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PubMed1997

[Treatment of cicatricial deformity of neck with local skin flap].

In order to correct the dysfunction of head and neck with scar contracture, since 1980, sixty-two cases were undertaken the operation by using local skin flap to repair the soft tissue defect after scar resection. The skin flaps included pedicled delto-thoracic skin flap in 26 cases, cervico-thoracic skin flaps in 25 cases, cervico-shoulder flaps in 6 cases, pedicled vascularized extralong delto-thoracic skin flap in 4 cases and free parascapular flap in 1 case. Sixty cases had total survival of the flaps and 2 flaps had partial necrosis. After 1 to 10 years follow-up, the appearance and function of neck were excellent. It was suggested that grafting local skin flap was a good method to treat cicatricial deformity of neck especially using the skin flap with pedicle and vascular bundle.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[What's new in the treatment of Dupuytren's disease?].

Among the recent advances in the field of Dupuytren's contracture, the authors reviewed a series of 171 patients treated by percutaneous needle fasciotomy. Among the 198 hands (241 fingers), 65 were reviewed with a mean follow-up of 2.5 years. Mean age was 62 years and delay between onset and treatment 6.8 years. Rupture of the cords was performed only in the palm in 154 cases, palmo-digital in 82 and purely digital in 5 cases. Complications were rare and benign without tendon or vascular bundle injury. Postoperative gain was essentially observed on the metacarpo-phalangeal joint and recurrence rate was high despite the short follow-up (progression of the disease 54% of cases). The ideal indication for this simple and reliable technique is an elderly patient with a prominent cord and predominant lack of metacarpophalangeal extension.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Hemangioma versus vascular malformation: presence of nerve bundle is a diagnostic clue for vascular malformation.

CONTEXT: Arteriovenous vascular malformations and hemangiomas are benign vascular lesions that are difficult to distinguish from one another clinically. Also, they may be confused with each other at histopathology. Therefore, histochemical stains for the presence of an artery are frequently used to distinguish between the two. OBJECTIVE: Because it is clinically relevant to differentiate between arteriovenous vascular malformations and hemangiomas, this study was carried out to explore additional diagnostic clues that may help in the diagnosis and differentiation of these lesions. DESIGN: A total of 167 cases of benign extracranial vascular lesions were retrieved from the anatomic pathology file of our institution. These comprised 66 cases diagnosed as arteriovenous vascular malformations and 101 cases previously diagnosed as hemangiomas. The hematoxylin-eosin-stained glass slides were reviewed, Movat pentichrome histochemical stain was used to identify elastic vessels (arteries/arterioles), and S100 immunostain was used to identify nerves within these vascular lesions. For immunohistochemistry, the avidin-biotin detection method was used. RESULTS: With Movat stain, the presence of thick-walled elastic arteries was detected in 12 of the 101 cases previously diagnosed as hemangiomas, and these cases were therefore reclassified as vascular malformations. Using the same criterion, 2 of the 66 cases originally diagnosed as arteriovenous vascular malformations were reclassified as hemangiomas because they lacked arterial structures. Thus, with this strict criterion, we ended up with 91 cases of hemangiomas and 76 cases of arteriovenous vascular malformations. Intralesional nerves were identified in 91% (69/76) of cases of arteriovenous vascular malformations, including all the 12 arteriovenous vascular malformations previously diagnosed as hemangiomas. In contrast, no intralesional nerve was detected in any of the 91 hemangiomas. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that nerve bundles are consistently present in vascular malformations and absent in hemangiomas and so can be used as a diagnostic clue to differentiate between these lesions. Also, in addition to describing a previously unreported component of vascular malformations, these data further confirm the hamartomatous nature of these lesions.

Arteries↗
PubMed1994

Vascular anomaly of the bundle of His associated with sudden death in a young man.

A 24-year-old black man suddenly collapsed while playing basketball. He died despite prompt cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The only abnormality found at autopsy was a vascular anomaly confined to the atrioventricular bundle of His within the cardiac conduction system. This arborizing collection of abnormal and increased number of blood vessels lacked both elastic fibers and smooth muscle, both of which were replaced by collagen. The number of vessels in the decedent's bundle of His was quantitatively compared with 117 normal controls by using a point-counting method. The percentage of points landing on vessels per total points counted (% VP/TP) in this man was 31% compared with 5.6 +/- 2.7% SD in the controls. No vascular malformations were seen elsewhere. This lesion has not been previously reported in the medical literature. This case confirmed the occasional usefulness of sampling the cardiac conduction system in sudden death with no obvious autopsy findings.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Vascular tissue differentiation and pattern formation in plants.

