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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Use of bioclimatic indexes to characterize phenological phases of apple varieties in Northern Italy.

The research was designed to characterize the phenological behaviour of different apple varieties and to compare different bioclimatic indexes in order to evaluate their adaptability in describing the phenological phases of fruit species. A field study on the requirement for chilling units (winter chilling requirement) and the accumulation of growing degree hours of 15 native apple cultivars was carried out in a fruit-growing area in North West Italy (Cuneo Province, Piedmont). From 1991 to 1993, climatic data were collected at meteorological stations installed in an experimental orchard (Verzuolo, Cuneo). Four methods were compared to determine the winter chilling requirement: Hutchins, Weinberger-Eggert, Utah and North Carolina. The Utah method was applied to determine the time when the chilling units accumulated become effective in meeting the rest requirements. A comparison of the different methods indicated that the Weinberger-Eggert method is the best: as it showed the lowest statistical variability during the 3 years of observations. The growing degree hour requirement (GDH) was estimated by the North Carolina method with two different base temperatures: 4.4 degrees C and 6.1 degrees C. More difficulties were met when the date of rest completion and the beginning of GDH accumulation was determined. The best base temperature for the estimation of GDH is 4.4 degrees C. Phenological and climatic characterizations are two basic tools for giving farmers and agricultural advisors important information about which varieties to choose and which are the best and the most correct cultivation practices to follow.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Remarkable variability of apple mosaic virus capsid protein gene after nucleotide position 141.

Eight new sequences of European isolates from almond, apple, hop, prune and pear of the Apple mosaic ilarvirus (ApMV) capsid protein gene are presented. A consensus sequence was established as having 654 nucleotides (nt) and two American and two European isolates were identified to have insertions 6 to 15 nucleotides after nt position 141. The insertion resulted in the American isolate A inframeshift repaired with two point insertions 17 and 68 nt downstream. The RNA around the insertion point can potentially form a stable secondary structure with three hairpins. The insertions could stabilise this structure or could be neutral. The predicted folding of the translated protein is not influenced by the insertions or frameshift, and we speculate that the region after nt position 141 is without reasonable selection pressure and represents a hot spot for the accumulation of insertion mutations in ApMV.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Nucleotide sequence analysis of RNA-2 of a flat apple isolate of Cherry rasp leaf virus with regions showing greater identity to animal picornaviruses than to related plant viruses.

RNA-2 of a flat apple isolate of Cherry rasp leaf virus (CRLV-FA) appears to consist of 3274 nucleotides, excluding a 3' poly (A) tail. The data supports re-classification of CRLV in a new genus in the family Comoviridae. A single open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative 108 kDa polyprotein was identified. Potential protease cleavage sites were identified which would result in the production of a putative movement protein (41 kDa), and 3 capsid protein subunits (24, 20, and 22 kDa, respectively). A 5'-UTR and 3'-UTR were identified, 248 nt and 146 nt long, respectively. The genome organisation of CRLV-FA RNA-2 is similar to that of Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) RNA-2, a new member of the family Comoviridae. The Vp25 amino acid sequences were unique to CRLV-FA and ALSV (54% identity), with no relationship identified to any other virus. CRLV-FA Vp20 and Vp24 amino acid sequences were closely related to ALSV (59 and 65%, respectively) but the only other relationships identified were with a range of animal ssRNA positive-strand viruses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Direct evidence of plant-pathogenic activity of fungal metabolites of Trichothecium roseum on apple.

Apples were exposed to various concentrations of roseotoxins - metabolites of Trichothecium roseum and kinetic fluorescence imaging was used to detect the area influenced by the phytotoxin. Contrast was quantified within these images between the areas exposed to roseotoxins and the untreated areas. It was proved that roseotoxin B is able to penetrate apple peel and produce chlorotic lesions. Activity of roseotoxin B is similar as the activity of destruxins, host specific phytotoxins of Alternaria brassicae parasitic on canola.

Depsipeptides↗
PubMed1989

Physiological cost of apple-farming activities.

