of 18 : 2 omega 6 and the suppression of both 20 : 4 omega 6 and 22 : 4 omega 6 acids in the aortic tissues of swine fed either butter or margarine as compared to swine fed the basal diet. Also, omega 6 metabolites were significantly decreased in swine fed diets containing butter or margarine, as compared to those fed a basal diet. The group of swine which were fed either butter or margarine containing diets suffered a significant increase in intimal thickening of the coronary artery compared to those fed the basal diet. These thickened intima were characterized by the presence of modified smooth muscle cells, lipid containing cells, and degenerated cells without stainable lipids. However, there was no significant difference in the incidence and extent of intimal thickening of the coronary arteries between swine fed either of the two fat containing diets.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Nature of the effects of omega-3-polyenic fatty acids on the development of acute inflammation in experimental animals].

Influence of dietary w-6 and w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) on development of rat paw edema induced by dextran subplantar injection was studied. Female Wistar rats the initial weight 150-160 g were bed fo four weeks diets containing as lioid components 6% butter and 3% sunflower oil (w-6 PUFA-diet), 6% butter and 3% fish oil (w-3 PUFA-diet), 6% butter and 3% olive oil (MUFA-diet) or butter (SFA-diet). One group of rats received a non-lipid diet. The development of rat paw edema was reduced under the w-3 PUFA-diet in comparison with the w-6 PUFA-diet, but more intensive then under the non-lipid diet. No differences were detected in effects on inflammation induced w-3 PUFA-, MUFA-, and SFA-diets.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of the quality characteristics of the fatty component of the diet on the fatty acid makeup of the erythrocytic and thrombocytic membranes in healthy persons].

Practically healthy males received rations in which principal sources of fat in the descending order were butter, sunflower and mustard oil. The influence of qualitative properties of the ration's fat on the lipids metabolism in the plasma and the coefficient of the metabolization effectiveness of essential fatty acids (CEM) of the food into the membranes lipids was studied. The CEM was calculated by studying the fatty acids composition of the erythrocytes and thrombocytes stroma. Inclusion in the ration of butter alone, raised the cholesterol level, a fall of the plasma phospholipids level and a significant drop of the CEM. Substitution of sunflower oil for butter led to normalization of these figures. Mustard oil had no effect. Changes in the CEM of the erythrocytes stroma proceeded slowly, significant differences having been discovered only after 6 weeks of the butter consumption. The thrombocytes CEM changed quickly, a stable fatty acids composition of thrombocytes with this ration being established by the end of the 2nd week. The qualitative properties of the ration's fat exercise a sufficiently strong influence on the effective metabolization of fatty acids in the food into the lipid structures of the erythrocytes and thrombocytes membranes in a healthy subject, it being characterized by the CEM changes.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Cytoprotective effect of ethyl esters of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids].

Protective properties of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated, monosaturated and saturated fatty acids (respectively, n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA, MUFA and SFA) against ethanol induced hemorrhagic gastric mucosal lesions were compared. Female Wistar rats (90-100 g) were fed to four weeks semisyntethic diets containing 9% butter (SFA-diet), 6% butter and 3% olive oil (MUFA-diet), 6% butter and 3% sunflower oil (n-6 PUFA-diet) or 6% butter and 3% concentrate of n-3 PUFA ethyl esters (n-3 PUFA-diet). One group of rats received a non-lipid diet. Under all types of lipid containing diets, development of ethanol-induced hemorrhagic gastric mucosal lesions was reduced in compared with non-lipid diet. Cytoprotective effect of n-3 PUFA-E was greater than MUFA and SFA, but smaller than n-6 PUFA.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Diet and squamous-cell cancer of the oesophagus: a French multicentre case-control study.

An increasing number of reports suggest that diet has an impact on oesophageal cancer risk in Western countries, where alcohol and tobacco are held to be the major determinants of the risk. The aim of our study was to identify dietary factors influencing the risk of oesophageal cancer in France and to determine whether certain of these could explain some of the geographical variations. We conducted a multicentre case-control study in 3 regions expected to have different diet and drinking habits (Normandy, Burgundy and Midi Pyrénées). Two hundred eight cases and 399 controls, all males, were interviewed about their eating, drinking and smoking habits. After proper adjustment for drinking and smoking, high consumption of butter and low consumption of fresh fish, vegetables and fruits were associated strongly and independently with an increase in oesophageal-cancer risk. Consistently, cholesterol appeared as a risk factor and vitamin E, vitamin D and phosphorus as independent protective factors. The protective effect of citrus and other fresh fruits (vitamin C) was confined strictly to heavy drinkers. Our findings suggest that more than one-third of the high incidence of oesophageal cancer in northwest France could be explained by the local excess in butter consumption, whereas geographical variations in consumption of dietary protective factors could explain no more than 10% of it. Overall, a large proportion (57%) of the excess incidence of oesophageal cancer in northwest France could be explained by local dietary habits, e.g., drinking hot Calvados liquor and excessive consumption of butter.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1975

[Contamination of milk and milk products with chlorinated hydrocarbons in the Westphalian area. II. Results and discussion].

During the time of August 1972 til end of January 1974 samples of butter from 20 dairies from the westfalian area were investigated with regard to their content of chlorinated hydrocarbons. In all samples of milk and butter could be proved: HCB, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-BHC, Heptachlorepoxid (HE), DDT, DDE, DDD, Dieldrin and PCB's, not however, Aldrin, Heptachlor and o,p'-DDT. With HCB, alpha- and gamma-BHC a dependance on the season was observed with maximum values during the winter months. With DDT, DDE and HE the variations were less. With PCB's dependencies on the season or influences of the location were not be recognised. The structure of farming seems to have a significant influence on the contents of HCB. In the course of butter processing the content on chlorinated hydrocarbons related to milk fat is not changed, metabolization does not play a role, either. With the start of lactation the concentration of chlorinated hydrocarbons especially of PCB's are increased as could be shown with single samples.

Animal Feed↗