Vascular tissues, xylem and phloem, are differentiated from meristematic cells, procambium, and vascular cambium. Auxin and cytokinin have been considered essential for vascular tissue differentiation; this is supported by recent molecular and genetic analyses. Xylogenesis has long been used as a model for study of cell differentiation, and many genes involved in late stages of tracheary element formation have been characterized. A number of mutants affecting vascular differentiation and pattern formation have been isolated in Arabidopsis. Studies of some of these mutants have suggested that vascular tissue organization within the bundles and vascular pattern formation at the organ level are regulated by positional information.

Plant Development↗
PubMed1978

Vascularization of the conducting system in the human heart.

On 200 randomized specimens of the human heart, of either sex, from 20 to 80 years of age, we investigated the vascularization of the conducting system of the heart in relation to the type of coronary ramification, by the dissection, injection-corrosive, radiographic and coronarographic method. The symmetrical type of arterial vascularization was established in 24%, the right type in 63% and the left type in 13% of the cases investigated. The sinoatrial node is vascularized in 60% by the right and in 40% of the cases by the left coronary artery. The atrioventricular node and the stem of the atrioventricular bundle are vascularized by the right coronary artery in 85% of the cases investigated, in 13% by the left and in 2% by both arteries. The right fasciculus of the atrioventricular bundle is vascularized by the left artery, the left fasciculus by both arteries. The vascularization of the posterior strand in both ventricles is conformable to the type of arterial vascularization of the heart.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Genetic regulation of vascular tissue patterning in Arabidopsis.

Plants transport water and nutrients through a complex vascular network comprised of interconnected, specialized cell types organized in discrete bundles. To identify genetic determinants of vascular tissue patterning, we conducted a screen for mutants with altered vascular bundle organization in Arabidopsis cotyledons. Mutations in two genes, CVP1 and CVP2 (for cotyledon vascular pattern), specifically disrupt the normal pattern of vascular bundles in cotyledons, mature leaves, and inflorescence stems. The spatial distribution of the procambium, the precursor to mature vascular tissue, is altered in cvp1 and cvp2 embryos, suggesting that CVP1 and CVP2 act at a very early step in vascular patterning. Similarly, in developing stems of cvp1 and leaves of cvp2, the pattern of vascular differentiation is defective, but the maturation of individual vascular cells appears to be normal. There are no discernible alterations in cell morphology in cvp2 mutants. In contrast, cvp1 mutants are defective in directional orientation of the provascular strand, resulting in a failure to establish uniformly aligned vascular cells, and they also show a reduction in vascular cell elongation. Neither cvp1 nor cvp2 mutants displayed altered auxin perception, biosynthesis, or transport, suggesting that auxin metabolism is not generally affected in these mutants.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1993

Gap junction protein connexin40 is preferentially expressed in vascular endothelium and conductive bundles of rat myocardium and is increased under hypertensive conditions.

Gap junction channels consisting of connexin protein mediate electrical coupling between cardiac cells. Expression of two connexins, connexin40 (Cx40) and connexin43 (Cx43), has been studied in ventricular myocytes from normal and hypertensive rats. Polyclonal affinity-purified rabbit antibodies to Cx43 and Cx40 have been used for immunohistochemical analysis on frozen sections from rat heart. These studies revealed coexpression of Cx43 and Cx40 in ventricular myocytes. In addition, Cx40 is preferentially expressed in three distinct regions: first, in the endothelial layer of the heart blood vessels but not in the smooth muscle layer of the arteries; second, in the ventricular conductive myocardium, particularly in the atrioventricular bundle and bundle branches, where Cx43 is not observed; and third, in the myocyte layers close to the ventricular cavities. These results suggest that Cx40 is preferentially expressed in the fast conducting areas of myocardial tissue. Expression of both Cx40 and Cx43 was also found in immunoblots from normal and hypertensive rat myocardiocytes. Under hypertensive conditions (ie, in spontaneous hypertensive rats and in transgenic rats that exhibit hypertension due to expression of an exogenous renin gene), we found a 3.1-fold increase in Cx40 expression, compared with normal myocardium. Furthermore, we detected a 3.3-fold decrease in Cx43 protein level in transgenic hypertensive rats. The coexpression of Cx40 and Cx43 proteins in rat myocytes, their spatial distribution, and the increased amount of Cx40 protein during cardiac hypertrophy suggest that Cx40 may be involved in mediating fast conduction under normal and pathological conditions. The increased expression of Cx40 in hypertrophic heart may be a compensatory mechanism to increase conduction velocity.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The treatment of subclavian artery compression with the use of ringed polytetrafluoroethylene vascular prostheses.

