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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Biphasic effects of ANP infusion in conscious, euvolumic rats: roles of AQP2 and ENaC trafficking.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) acutely promotes water and sodium excretion, whereas subchronic effects involve water retention. Renal hemodynamics, water and sodium excretion, and aquaporin-2 (AQP2) and epithelial Na channel (ENaC) subcellular trafficking were determined in response to continuous ANP infusion in conscious rats, where body sodium and fluid balance was constantly maintained. ANP (0.5 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)) evoked a transient (peak at 10 min) fivefold diuresis followed by reduced urine production to control levels (30- to 90-min period). The fractional distal water excretion was significantly increased initially and then decreased in response to ANP. There was no change in the subcellular localization of AQP2 and AQP2 phosphorylated in PKA consensus site S256 (p-AQP2) 10 min after ANP infusion. In contrast, after 90 min a marked increase in apical labeling of AQP2 and p-AQP2 was observed in the inner and outer medullary collecting ducts but not in cortical collecting ducts. In support of this, ANP induced plasma membrane targeting of AQP2 in transiently AQP2-transfected cells. ANP infusion evoked an instant increase in renal sodium excretion, which persisted for 90 min. Ten minutes of ANP infusion induced no changes in the subcellular localization of ENaC subunits, whereas a marked increase in apical targeting of alpha- and gamma-subunits was observed after 90 min. In conclusion, 1) ANP infusion induced a sustained natriuresis and transient diuresis; 2) there were no changes in the subcellular localization of AQP2 and ENaC subunits after 10 min of ANP infusion; and 3) there was a marked increase in apical targeting of AQP2, p-AQP2, and alpha- and gamma-ENaC after 90 min of ANP infusion. The increased targeting of ENaC and AQP2 likely represents direct or compensatory effects to increase sodium and water reabsorption and to prevent volume depletion in response to prolonged ANP infusion.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Role of the angiotensin type 2 receptor in the regulation of blood pressure and renal function.

The renin-angiotensin system is a major physiological regulator of body fluid volume, electrolyte balance, and arterial pressure. Virtually all of the biological actions of the principle effector peptide angiotensin II (ANG II) have been attributed to an action at the type 1 (AT(1)) ANG receptor. Until recently, the functional role of the type 2 (AT(2)) receptor, if any, has been unknown, possibly because the AT(2) receptor has a low degree of expression compared with that of the AT(1) receptor. Evidence has now accumulated that the AT(2) receptor opposes functions mediated by the AT(1) receptor. Whereas the AT(1) receptor stimulates cell proliferation, the AT(2) receptor inhibits proliferation and promotes cell differentiation. These differences in growth responses have been ascribed to different cell signaling pathways in which the AT(1) receptor stimulates protein phosphorylation and the AT(2) receptor dephosphorylation. During the past 5 years, studies have demonstrated that the AT(2) receptor is responsible for vasodilation and natriuresis, thus opposing the vasoconstrictor and antinatriuretic effects of ANG II mediated through the AT(1) receptor. Work from our laboratory and others indicates that the AT(2) receptor stimulates vasodilation and natriuresis by an autocrine cascade including bradykinin, nitric oxide, and cyclic GMP. The AT(2) receptor also has been found to control vasodilator prostaglandins, which have a role in blood pressure regulation. The AT(2) receptor appears to play a counterregulatory protective role in the regulation of blood pressure and sodium excretion that opposes the AT(1) receptor.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experimental aldosterone hypertension in the dog.

Sequential changes in arterial pressure, renal function, body fluid, and electrolyte balance, and several hemodynamic variables were examined during chronic intravenous infusion of aldosterone (14 micrograms/kg/day) in eight conscious dogs maintained on 250 mEq/day sodium and 140 mEq/day potassium intake. Arterial pressure gradually increased and stabilized at 132% +/- 3% (p less than 0.05) of the control value on the 16th day of aldosterone infusion, and cardiac output remained within the normal range. Coinciding with the rise in arterial pressure on the first 2 days of infusion was a marked retention of water and sodium and a rise in extracellular fluid volume and blood volume. Blood volume increased from a baseline value of 64.0 +/- 0.3 ml/kg to 70.7 +/- 1.9 ml/kg (p less than 0.05) on Day 4 and extracellular fluid volume increased from 318 +/- 5 ml/kg to 352 +/- 11 ml/kg (p less than 0.05) on Day 3 of infusion. Both blood volume and extracellular fluid volume remained elevated during infusion. Mean circulatory filling pressure increased from the baseline volume of 9.7 +/- 0.4 mm Hg to an average of 11.7 +/- 0.3 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) during the experimental period. The elevation of mean circulatory filling pressure suggested that this increase may be an essential component in the onset and maintenance of hypertension.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed2003

Newly recognized components of the renin-angiotensin system: potential roles in cardiovascular and renal regulation.

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a coordinated hormonal cascade in the control of cardiovascular, renal, and adrenal function that governs body fluid and electrolyte balance, as well as arterial pressure. The classical RAS consists of a circulating endocrine system in which the principal effector hormone is angiotensin (ANG) II. ANG is produced by the action of renin on angiotensinogen to form ANG I and its subsequent conversion to the biologically active octapeptide by ANG-converting enzyme. ANG II actions are mediated via the ANG type 1 receptor. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the components and actions of the RAS, including local tissue RASs, a renin receptor, ANG-converting enzyme-2, ANG (1-7), the function of the ANG type 2 receptor, and ANG receptor heterodimerization. The role of the RAS in the regulation of cardiovascular and renal function is reviewed and discussed in light of these newly recognized components.

Angiotensin I↗
PubMed1997

Localization and functional properties of angiotensin II AT1 receptors in the kidney: focus on renomedullary interstitial cells.

The renal medulla plays an important role in maintaining body fluid and electrolyte balance and long-term blood pressure homeostasis through its unique structural and functional properties. Among several humoral, paracrine factors or autocoids, angiotensin II (Ang II) has been implicated in the regulation of renal medullary function, including the medullary/papillary microcirculation, urine concentration, and blood pressure, but the mechanisms by which Ang II exerts influences in the renal medulla are largely unknown. The purpose of this review is to summarize the cellular localization, regulation, and functional properties of Ang II AT1 receptors in the kidney, with special emphasis on type I renomedullary interstitial cells (RMICs) in the renal medulla and cultured RMICs. High densities of AT1 receptors have been localized in type I RMICs in the inner stripe of the outer medulla by high resolution light and electron microscopic autoradiography following in vitro or in vivo labelling, or in cultured RMICs. Furthermore, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analysis now confirm that AT1 receptors in cultured RMICs are exclusively of the AT1A subtype. In cultured RMICs, Ang II markedly increases intracellular inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) concentration, and stimulates cell proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis, and these cellular responses are exclusively mediated by AT1 receptors. Considering the co-occurrence of high levels of renin, renin substrate angiotensinogen, and Ang II in the interstitial fluid compartment, and AT1 receptors in type I RMICs of the renal medulla, the AT1 receptor-bearing RMICs may be more responsive to the locally formed interstitial Ang II than to the circulating peptide. Since RMICs also contain the receptors for other vasoactive peptides, such as endothelin (ET[A] and ET[B]), natriuretic peptides (NPR[A] and NPR[B]), and bradykinin (B2), and synthesize prostaglandins and medullipins, they may serve as an important site for functional interactions between Ang II and other vasoactive peptides in modulating renal medullary function. More studies using different experimental approaches are therefore required to explore and elucidate the functional role of renal interstitial Ang II and AT1 receptors in RMICs in the physiological control of renal medullary function and in the pathophysiology of hypertension and progressive renal diseases.

Connective Tissue Cells↗
PubMed2004

Hemodynamic and hormonal actions of adrenomedullin.

