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At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

MIC mitigation in a 100 MW district heating peak load unit.

During inspection of AISI316 stainless steel plate heat exchangers in a district heating peak load unit, localised corrosion attacks along with indications of microbiological activity were found on the boiler side beneath patches of sturdy black deposits. Bacteria and sulphide were detected within black deposits. Thorough investigation of the boiler system revealed several incidents of localised corrosion on low alloy steel along with deposits of organic matter and bacteria primarily in places with stagnant water or places operating at a low flow rate. A relatively large amount of bacteria was detected within the system, primarily in deposits and around corrosion sites. The observations suggested the combination of deposits and bacterial activity, being the major reason for the observed corrosion. Prior to the investigation, the boiler system had operated with cat-/anion-exchanged, de-aerated water for 3 years, during which the water fulfilled strict chemical limits set to minimise corrosion. Based on these findings, the system has been modified in order to minimise the risk of microbiologically influenced corrosion and a monitoring program for fouling and corrosion has been established.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2003

[CH4 and N2O emissions from phaeozem rice field and their mitigative measures].

Determinations on the CH4 and N2O emissions from phaeozem rice field showed that their emission amount in rice growing season was much lower than any other regions in China. There was trade-off relationship between CH4 and N2O emissions(r = -0.513, P < 0.05). Under the same fertilization, compared with continual irrigation, intermittent irrigation could reduce significantly CH4 emission and increase N2O emission, but the overall warming potential of greenhouse effect was reduced greatly, while rice yield was not affected. Therefore, intermittent irrigation was an effective irrigation measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from rice field. In addition, investigations on CH4 and N2O emissions and their related microbial process showed a positive relation between methanogens number and CH4 emission(R2 = 0.82, P < 0.05), and the important relationship between the numbers of nitrifiers and denitrifiers and N2O emissions.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2004

Allopurinol mitigates muscle contractile dysfunction caused by hindlimb unloading in mice.

INTRODUCTION: Prolonged mechanical unloading induces skeletal muscle weakness, a major problem following extended bed rest or spaceflight. Antioxidants are reported to partially inhibit the weakness caused by limb immobilization. The current study tested allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor with antioxidant properties, for its capacity to protect the function of unloaded antigravity muscles. METHODS: Adult mice conditioned by 12 d of hindlimb suspension, with or without allopurinol 50 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), were compared with freely ambulating controls. Animals were anesthetized and soleus muscles were isolated for ex vivo analyses. RESULTS: Relative to control muscles, unloading decreased soleus weight (-44%; p < 0.05) and cross-sectional area (-38%; p < 0.05), increased cytosolic oxidant activity (-46%; p < 0.01), decreased absolute tetanic force (e.g., -64% at 250 Hz; p < 0.001 ) and force/area (-35%; p < 0.01), and increased passive compliance of the unstimulated muscle (p < 0.05). Allopurinol administration blunted the effects of unloading, partially inhibiting losses of absolute force (p < 0.05) and force/area (p < 0.05) without affecting muscle atrophy. The drug also blunted compliance changes in the passive muscle (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION: Allopurinol does not inhibit atrophy of skeletal muscle caused by prolonged unloading. However, allopurinol does lessen the contractile dysfunction caused by unloading, an action that may have potential benefit for astronauts and bedridden individuals.

Allopurinol↗
PubMed2004

Role of Arogh, a polyherbal formulation to mitigate oxidative stress in experimental myocardial infarction.

Antioxidant role of Arogh in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats has been studied. The activity of heart tissue antioxidants like glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-s-transferase were significantly decreased in isoproterenol administered group. The activity of ceruloplasmin and levels of glutathione, vitamins E and C were also found to be substantially decreased in serum with a concomitant rise in lipid peroxide levels after isoproterenol exposure to rats. The synergistic effect of Arogh pretreatment, significantly suppressed the alterations induced by isoproterenol alone in rats.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2004

Two rare novel polymorphisms in the D8S1179 and D13S317 markers and method to mitigate their impact on human identification.

AIM: Two rare polymorphisms were identified at the primer annealing sites of the short tandem repeat (STR) loci D8S1179 and D13S317 for a commercial multiplex STR system commonly used for human identification. These polymorphisms resulted in weak amplification from the affected alleles. