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At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Efficacy of selected disinfectants against mycobacteria and cryptosporidia.

We have tested the in-vitro efficacy of various disinfectants against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, and against the protozoon Cryptosporidium parvum. The disinfectants were tested both with and without an organic load. 'Sactimed sinald' (a quaternary ammonium compound), 'Steris 20' (a peracetic acid compound) and 'Pentapon DC1' (a beta-ene compound) were all equally as effective as 'Cidex' (glutaraldehyde) against all the mycobacteria tested, as well as C. parvum. 'Virkon' (a per-oxygen compound) and 'Phoraid' (an iodine compound) were less effective than glutaraldehyde. 'Pentapon DHY' (a beta-ene compound) was ineffective against any of the organisms tested. We have also assessed a method of determining disinfectant efficacy using [35S]-methionine labelling of proteins, which appears promising, although it requires further evaluation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Protein and RNA biosynthesis in the nuclei of the thymus cells of piglets with antenatal hypotrophy].

The nuclear protein synthesis and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity were found to be different in the thymus of normal and hypotrophic animals. Under the influence of aethonium preparation from the class of quartered ammonium compounds the protein-synthesizing apparatus and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity of the thymus cell nuclei of hypotrophics were activated almost up to the level of normally developing pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Antimicrobial activities of dental impression materials.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to measure the in vitro killing effects five commercial alginate impression materials had on five test microorganisms. METHODS: Two alginates with no added disinfectant, one supplemented with chlorhexidine and two others containing quaternary ammonium compounds were tested. Challenge microbes included two gram-positive cocci, two gram-negative bacilli and a yeast. Saline solutions containing standardized concentrations of test microbes were used to mix the alginates. Some set specimens were immediately homogenized and the resulting fluids diluted and spread plated. Other specimens were processed 30 or 60 min after setting. After culturing, the numbers of colonies were counted and the levels of microbial reductions determined. RESULTS: Unsupplemented alginates had no antimicrobial effects. The quaternary-ammonium-containing alginates were completely effective against all five test microorganisms. The alginate with chlorhexidine killed all the gram-negative bacilli and the majority (95-99%) of the gram-positive cocci and yeast. SIGNIFICANCE: Results indicated that disinfectant-containing alginate impression materials could reduce the number of soiling microorganisms present on and within test specimens.

Alginates↗
PubMed2001

Determination of quaternary alkylammonium compounds by capillary zone electrophoresis and indirect UV detection as a real alternative to ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection.

A capillary electrophoretic (CE) method for the determination of residual mid-chain alkyltrimethylammonium compounds in the pharmaceutical product Welchol (an alkylated, crosslinked polyallylamine) was developed, validated and compared with the existing ion chromatographic (IC) method with suppressed conductivity detection. Excellent reproducibilities of migration times (RSD<0.5% within a series of 55 sample injections) and relative peak areas (RSD<2%) make the method suitable for quality control as a real alternative to IC. Limits of quantification of 0.01% w/w of each impurity in the active substance were achieved. Buffer systems for indirect UV detection based on creatinine as visualization reagent with different inorganic and organic acids (phosphoric, sulfuric, formic, acetic, oxalic and citric acid) and their effect on selectivity to ten quaternary ammonium compounds were studied. Selectivity changes were observed for the di- and trivalent analytes depending on the buffer applied. Also, the influence of acetonitrile, methanol, 1,4-dioxane and tetrahydrofuran on selectivity was investigated. In addition, CE-MS experiments were carried out in order to identify several impurities in the product.

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed1982

[Use of katamin AB in the preoperative treatment of the operation fields].

Under analysis were results of the application of an antiseptic drug katamin AB from the group of quaternary ammonium compounds for the treatment of the operation field in 435 patients. They have confirmed a high antimicrobial activity of the katamin AB, its continuous effect, simplicity, reliability and quick use. The author recommends it for the treatment of the operation field.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1996

Disinfectant use as a risk factor for atopic sensitization and symptoms consistent with asthma: an epidemiological study.

Exposure to some nonallergenic compounds has been shown to increase the risk of atopic sensitization and asthmatic symptoms. In order to gain more insight into the largely unknown aetiology of respiratory symptoms in pig farmers, we studied the role of nonallergic exposure. We evaluated associations between chronic respiratory symptoms, specific and total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, use of disinfectants, and endotoxin exposure levels in a population of 194 Dutch pig farmers. Atopic sensitization (defined as increased production of IgE to common allergens) was found to occur more frequently in farmers who used disinfectants containing quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) (odds ratio (OR) 7.4; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.3-43.1). ORs for other disinfectants ranged 2.3-4.1 (NS). Atopic sensitization was not found to occur more frequently in farmers with a high endotoxin exposure. The use of disinfectants was only related to respiratory symptoms consistent with asthma in atopics. This is illustrated by the significantly elevated ORs for farmers with IgE to common allergens (house dust mite, grass pollen, birch pollen), and who used disinfectants containing QACs, in the total population and in a subgroup of the total population restricted according to bronchial hyperresponsiveness to histamine (symptomatics with a provocation dose of histamine producing a > or = 10% decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (PC10) < or = 16 mg.mL-1, compared with asymptomatics with a PC10 > 16 mg.mL-1) (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.3-14.6; and OR 8.2, 95% CI 1.6-42.6, respectively). Atopy and use of QACs and endotoxin exposure level taken individually were not associated with respiratory symptoms. A combination of atopic sensitization and high endotoxin exposure (> 101 ng.m-3) was strongly associated with respiratory symptoms in the restricted population (OR 6.1; 95% CI 1.0-36.2). Our results suggest that occupational exposure to nonallergenic agents (disinfectants) may induce immunoglobulin E sensitization to common aeroallergens, and that the combination of atopy and exposure to nonallergenic agents (disinfectants and endotoxin) is an important risk factor for development of symptoms consistent with asthma.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Antimicrobial mouthrinses: overview and update.

The Seal of Acceptance of the American Dental Association's Council on Dental Therapeutics has been awarded to Listerine and chlorhexidine gluconate (Peridex). The mechanism of action of Listerine involves bacterial cell wall destruction, bacterial enzymatic inhibition, and extraction of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Chlorhexidine has the property of substantivity, i.e. the ability to bind to hard and soft tissue with slow release. Antibacterial mouthrinses/dentifrices containing triclosan hold promise for the reduction of plaque and gingivitis but are not yet available in the United States. The quaternary ammonium compounds and sanguinarine compounds (Viadent) have some merit, but studies of their efficacy in plaque and gingivitis reduction are mixed. New products containing various fluorides and oxygenating agents may have potential for the future as antiplaque and antigingivitis agents.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2002

Sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes to sanitizers used in the meat processing industry.

Nineteen Listeria monocytogenes strains were characterized by automated ribotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and plasmid profiling to determine the relationship between genotype and sanitizer resistance. Isolates within a ribogroup had a consistent sensitivity or resistance phenotype except for ribogroup C isolates. All isolates with resistance phenotypes harbored two plasmids. The sensitivity of L. monocytogenes strains to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) was correlated with sensitivity to sanitizers and antibiotics with other modes of action. All isolates tested contained the mdrL gene, which encodes an efflux pump that confers resistance to QACs and is both chromosome and plasmid borne.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Possibility of substance selective action on the m-cholinoreceptors of a specific site].

Effects of a number of agents on the muscarine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic receptors) of different localization were investigated. Experiments on anesthetized cats revealed the following effects of acetylcholine: hypotension, bradycardia, bronchospasm, contractions of the ileum and urinary bladder, hypersalivation. It was shown that the highest sensitivity to bisquaternary ammonium derivatives of diphenyl cyclobutanedicarboxylic (truxillic) acid is exhibited by the muscarinic receptors of the heart. The sensitivity of bronchial muscarinic receptors is slightly lower. The prevailing action on the muscarinic receptors of the heart was also shown by some N-adamantyl bisquaternary ammonium compounds. Procaine and the antihistaminics mebhydroline and diphenhydramine eliminated bradycardia induced by acetylcholine without affecting the latter's hypotensive effect. The evidence obtained indicates the heterogeneity of the muscarinic receptors of different localization.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1988

Structure-activity studies on inhibition of choline uptake by a mouse brain synaptosomal preparation: basic data.

Over 80 substances were studied for their inhibition of high-affinity uptake of [3H]choline into a mouse brain synaptosomal fraction. Kinetic experiments tested a number of them for competitive behavior. A minimal provisional model for the choline uptake process is envisioned that is consistent with current data and with relevant observations in the literature. There are two hydrophilic anionic sites on the choline transporter that are separated from each other by a cationic hydrophobic domain. Association of choline in a Na+-dependent manner with one or both of the sites is necessary for the transport of choline to take place. The choline binding anionic sites are sufficiently large and/or flexible to allow attachment of cationic moieties larger than choline. The cationic hydrophobic domain of the transporter is flexible, probably tending to planarity. The length of the hydrophobic region between the anionic sites is approximately that of 10 extended methylene groups, and the minimal width is approximated by the distance across the condensed ring system of chlorpromazine. The probability of attachment of the highly hydrophilic choline to its binding sites is increased both by hydrogen-bonding to a proton-acceptor within the anionic sites and by repulsion from the cationic hydrophobic region. A number of substances that potently and competitively inhibit high affinity choline uptake possess quaternary ammonium groups and neutral or negatively charged lipophilic groups. In general, substances in which two quaternary ammonium groups are separated by an appropriately configured hydrophobic group and which can combine with both anionic sites and the hydrophobic region between them are more potent inhibitors than monoquaternary substance with the same or similar groups. However, substances with a single high-affinity quaternary group and an appropriately structured hydrophobic group, e.g. the trimethoxy-3-butynyl quaternary ammonium compounds, possess inhibitory efficacies similar to those shown by the most potent bisquaternaries. The above suggests that further delineation of the characteristics of the structures of the above sites of the transporter could lead to devisal of more potent reversible inhibitors of choline uptake than now are available.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Improved selective medium for isolating Cylindrocladium crotalariae microsclerotia from naturally infested soils.

Reduced development of fusaria and other undesired fungi, and improved recognition of Cylindrocladium crotalariae colonies on soil-dilution plates were accomplished by supplementing a previously used medium (sucrose-TBZ medium) with three quaternary ammonium compounds, replacing peptone with tyrosine, and increasing the concentration of sucrose to yield a water potential of - 10 bars. These changes eliminated the need to treat soil with NaClO to control undesired fungi. The new medium, designated sucrose-QT medium, allowed increased recovery of C. crotalariae microsclerotia from all 16 naturally infested soils tested.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1975

Cutaneous necrosis due to cetrimide application.

Reports of necrosis caused by quaternary ammonium compounds, such as cetrimide, are rare. The case is reported of a 77-year-old woman who was admitted to hospital for four months with cutaneous necrosis of the left foot and leg owing to the topical application of cetrimide powder.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Permeability and thermodynamics study of quaternary ammonium surfactants-phosphocholine vesicle system.

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are recognized as membrane active agents widely used as biocides. The main purpose of this work was to investigate the influence of the QAC head group and acyl chain length on their permeability-perturbing power and on their affinity for lipidic membranes. Permeability perturbations were assessed by measuring the release of calcein entrapped inside vesicles. The affinity of QACs for bilayers was investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). QACs bearing C(16) chain were found to be more efficient to decrease the membrane permeability than their C(12) analogues. On the other hand, the chemical nature of the ammonium head group has practically no influence on the permeability perturbations caused by QACs bearing C(16) chains. It was difficult to assess the partitioning of the QACs between the aqueous and lipid phases since the ITC signals could also be associated to morphological changes such as vesicle aggregation. For the systems for which reliable thermodynamic parameters could be obtained, the Gibbs energy of transfer was similar to that for the micellization. The entropy variation represented the main contribution to the Gibbs energy, indicating that the insertion of QACs inside lipidic bilayers is driven by hydrophobic interactions.

Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Future perspective in the use of disinfectants].

The effects of different combinations of quaternary ammonium compounds (Sanitized, Sanigard) on faecal and soil organisms demonstrate the usefulness of these products (dilution 1/100,000). A contact time of 30 seconds to 4 minutes is sufficient for bacteriocidal activity. Materials treated with these compounds retain their bacteriocidal activity after 10 washes with boiling water and for over a month with normal usage. The disinfection of a door handle contaminated with Vibrio cholerae or Salmonella typhi destroys these bacteriae after 30 seconds and prevents re-contamination for a month. Therefore, they are very useful in the control of diseases caused by bad hygiene.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2003

Influence of extended acid stressing in fresh beef decontamination runoff fluids on sanitizer resistance of acid-adapted Escherichia coli O157:H7 in biofilms.

This study evaluated resistance to sanitizing solutions of Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells forming biofilms on stainless steel coupons exposed to inoculated meat decontamination runoff fluids (washings). A previously acid-adapted culture of a rifampicin-resistant derivative of E. coli O157:H7 strain ATCC 43895 was inoculated in unsterilized or sterilized combined hot-water (85 degrees C) and cold-water (10 degrees C) (50/50 [vol/vol]) composite water (W) washings (pH 6.29 to 6.47) and in W washings mixed with 2% acetic acid (pH 4.60 to 4.71) or in 2% lactic acid W washings (pH 4.33 to 4.48) at a ratio of 1/99 (vol/vol). Stainless steel coupons (2 by 5 by 0.08 cm) were submerged in the inoculated washings and stored for up to 14 days at 15 degrees C. Survival of E. coli O157:H7 was determined after exposure (0 to 60 s for cells in suspension and 0 to 300 s for attached cells) to two commercial sanitizers (150 ppm peroxyacetic acid and 200 ppm quaternary ammonium compound) at 2, 7, and 14 days. E. coli O157:H7 attached more rapidly to coupons submerged in washings containing the natural flora than to those without. The attached cells were more resistant to the effects of the sanitizers than were the cells in suspension, and survival was highest in the presence of the natural flora. Attached cells in the presence of dilute acid washings were more sensitive to subsequent sanitizer treatments than were cells generated in the presence of W washings. Under the conditions of this study, cells of E. coli O157:H7 in W washings were more sensitive to acidic (peroxyacetic acid) than to alkaline (quaternary ammonium) sanitizers during storage. These results suggest that meat processing plants that apply no decontamination or that use only water washings of meat should consider using acidic sanitizers to enhance biofilm removal. Plants that apply both water and acidic washings may create a sublethal acid-stressing environment in the runoff fluids, sensitizing biofilm cells to subsequent sanitizing treatments.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1977

Uropharmacology: part VI. Parasympathetic depressants.

A discussion of the various parasympathetic depressants is presented. Belladonna alkaloids include atropine, the prototype, and scopolamine. Synthetic drugs include quaternary ammonium compounds with antimuscarinic activity such as methantheline, propantheline, and other drugs such as isopropamide, pipenzolate methylbromide, and diphemanil methylsulfate. A miscellaneous class of drugs such as hemicholinium, valethamate, and oxybutynin chloride also possesses parasympathetic depressant activity. The pharmacologic properties and clinical usage of these drugs are discussed.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1982

Legionella pneumophila in cooling water systems. Report of a survey of cooling towers in London and a pilot trial of selected biocides.

Fourteen recirculating cooling water systems were surveyed during the summer, 1981, to see what factors might influence the prevalence of Legionella pneumophila. The effect on the organism of three anti-microbials was studied, each in two systems, by intermittent treatment at two week intervals. L. pneumophila was isolated from six of the 14 cooling systems at the beginning of the trial but by the end was present in ten. An association was found between the presence of the organism and the concentration of dissolved solids, and chlorides and the pH. There also appeared to be associations with exclusion of light and higher water temperatures. Repeated tests on eight untreated systems showed that two were consistently infected, three became and remained infected, one was infected on a single occasion and two were never infected with L. pneumophila. Treatment of a contaminated system, either with a 10 p.p.m mixture of a quaternary ammonium compound and tributyltinoxide or slow release chlorine briquettes (maximum recorded free chlorine level 1.2 p.p.m.), did not eliminated legionellae. Treatment of two infected towers with a chlorinated phenol (100 p.p.m.) eliminated legionellae for at least three days, but after 14 days the organism was again found.

Air Conditioning↗
PubMed1970

Physical studies of the interactions of acetylcholine chloride with membrane constituents.

The binding of acetylcholine to pure lipids, and lipids, proteins and lipoproteins extracted from synaptic membranes, was investigated by monolayer and n.m.r. techniques. No specific binding of acetylcholine could be detected at the concentration used, although its muscarinic and nicotinic antagonists [atropine and (+)-tubocurarine respectively] could be shown to interact with the membrane components. It is concluded that the binding of the nicotinic and muscarinic antagonists of acetylcholine is not necessarily indicative of the existence of a specific acetylcholine receptor. Measurements of the displacement of (45)Ca(2+) from monolayers of phosphatidylserine by acetylcholine and the variation of electrophoretic mobility of phosphatidylserine particles with concentration of acetylcholine indicated that in these systems acetylcholine was acting as a counterion at the negatively charged lipid interface. But studies of the salting-in and salting-out of negatively charged lipid aggregates showed that acetylcholine and other quaternary ammonium compounds did not here behave simply as counterions. Electrostrictively hydrated cations such as Na(+) and K(+) were found to salt out, whereas hydrophobically hydrated cations such as acetylcholine salted in such aggregates. The possible role of the hydration of acetylcholine in synaptic transmission is discussed.

Acetylcholine↗