Adrenomedullin, a 52-amino acid residue peptide, has numerous biological actions which are of potential importance to cardiovascular homeostasis, growth and development of cardiovascular tissues and bone, prevention of infection, and regulation of body fluid and electrolyte balance. Studies in man using intravenous infusion of the peptide have demonstrated that, at plasma levels detected after myocardial infarction or in heart failure, adrenomedullin reduces arterial pressure, increases heart rate and cardiac output, and activates the sympathetic and renin-angiotensin systems but suppresses aldosterone. The thresholds for these responses differ, being lower under some experimental circumstances for arterial pressure than for the other biological effects. Adrenomedullin administration inhibits the pressor and aldosterone-stimulating action of angiotensin II in man. By contrast, the pressor effect of norepinephrine is little altered by concomitant adrenomedullin administration. Although in the absence of a safe, specific antagonist of the actions of endogenous adrenomedullin it is difficult to be certain about the physiological and pathophysiological importance of this peptide in man, current evidence suggests that it serves to protect against cardiovascular overload and injury. Hope has been expressed that adrenomedullin or an agonist specific for adrenomedullin receptors might find a place in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.

Adrenomedullin↗
PubMed1991

Minerals and blood pressure.

The mineral elements sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium play a central role in the normal regulation of blood pressure. In particular, these mineral elements have important interrelationships in the control of arterial resistance. These elements, especially sodium and potassium, also regulate the fluid balance of the body and, hence, influence the cardiac output. Evidence shows that the present levels of intake of mineral elements are not optimum for maintaining normal blood pressure but predispose to the development of arterial hypertension. Research results suggest that without sodium chloride (common salt) and other sodium compounds being added to the diet arterial hypertension would be virtually non existent. Moreover, blood pressure would not rise with age. In communities with a high consumption of added sodium, a high intake of potassium and, possibly, magnesium seem to protect against the development of arterial hypertension and the rise of blood pressure with age. A marked reduction of sodium intake is effective in treating even severe hypertension. A moderate restriction of sodium intake or an increase in potassium intake exert remarkable antihypertensive effects, at least in some hypertensive patients. Magnesium and possibly also calcium supplements may be effective in reducing blood pressure in some hypertensives. In hypertensive patients treated with drugs sodium restriction and potassium and magnesium supplementation enhance the therapeutic effect, reduce the number and dosage, and lessen the adverse effects of prescribed antihypertensive drugs. Hence, a fall in sodium consumption and increases in potassium and magnesium consumption are useful in preventing and treating arterial hypertension.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Intracerebroventricular Administration of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antisense Oligonucleotides Attenuates Salt Appetite in the Rat.

The anterior ventral third ventricle (AV3V) region of the brain contains high concentrations of mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) that are important in the maintenance of body fluid and electrolyte balance as well as other physiological processes. Daily intracerebroventricular pulse injections of MR antisense oligonucleotides significantly suppressed deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) induced salt appetite in a dose-related manner. Similar administration of GR antisense or scrambled/sense oligonucleotide into the third ventricle failed to inhibit salt appetite. Salt appetite aroused after adrenalectomy was not suppressed by MR antisense oligonucleotide treatments but was suppressed by an antisense oligonucleotide directed against the angiotensin II AT1 receptor subtype. Receptor binding analysis demonstrated that MR and GR oligonucleotide treatments each reduced their respective receptor subtypes. Finally, although GR antisense oligonucleotide treatment was ineffective in suppressing DOCA-induced salt appetite, this treatment did increase stress induced corticosterone release as well as delayed the recovery of corticosterone to basal levels after stress.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Effects of acupuncture on the plasma atrial natriuretic peptide. Aldosterone and renin activity in man.

To investigate the effect of acupuncture on the plasma levels of hormones, we have applied acupuncture in the meridian points. Two meridian points, B25 and B15, were selected for the hand-running acupuncture application. The plasma levels of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide, aldosterone, and renin activity were measured by radioimmunoassay. Acupuncture in the meridian point B23 decreased plasma levels of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide, while that in the B15 increased plasma levels of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide. Acupuncture in the B15 decreased plasma levels of aldosterone while that in the B23 decreased plasma renin activity. These results suggest that acupuncture in the specific meridian points may have sites specific regulatory function for the hormone levels and that the meridian points, B23 and B15, may have control mechanism for the regulation in the body fluid and electrolytes balance.

Acupuncture Points↗
PubMed1999

Rapidly resorptive exudative retinal detachment in a patient with renogenic hypertension: case report.

We present an 18-year-old woman who developed rapidly resorptive exudative retinal detachment (ERD) due to chronic renal failure and renogenic hypertension. In July 1998, the patient came to our clinic because of a 2-month-history of progressively deteriorating visual acuity. Initially examination of the fundi revealed typical hypertensive retinopathy. Two weeks later, the patient was admitted due to hypertension and consulted our ophthalmic department again. In addition to hypertensive retinopathy, the fundi showed high bullous ERD, involving the temporal retinas in both eyes. Intensive medical therapy was begun, including blood pressure control and maintenance of body fluid and electrolyte balance, resulting in almost complete regression of retinal detachment within two days. The visual acuity improved during the following 2 weeks. The clinical features and treatment response in this rare case indicate that multiple factors, including fluids overload, hypertension, and possibly renal failure, contributed to the development of ERD. Blood pressure control and the balance of fluids are important in patients with renal failure, and may help to prevent the occurrence of ERD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Single atriocaval cannulation is associated with increased incidence of hypercirculatory failure after cardiopulmonary bypass.

UNLABELLED: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can lead to hypercirculatory cardiac failure (HCF). Despite the activation of inflammatory mediators, the infusion of cardioplegic solution into the systemic circulation may result in decreased systemic vascular resistance and thus may cause HCF. The present prospective study was conducted to investigate in cardiac surgical patients the effects of single atrial versus bi-caval venous drainage and intraoperative hemofiltration on the incidence of HCF. METHODS AND RESULTS: 120 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) were randomized in 3 groups: A- single atrial cannulation; B- single atrial cannulation and intraoperative zero fluid balance hemofiltration; C- bi-caval cannulation. Myocardial protection was performed using cold crystalloid cardioplegia (Bretschneider's HTK) administrated into the aortic root and moderate hypothermia (32 degree C). Hemodynamics, fluid balance, vasoactive drugs, body temperature, and hemoglobin/hematocrit ratio were recorded during and up to 12 hours after surgery. We noted a significantly increased incidence of HCF in-group A (32%, n=13) and B (40%, n=16) when compared to group C (10%, n=4, p<0.05), with significantly increased requirements for vasoactive medication in patients developing HCF. CONCLUSION: The present study results demonstrate that single atrial cannulation is associated with a significantly higher incidence of HCF. This is presumably caused by infusion of cardioplegic solution into the systemic circulation.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Iatrogenic renal disease.

We studied iatrogenic problems in nephrology by classifying all patients for nephrology consultation into nine presenting syndromes and seven etiologic groups. One hundred (2.2%) of all admissions were seen in nephrology consultation. Acute renal failure was the most common presenting syndrome, accounting for 59% of the consultations. Forty-one of the 100 consultations (1% of all admissions) had a renewal syndrome of iatrogenic origin. Of these 41 patients, 38 had acute renal failure and three had fluid and electrolyte problems. Twenty of the 41 patients had drug-induced problems. Eighteen of these patients were dehydrated, and in three patients, acute renal failure occurred after surgery. Of the 20 patients with iatrogenic renal problems caused by drugs, seven problems were antibiotic related, five were due to diuretics, four were due to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, three were due to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and one was from the use of contrast medium. The 41 patients with iatrogenic-related renal disease were older than the other 59 patients (61.8 vs 49.3 years). Iatrogenic renal disease developed in 1% of all patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital, and 12% of these patients died. The most common renal syndrome is acute renal failure, most often caused by nephrotoxic drugs. The incidence can probably be decreased by better monitoring of body weight and fluid balance to prevent dehydration and by the avoidance of nephrotoxic drugs.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1987

Molecular biology of atrial natriuretic peptides.

Recent identification of atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) in the mammalian heart demonstrated that the heart functions not only as a pump impelling the blood but also as an endocrine organ that secretes the hormone controlling body fluid volume, electrolyte balance, and blood pressure. The biochemical features of the atrial natriuretic hormones now begin to emerge on the basis of the identification of ANP and the cloning of complementary DNA encoding their precursors in mammals. The current status of the molecular biology of ANP is reviewed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1977

The effects of increased Waler salinity on the fine structure and acid phosphatase activity in frog pancreas (Rana temporaria L.).

Morphological alterations and AcPase activity in frog pancreas under the influence of high salinity water were investigated by electron microscopy. The 1% increase in the sodium chloride concentration of the water in which the animals were kept induced severe degranulation of all islet cell types and the stimulation of the autophagocytosis process. The latter was particularly obvious in the acinar cells, in which the occurrence of various morphological types of lysosomes was recorded. Other involutional changes in both endocrine and exocrine pancreas included lipid accumulation, mitochondria shrinkage, nuclear pycnosis and plasmalemma lysis. The ultrastructural modifications, mainly ascribed to the disturbance of the ionic balance of the body fluid, were accompanied by a general increase of the histochemically demonstrable AcPase activity. The enzyme was exclusively detected in lysosomes, GOLGI complex, and in different types of islet secretory granules. Several hypotheses concerning the functional significance of the enzym distribution are discussed.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1994

On a possible dual role for central noradrenaline in the control of hydromineral fluid intake.

1. Noradrenaline (NOR) is a neurotransmitter present in the central nervous system which is related to the control of ingestive behavior of food and fluids. We describe here the relationship between NOR and intake of water and NaCl solution, fluids that are essential for a normal body fluid-electrolytic balance. 2. Central NOR has an inhibitory effect on fluid intake, but it either induces or not alterations in food intake. Several ways of inducing water intake, such as water deprivation, meal-associated water intake, administration of angiotensinergic, cholinergic or beta-adrenergic agonists, or administration of hyperosmotic solutions, are inhibited by alpha-adrenergic agonists. Need-induced sodium intake by sodium-depleted animals is also inhibited by alpha-adrenergic agonists. 3. NOR can also facilitate fluid intake. Water intake is elicited by NOR and the integrity of central noradrenergic systems is necessary for a normal expression of water or salt intake in dehydrated animals. The angiotensinergic component of either behavior apparently depends on a central noradrenergic system. NOR probably facilitates fluid intake by acting on postsynaptic receptors, but we do not know how it inhibits fluid intake. 4. The inhibitory and facilitatory effects of NOR on ingestive behavior suggest a dual role for this neurotransmitter in the control of hydromineral fluid intake.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gastric uptake during Re-186 HEDP bone scintigraphy.

In bone scintigraphy extraosseous uptake of the radiopharmaceutical (TcO4-, pertechnetate) is a common finding when the stomach is abnormally observed; this may be due to the instability of the radiopharmaceutical leading to free pertechnetate within this organ. The same explanation might be inculpate rhenium 186-HEDP, due to its similarity to Tc-99m MDP's sphysicochemical properties and behavior, as both radioisotopes are Group VII metals /1/ and are labelling the same ligand (a diphosphonate moiety). We report on 186Re-HEDP uptake in the stomach in two patients with osseous metastases because of prostate and breast cancer respectively out of a series of 52 cancer affected individuals, treated with 186Re-HEDP. The thorough clinical and laboratory investigation of both patients assessed that this extraosseous radio-rhenium accumulation was multifactorial with the main cause being a disturbance of body fluid acid-balance, favoring calcium and phosphate ion precipitation and leading to 186Re-HEDP extraosseous uptake.

Bone Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

Acute effects of tidal volume strategy on hemodynamics, fluid balance, and sedation in acute lung injury.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of mechanical ventilation with a tidal volume of 6 mL/kg compared with 12 mL/kg predicted body weight on hemodynamics, vasopressor use, fluid balance, diuretics, sedation, and neuromuscular blockade within 48 hrs in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of a previously conducted randomized, clinical trial. SETTING: Two adult intensive care units at a tertiary university medical center and a large county hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred eleven patients who were enrolled in the National Institutes of Health ARDS Network trial at the University of California, San Francisco. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Compared with 12 mL/kg predicted body weight, treatment with a tidal volume of 6 mL/kg predicted body weight had no adverse effects on hemodynamics. There were also no differences in the need for supportive therapies, including vasopressors, intravenous fluids, or diuretics. In addition, there were no differences in body weight, urine output, and fluid balance. Finally, there was no difference in the need for sedation or neuromuscular blockade between the two tidal volume protocols. CONCLUSIONS: When compared with ventilation with 12 mL/kg predicted body weight, patients treated with the lung-protective 6 mL/kg predicted body weight tidal volume protocol had no difference in their supportive care requirements. Therefore, concerns regarding potential adverse effects of this protocol should not preclude its use in patients with acute lung injury or the acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Adult↗