UNLABELLED: In this paper the treatment of arterial complications of the Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is presented. The investigation of 14 patients treated in the Department of Vascular, General and Transplantological Surgery of the Wroclaw Medical University for arterial complications of the TOS (as upper limb ischemia and/or the subclavian artery aneurysm in 14 patients) was performed. In case of complications associated with compression of the subclavian artery the operation consisted of resection of the first rib and accessory osseous and muscular pathological elements using supraclavicular and/or infraclavicular approach with implantation of externally supported ringed vascular polytetrafluoroethylene bypass (PTFE) were performed. The therapy results were estimated with use of The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire of American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. RESULTS: In case of upper limb ischemia the improvement of blood flow was obtained after the subclavian-brachial bypass implantation (5 patients). In this group the DASH score showed return to full activity. In case of subclavian artery aneurysm surgery (9 patients) the DASH scale revealed worsening of limb function in 4 patients during follow-up period. The optimal therapy of vascular complications is the multimodal treatment (reconstructive vascular procedure with decompressive surgery). The decompression of neurovascular bundle in vascular TOS should include the first rib resection in each case.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Cell lineage analysis of maize bundle sheath and mesophyll cells.

Maize leaves are divided into repeated longitudinal units consisting of vascular tissue, bundle sheath (BS), and mesophyll (M) cells. We have carried out a cell lineage analysis of these cell types using six spontaneous striping mutants of maize. We show that certain cell division patterns are preferentially utilized, but not required, to form the characteristic arrangement of cell types. Our data suggest that early in development a central cell layer is formed, most frequently by periclinal divisions in the adaxial subepidermal layer of the leaf primordium. Lateral and intermediate veins are initiated in this central layer, most often by divisions which contribute daughter cells to both the procambium and the ground meristem. These divisions generate "half vein" units which comprise half of the bundle sheath cells around a vein and a single adjacent M cell. We show that intermediate veins are multiclonal both in this transverse direction and along their lengths. BS cells are more closely related to M cells in the middle layer of the leaf than to those in the upper and lower subepidermal layers. An examination of sector boundaries has shown that photosynthetic differentiation in M cells is affected by the phenotype of neighboring BS cells.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed1986

[Morphofunctional changes of elements of a neurovascular bundle after torsion injury].

In experiments performed on 32 animals using modern functional physiological and morphological techniques, certain changes in the vascular-nervous bundle elements have been studied at various degree of its distortion. The most pronounced changes at a similar degree of distortion occur in veins and arteries. The nerve possesses greater elasticity and traumatized at application of an essential mechanical force.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[The surgical treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome].

UNLABELLED: In this paper the surgical treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is presented. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The investigation of 74 patients treated for vascular complications of the TOS the Paget-Schroetter syndrome and postthrombotic syndrome (27 patients), as well as upper limb ischemia and/or the subclavian artery aneurysm (14 patients) and for neurological complications of the TOS (33 patients) was performed. In case of venous thrombosis the treatment consisted of thrombolytic therapy and decompressive procedures that included transaxillary first rib resection and other surgical procedures that excise different anomalies in the region of the thoracic outlet. In case of complications associated with compression of the subclavian artery the operation consisted of resection of the first rib and accessory osseous and muscular pathological elements using supraclavicular and/or infraclavicular approach with implantation of vascular bypass were performed. In the neurological syndrome of TOS the operation consisted of transaxillary first rib resection and other surgical procedures that excise different anomalies in the region of the thoracic outlet. The therapy results were estimated with use of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. RESULTS: In case of venous complications the thrombolytic therapy was successful in all cases the restoration of complete patency was obtained. In all patients first rib was resected via transaxillary approach. The DASH questionnaire revealed the full return of upper limb function in most of patients. Improvement was obtained the in the cases with postthrombotic syndrome. In case of upper limb ischemia the improvement of blood flow was obtained after the subclavian-brachial bypass implantation (5 patients). In this group the DASH score showed return to full activity. In case of subclavian artery aneurysm surgery (9 patients) the DASH scale revealed worsening of limb function in 4 patients during the follow-up period. In the neurological syndrome of TOS the restoration of complete activity of limb was observed. The DASH scale revealed worsening of limb function in 4 patients during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal therapy of vascular complications is multimodal treatment (thrombolysis or reconstructive vascular procedure with decompressive surgery). The surgical treatment of neurological TOS halts degradation of brachial splice. The decompression of neurovascular bundle in vascular TOS should include the first rib resection in each case.

Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of tension in actin bundle of endothelial cells based on preexisting strain and tensile properties measurements.

Actin bundles in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) play a critical role in transmitting intracellular forces between separate focal adhesion sites. However, quantitative descriptions of tension level in single actin bundles in a physiological condition are still poorly studied. Here, we evaluated magnitude of preexisting tension in a single actin bundle of ECs on the basis of measurements of its preexisting stretching strain and tensile properties. Cultured ECs expressing fluorescently-labeled actin were treated with detergents to extract acin bundles. One end of an actin bundle was then dislodged from the substrate by using a microneedle, resulting in a shortening of the actin bundle due to a release of preexisting tension. Assuming the shortened actin bundle reached its non-stress state, preexisting stretching strain was determined to be 0.24 on average. A tensile test of the dislodged single acin bundle was conducted with a pair of cantilevers to measure the force required for stretching it up to the original length, yielding an estimate of preexisting tension in the actin bundle. The magnitude of the preexisting tension, 4 nN on average, was comparable to previously reported data of the traction force generated by adherent cells at single adhesion sites to keep cell integrity. The Young's modulus of the isolated actin bundle was estimated to be approximately 300 kPa from the tensile tests together with evaluation of average diameter of the isolated actin bundle based on transmission electron microscopy. These data will contribute to better understanding of intracellular stress transmission mechanism in ECs.

Actins↗
PubMed1988

Type A Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome obscured by left bundle branch block associated with a vascular malformation of the coronary sinus.

A case of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome type A with coexisting ipsilateral bundle branch block is presented. The diagnosis was suspected because of subtle electrocardiographic changes and was confirmed at electrophysiological study. Necropsy showed a vascular anomaly of the coronary sinus that contained bundles of myocardial muscle which crossed the atrioventricular ring at a site that was consistent with the predicted accessory pathway.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Tissue engineering skin flaps: which vascular carrier, arteriovenous shunt loop or arteriovenous bundle, has more potential for angiogenesis and tissue generation?

This study was designed to clarify which vascular carrier, the arteriovenous shunt loop or the arteriovenous bundle, has more potential as a vascular carrier for an artificial skin flap in rats. An arteriovenous shunt loop was constructed between the femoral artery and vein using an interpositional artery (group I) or vein (group II) graft. For arteriovenous bundle groups, the femoral artery and vein were used and subdivided into two groups: distal ligation type (group III) and flow-through type (group IV). The vascular pedicle was wrapped with an artificial dermis and implanted beneath the inguinal skin for 4 weeks. For the control group, a folded sheet of artificial dermis without any vascular carrier was embedded. In experiment 1, the volumes of generated tissue within the artificial dermis were measured in the experimental and control groups (n = 5 in each group). In experiment 2, the origin of new blood vessels sprouting from the arteriovenous shunt loop and arteriovenous bundle were evaluated histologically. The volume of generated tissue in the shunt groups was significantly greater than that in the bundle groups (p < 0.01). However, the bundle groups also showed a great potential for producing new tissue. Serial histological studies showed that new capillaries were derived not only from the vasa vasorum of the femoral vessels but directly from the femoral vein in both the shunt and the bundle groups. This "sprouting" was extensively exhibited in the group III. Although the arteriovenous shunt loop showed a greater potential for producing new tissue and capillaries, the distal ligation type of bundle was thought to be an effective and practical vascular carrier for producing a tissue-engineered skin flap.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1987

Vascular leiomyoma in the hand.

Two patients with vascular leiomyomas of the hand are reported. These lesions are probably not as rare as the literature suggests. There are three pathologic types--solid, cavernous, and venous type tumors. All are composed of smooth muscle bundles surrounding vascular channels.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Development of dermal connective tissue in human embryonic and fetal skin.

The primordial dermis begins as a cellular mesenchyme and transforms into a fibrous, sparsely cellular network. At six weeks gestation a fine meshwork of collagen fibrils underlies the dermal-epidermal junction and adheres to the dermal mesenchymal cell surfaces. With increasing gestational age, the amount of extracellular collagen matrix increases, fibrils associate into collagen fiber bundles, cells are spaced further apart and their elongated axes tend to orient parallel to the plane of the skin. The fine collagen meshwork persists throughout development at the dermal-epidermal junctions and ensheathes epidermal appendages as they extend into the dermis. A similar network encases developing vessels. The overall thickness of the dermis increases from 0.1 to 0.15 mm at 7 weeks to greater that 0.7 mm at 20 weeks. By 16 weeks gestation the epidermal appendages extend deeply into the dermis and the dermis is organized into two regions: an upper, finely fibrillar papillary region and a deep reticular region that contains larger collagen fiber bundles. A vascular plexus separates the dermis from the hypodermis. The dermis of the 20-week fetus is adult-like in overall appearance, although it is still smaller in total thickness and size of collagen fibrils and fiber bundles than in the newborn skin.

Connective Tissue↗