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PubMedDate not supplied

Coverage of breast cancer in the Australian print media--does advertising and editorial coverage reflect correct social marketing messages?

Early detection of breast cancer by mammographic screening has the potential to dramatically reduce mortality rates, but many women do not comply with screening recommendations. The media are an important source of health information for many women--through both direct social marketing advertisements and indirect dissemination of information via editorial content. This study investigated the accuracy of breast cancer detection messages in the top-selling Australian women's magazines and three weekend newspapers in the six-month period from December 2000 to May 2001 that included any reference to breast cancer and found that current coverage of breast cancer in the Australian print media conveys messages that are unlikely to encourage appropriate screening.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A content analysis of direct-to-consumer television prescription drug advertisements.

This article reports the results of a content analysis of 23 direct-to-consumer (DTC) product-specific television prescription drug advertisements broadcast during 2001. A majority of ads used both medical and lay terms to convey medical ideas. Most gave consumers somewhat more time to absorb facts about benefits than those about risks, which could have implications for the "fair balance" requirement. Complete references to additional product information were given only in text, casting doubt on whether these ads are making"adequate provision"for dissemination of detailed product information. Overall, our results call into question the potential of these ads to educate consumers.

Advertising↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tailoring outdoor tobacco advertising to minorities in Los Angeles County.

This study provides the first longitudinal comparison of the frequency and content characteristics of tobacco ads that appeared along thoroughfares running through four types of Los Angeles ethnic neighborhoods. Tobacco ad density (tobacco billboards per mile), concentration (proportion of billboards with tobacco content), and content were compared from 1990 to 1994 across four neighborhoods at multiple time points. Compared with White neighborhood thoroughfares, African American and Hispanic neighborhoods contained greater tobacco ad density, and all minority neighborhoods contained greater tobacco ad concentration along the roadsides. Initial differences in tobacco ad frequency decreased significantly over time. However, the age, race, and gender of billboard characters remained different among the different ethnic neighborhood thoroughfares, with greater ethnicity-specific content in African American neighborhood thoroughfares than in other neighborhood thoroughfares. These data are consistent with the assertion that tobacco companies target ethnic minorities with higher rates of advertising and ethnically tailored campaigns. This may be used in order to expand the total market of minority consumers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Sexual strategies theory and Internet personal advertisements.

Sexual Strategies Theory supposes that certain characteristics--namely, physical attractiveness in women and dominance and the ability to provide material resources in men--are highly desirable to potential mates because they are evolutionarily advantageous. However, socially based characteristics (e.g., positive personality traits, common interests) are also desirable in potential mates. It was predicted that people who are weaker on evolutionarily advantageous traits (i.e., less attractive women, less wealthy men) would emphasize alternative, socially desirable traits to compensate for these perceived deficiencies. One hundred fifty-one Internet personal advertisements were analyzed for attractiveness, income, mention of physical attributes, and mention of other positive personal characteristics. Results were generally consistent with predictions. In males, both wealth and attractiveness were related to decreased emphasis on other positive personal characteristics, while in women, emphasis on physical attributes (but not objectively rated physical attractiveness) was negatively related to emphasis on other positive personal characteristics.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Ask your doctor: the construction of smoking in advertising posters produced in 1946 and 2004.

This paper examines two full-page A3 poster advertisements in mass magazines produced at two time points over a 60-year period depicting smoking and its effects, with particular relation to lung cancer. Each poster represents the social and cultural milieu of its time. The writings of Foucault are used to explore the disciplinary technologies of sign systems as depicted in the two posters. The relationships between government, tobacco companies and drug companies and the technologies of production are examined with regard to the development of smoking cessation strategies. The technologies of power are associated with the constructions of risk and lifestyles. The technologies of the self locate smokers as culpable subjects responsible for their individual health. Finally, the meshing of these technologies places the doctor in the frame as "authoritative knower" and representative of expert systems.

Advertising↗
PubMed1996

Factors influencing the response to advertisements for general practice vacancies.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the extent of problems in recruiting general practitioners and to determine which practice characteristics affect recruitment--in particular, to see if practices with deprived patients have more recruitment problems. DESIGN: Postal questionnaire survey in August 1995. SUBJECTS: 489 consecutive practices that had advertised for a partner in the BMJ from January to April 1995. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The number of applicants, the practices, satisfaction with their quantity and quality, and whether a successful appointment was made. RESULTS: 442 (90%) practices replied. 262 practices (60%) were not very satisfied or very dissatisfied with the number of applications they received; 15 (3%) received no applications. There was a significant difference in the number of applications received by practices in different NHS regions. The 32 practices with the highest proportions of patients eligible for deprivation payments received a median of five applicants compared with 10 for practices without deprivation. CONCLUSION: There is a widespread problem in recruiting general practitioners. Recruitment is hardest in areas with the greatest health needs.

Advertising↗
PubMed1985

Ethics, advertising and the definition of a profession.

In the climate of concern about high medical costs, the relationship between the trade and professional aspects of medical practice is receiving close scrutiny. In the United Kingdom there is talk of increasing privatisation of health services, and in the United States the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has attempted to define medicine as a trade for the purposes of commercial regulation. The Supreme Court recently upheld the FTC charge that the American Medical Association (AMA) has been in restraint of trade because of ethical strictures against advertising. The concept of profession, as it has been analyzed in sociological, legal, philosophical, and historical perspectives, reveals the importance of an ethic of service as well as technical expertise as defining characteristics of professions. It is suggested that the medical profession should pay more attention to its service ideal at this time when doctors are widely perceived to be technically preoccupied.

Advertising↗
PubMed1989

The ethics of general practice and advertising.

UK general practitioners (GPs) are self-employed entrepreneurs running small businesses with commercial considerations. In this situation there is no clear distinction between information, self-promotion and advertising. In response to the growing public demand for more information about medical services, the medical profession should voluntarily accept the notion of soft self-promotion in the form of 'notices' or 'announcements' placed in newspapers. Newspapers are the most effective way of giving easy access to information. The resistance to newspapers may be more concerned with preserving certain medical traditions than consideration of the public interest. The General Medical Council's (GMC's) arguments against soft self-promotion are seen as misguided paternalism, inconsistent and irrational.

Advertising↗
PubMed1991

The advertising of doctors' services.

Medicine is unique among professions and trades, offering a 'product' which is unlike any other. The consequences for patients of being attracted by misleading information to an inappropriate doctor or service are such as to demand special restrictions on the advertising of doctors' services. Furthermore, health care in the UK is organised around the 'referral system', whereby general practitioners refer patients to specialists when necessary rather than have specialists accept patients on self-referral. But this need not inhibit the provision of helpful factual information to those who need it. Recent policy changes by the General Medical Council considerably broaden the scope for general practitioners to make factual information of their services available to local people, while safeguarding the public against promotional activities which are designed to increase demand for certain kinds of specialist service by playing upon individuals' fears and lack of medical knowledge.

Advertising↗
PubMed2003

How tobacco companies ensure prime placement of their advertising and products in stores: interviews with retailers about tobacco company incentive programmes.

BACKGROUND: About 81% of cigarette manufacturers' marketing expenditures in the USA is spent to promote cigarette sales in stores. Relatively little is known about how these expenditures help the manufacturers achieve their marketing goals in stores. A better understanding of how tobacco companies influence the retail environment would help researchers and tobacco control activists to monitor industry presence in stores. OBJECTIVE: To describe the types of tobacco company incentive programmes offered to retailers, how these programmes impact the store environments, and possible visual indicators of retailer participation in incentive programmes. STUDY DESIGN: In-depth qualitative interviews with a convenience sample of 29 tobacco retailers were conducted in 2001. SETTING: USA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The types and requirements of retailer incentive programmes provided by tobacco companies, and how participation in a programme alters their stores. RESULTS: The retailers provided insights into how tobacco companies convey promotional allowances and special offers to them and how these incentives shape the retail environment. Retailers noted that tobacco companies exert substantial control over their stores by requiring placement of products in the most visible locations, and of specific amounts and types of advertising in prime locations in the store. Retailers also described how tobacco companies reduce prices by offering them volume based discounts, "buy two, get one free" specials, and "buying down" the price of existing product. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco companies are concentrating their marketing dollars at the point-of-sale to the extent that the store is their primary communication channel with customers. As a result, all shoppers regardless of age or smoking status are exposed to pro-smoking messages. Given the financial resources spent by tobacco companies in stores, this venue warrants closer scrutiny by researchers and tobacco control advocates.