Seventeen agricultural male workers, aged between 21 and 56 years, were investigated in the field during six different job-activities of apple-farming: pruning, weeding, hand and mechanical spraying, mowing and picking. Pulmonary ventilation and oxygen consumption were recorded for short periods by Oxylog, while heart rate was monitored for more than 24 hours by Holter's method. The farmers also rated the work intensity according to Borg's RPE scale. Pulmonary ventilation ranged on average between 13 and 30 1/min and oxygen consumption between 500 and 1300 ml/min, with a relative aerobic cost between 15 and 40%, in the different work activities. Heart rate varied on average between 80 and 94 beats/min with a relative cardiac cost between 20 and 30%. The physiological criteria (oxygen uptake and cardiac response) and the subjective rating of fatigue gave a substantially similar evaluation of the work strain, 'moderate-heavy' for mowing, weeding and picking, 'moderate' for pruning and hand spraying, 'light' for mechanical spraying of pesticides. On the whole, apple-farming can be evaluated as 'moderate' intensity, thanks to the mechanisation implemented in reducing the work-load and the work-time of many job activities.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Developmental changes in the phenol concentrations of 'golden delicious' apple fruits and leaves.

The phenolic content of apple fruit skin and leaves was determined at the developmental stage of each organ. Phenolic levels decreased on a dry weight basis during the seasonal development of fruits and leaves with respect to their ontogenesis but the single compounds did not behave uniformly. A shift in flavanol pools from monomeric to oligomeric structures during fruit growth indicated the biosynthetic tendency towards the formation of procyanidins at the end of the growing period. Among the procyanidins identified epicatechin-(4 beta,6)-epicatechin-(4 beta,6)-epicatechin has not been reported previously from apple.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1992

The nucleotide sequence of apple stem grooving capillovirus genome.

The complete nucleotide sequence of apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) genome has been determined. The genome is 6496 nucleotides in length excluding a 3'-terminal poly(A) tail and contains two overlapping open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 begins at nucleotide position 37 and is terminated at position 6341, encoding a protein with a molecular weight of 241 kDa. ORF2, which is in a different reading frame within ORF1, begins at position 4788 and can encode a 36-kDa protein. The 241-kDa protein contains two consensus sequences associated with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the NTP-binding helicase. Comparisons of amino acid sequences around these conserved motifs with other RNA viruses revealed that ASGV has extensive similarities with apple chlorotic leaf spot, tymo-, carla-, and potexviruses, and is a member of the sindbis-like supergroup. ASGV coat protein is found to be located in the C-terminal region of the 241-kDa polyprotein. The 36-kDa protein encoded by ORF2 contains the consensus sequence Gly-Asp-Ser-Gly found in the active site of several cellular and viral serine proteases.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Exposure to agricultural treatment residues: some simple statistical considerations based on monitoring data for ethoxyquin on apples.

The data examined here concern ethoxyquin levels, mainly measured in apple samples from the retail market. In this study about three hundred measurements, carried out on apples in Northern-Central Italy and recently published, are examined, with the purpose of defining the main characteristics of value statistical distribution and variability and to optimize sampling criteria. The analysis did not indicate the presence of significantly high levels or consequently significantly high risks; nevertheless, it pointed out some important aspects in data collection and evaluation. First, it appeared that the statistical distribution of data is typically nonsymmetrical, non-Gaussian, and characterized by a tail extending toward the high values. The logarithmic transformation of data appeared useful in order to obtain a Gaussian distribution. As a rule, the data variability appeared to be high. The frequency and distribution of values above the analytical threshold resulted in significant change, both in time and in space. The percentage of positive values (above the analytical threshold) appeared to vary up to a factor of 2-3, as analogously did their geometric mean.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1991

Neurobase: a general-purpose program for acquisition, storage and digital processing of transient signals using the Apple Macintosh II computer.

A general-purpose system for the acquisition, storage and digital processing of signals is described. The hardware is based on an Apple Macintosh II microcomputer, interfaced to a digitizing oscilloscope and a variety of other laboratory instruments with the aid of A/D, D/A, digital I/O and timer functions on a plug-in card. The software (NeuroBase), written using Apple's HyperCard and compiled Pascal procedures, functions as a programmable waveform database, with emphasis on ease-of-use, expandability, and the ability to customize functions according to the application at hand. NeuroBase is suitable for a wide variety of applications such as studying action potentials from nerves or single neurons, clinical EMG or evoked potential studies, patch clamp data, etc. Full compatibility is maintained with commercial programs so that all data can be exported for more specialized analysis, generation of written reports, or the creation of publication-quality graphics.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1989

The effect of dimethyldicarbonate on vegetative growth and ascospores of Byssochlamys fulva suspended in apple juice and strawberry nectar.

The effect of dimethyldicarbonate (DMDC) on vegetative growth elements as well as ascospores of two strains of Byssochlamys fulva was investigated. Using apple juice as the suspending medium, vegetative growth was found to be sensitive to the compound at concentrations of 25 to 75 mg/l; temperature had a marked influence on lethality, with treatment at higher temperature being far more lethal than low temperature treatment; ascospores were highly resistant to the compound, with no evidence of any lethal effects being found even at the highest concentration used (1,000 mg/l). An inoculated pack study, designed to simulate the use of DMDC in fruit juices under practical conditions, was performed using commercially packaged apple juice or strawberry nectar as the suspending media. Packs, equilibrated to temperatures of 10 degrees C or 30 degrees C, were aseptically inoculated with low numbers of either vegetative elements or ascospores and were treated with varying levels of DMDC. Mould development was monitored over a four week period. Whereas vegetative growth was controlled at DMDC concentrations of 50 to 100 mg/l at a treatment temperature of 30 degrees C, ascospores displayed a great tolerance to the compound and survived exposure even in low numbers to high DMDC concentrations.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1989

Bicarbonate inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hansenula wingei growth in apple juice.

The ability of sodium bicarbonate to inhibit growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hansenula wingei in apple juice was investigated. Sodium bicarbonate at concentrations of 0.06, 0.12, and 0.24 M was added to pasteurized apple juice that was then inoculated with 10(3) or 10(5) cfu/ml of either yeast. Growth of both yeasts was inhibited by 0.12 M sodium bicarbonate when incubation was at 4 degrees C; 0.24 M sodium bicarbonate caused a slow die off of yeast. At 18 degrees C, H. wingei became more sensitive and died in the presence of 0.12 M sodium bicarbonate, but S. cerevisiae became resistant to 0.24 M sodium bicarbonate. These results could not be attributed to bicarbonate-induced pH elevation or sodium. Potassium and ammonium bicarbonate were also inhibitory, implicating bicarbonate ion as the antimicrobial agent.

Beverages↗
PubMed1995

Mycotoxin production by Alternaria alternata strains isolated from red delicious apples in Argentina.

Eleven Alternaria alternata strains isolated from Red Delicious apples in cold storage in Argentina, were tested for alternariol and alternariol methyl ether production in laboratory media and in whole fresh fruits. Most of them were able to produce both toxins in all media. They were detected also in mycelium free filtrates from liquid cultures and in asymptomatic tissues from inoculated fruit. Thus, in the evaluation of mouldy core incidence in apples, the presence of A. alternata toxins in tissues should be considered even in the absence of mycelia.

Alternaria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Does 360 ml of apple juice ingested before elective surgery worsen gastric volume and acidity in patients given acid aspiration prophylaxis?

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether 360 ml of oral clear liquids consumed within 4 hours of elective surgery worsens gastric volume and acidity in patients given acid aspiration prophylaxis. DESIGN: Randomized, unblinded study. SETTING: Main operating room at a U.S. military hospital. PATIENTS: Eighty-three adult inpatients scheduled to receive general anesthesia for elective surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Nineteen patients (Group 1) were given 150 mg of oral ranitidine (two doses), 10 mg of metoclopramide, and 360 ml of apple juice 3 hours before the scheduled start of surgery. Thirty-four patients (Group 2) fasted before surgery but received acid aspiration prophylaxis identical to that given to Group 1. Twenty-three additional patients (Group 3) received no oral fluids or acid aspiration prophylaxis before surgery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The residual gastric volume (RGV) and the pH of Group 1 patients were compared with measurements obtained in the two groups of patients who fasted. RGV measurements in Group 1 (14 +/- 3 ml) were similar to those in Group 2 (11 +/- 2 ml) and were significantly less than (p less than 0.05) those in Group 3 (26 +/- 4 ml). Gastric pH was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) in Group 1 (5.16 +/- 0.69) and Group 2 (5.78 +/- 0.43) than in Group 3 (1.97 +/- 0.27). CONCLUSIONS: Three hundred and sixty ml of apple juice consumed within 4 hours of elective surgery by patients given ranitidine and metoclopramide did not worsen gastric volume and acidity.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Everyday mood and emotions after eating a chocolate bar or an apple.