Advertising↗
PubMed1990

The elderly healthcare consumer: a critical review of information source use and advertising recommendations.

A critical review of the literature is undertaken to examine the state of the art and degree of articulation of theories, methods, and findings between health care marketing and the traditional "generic" marketing literature as related to knowledge of information use by and advertising to the elderly consumer. Evaluative criteria suggestive of scientific rigor are applied to this domain as consistencies, discrepancies, and gaps are identified. Recommendations for future research are advanced.

Advertising↗
PubMed1988

Cigarette advertisements in magazines: evidence for a differential focus on women's and youth magazines.

Cigarette advertisements in eight popular magazines from 1960 to 1985 were examined. The magazines were selected to represent different market segments, particularly women and youth. Across all eight magazines, the average number of cigarette ads per issue increased substantially following the 1971 television ban on cigarette ads. Moreover, beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s, proportionately more ads were placed in women's and youth-oriented magazines than in magazines which targeted other population segments. These data suggest that the tobacco industry may have responded to decreases in the number of smokers and the per capita consumption of cigarettes with an enterprising attempt to recruit new smokers-particularly young people and women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Marketing drugs, marketing health care relationships: a content analysis of visual cues in direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising.

Proponents and opponents of direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs argue that it promotes greater participation in health care by consumers with significant implications for public health and health care outcomes. This article (a). proposes a social cognitive theoretical framework to explain DTCA's effects, and (b). reports the first in a series of studies on DTCA's observational learning functions that may influence consumer behavior and the physician-patient relationship. This investigation addresses visual features of print DTCA. Results focus on the prevalence and nature of models featured in the ads and how visual cues may offer identity and relational motivators while reinforcing the value of prescription drug treatments. Further, DTCA may market disenfranchising images that increase disparity in health care information and access, despite their argued educational function.

Advertising↗
PubMed1991

A health hierarchy of effects model: a synthesis of advertising and health hierarchy conceptualizations.

Work by both advertising and health researchers has independently yielded hierarchy of effects models which can be used to predict campaign success. Unfortunately, however, previous work has been criticized as "common sense" approaches which are more "assumed" than "proven." This analysis argues that much of the problem is due to the lack of precision often associated with over-simplified "uni-dimensional" models. Instead, this perspective synthesized a "two-dimensional" health hierarchy of effects model and outlines a pragmatic strategy for campaign measurement.

Advertising↗
PubMed2002

Trust in online prescription drug information among internet users: the impact on information search behavior after exposure to direct-to-consumer advertising.

The proliferation of both manufacturer-controlled and independent medication-related websites has aroused concern among consumers and policy-makers concerning the trustworthiness of Web-based drug information. The authors examine consumers' trust in on-line prescription drug information and its influence on information search behavior. The study design involves a retrospective analysis of data from a 1998 national survey. The findings reveal that trust in drug information from traditional media sources such as television and newspapers transfers to the domain of the Internet. Furthermore, a greater trust in on-line prescription drug information stimulates utilization of the Internet for information search after exposure to prescription drug advertising.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Health issue advertising.

"Americans say that the battle against drugs is the chief issue facing the nation" (McQueen and Shribman, 1989). The Wall Street Journal/NBC poll conducted by Peter Hart and Robert Teeter shows a public willingness to experiment with a wide variety of anti-drug efforts. "No single issue has so riveted the nation's attention since the 1982 recession," Messers. Hart and Teeter say in their analysis of the poll. They add that respondents seem willing to try almost anything to solve the drug problem (ibid). How can and does marketing affect this process? This paper will examine some of the methods and effectiveness of advertising in regard to this very timely health issue and societal challenge. For the purposes of this paper, drug discussions refer to alcohol as well. Social marketing in general will be addressed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