Emotional changes after eating chocolate were examined in everyday life. Thirty-seven healthy, normal-weight women ate a chocolate bar, an apple or nothing and rated their subjective state 5, 30, 60 and 90min after eating. Both chocolate and the apple reduced hunger, elevated mood and increased activation, but the effects of the chocolate were stronger. Eating chocolate was also followed by joy and, in some women, by guilt. Guilt responders experienced less intense positive emotions. Whereas positive emotional responses appear to be due to sensory pleasure and it's anticipation and may also be related to reduced hunger, guilt responses are probably induced by negative food-related cognitions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Dissipation behavior of propargite--an acaricide residues in soil, apple (Malus pumila) and tea (Camellia sinensis).

Propargite, recently introduced in India, is an effective acaricide on a large number of crops most of which are consumed by human beings directly or after processing. Therefore, it has become important to check the dissipation behavior of propargite in edible raw commodities, processed products and in the environment. In the present study, dissipation of residue of this acaricide in soil, apple fruit and tea (green tea leaves, manufactured tea, infusion and spent leaves) was studied. Analysis was carried out using high performance-liquid chromatography with UV detection system. The dissipation rate was found to vary with the nature of studied crop/sample. In soil, half-life ranged from 43 to 45 days, while in plant matrices (tea and apple) it ranged 1.66-2.61 days. The percent transfer of propargite residue from manufactured tea to infusion was 23.60-40.00; however, 35.71-53.20% of the residues remained stuck to the spent leaves.

Cyclohexanes↗
PubMed2004

Determination of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid in apple extracts by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection.

A rapid and sensitive method for the determination of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in apple tissues has been described. This method is based on the derivatization of ACC with 3-(2-furoyl)quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde (FQ), and separation and quantification of the resulting FQ-ACC derivative by capillary electrophoresis coupled to laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF). Our results indicated that ACC derivatized with FQ could be well separated from other interfering amino acids using 20 mM borate buffer (pH 9.35) containing 40 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate and 10 mM Brij 35. The linearity of ACC was determined in the range from 0.05 to 5 microM with a correlation of 0.9967. The concentration detection limit for ACC was 10 nM (signal-to-noise = 3). The sensitivity and selectivity of this described method allows the analysis of ACC in crude apple extracts without extra purification and enrichment procedure.

Amino Acids, Cyclic↗
PubMed2005

Determination of 266 pesticide residues in apple juice by matrix solid-phase dispersion and gas chromatography-mass selective detection.

A macro matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) method was developed to extract 266 pesticides from apple juice samples prior to gas chromatography-mass selective detection (GC-MSD) determination. A 10 g samples was mixed with 20 g diatomaceous earth. The mixture was transferred into a glass column. Pesticide residues were leached with a 160 mL hexane-dichloromethane (1:1) at 5 mL/min. Two hundred and sixty-six pesticides were divided into three groups and detected by GC-MSD under selective ion monitoring. The proposed method takes advantage of both liquid-liquid extraction and conventional MSPD methods. Application was illustrated by the analysis of 236 apple juice samples produced in Shaanxi province China mainland this year.

Beverages↗
PubMed2005

Capillary liquid chromatography of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides and their esters in apple juice samples after preconcentration on a cation exchanger based on polydivinylbenzene-N-vinylpyrrolidone.

A capillary liquid chromatography (cLC) method with gradient elution has been used to determine chlorophenoxy acid herbicides: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid, 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid, 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid, 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid, 4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic acid, 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic-1-methyl ester and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic-1-butyl ester in spiked apple juice samples with amounts between 0.025 and 0.150 mg kg(-1) of each herbicide. Clean-up and preconcentration of acid and esters were carried out in an Oasis MCX polymer. Detection limits obtained by cLC, between 0.005 and 0.018 mg kg(-1), allowed the determination of chlorophenoxy acids and their esters in apple juice samples around the levels permitted by the European Regulations, with recoveries in the range 84-99% and RSDs between 1 and 4%.

Beverages↗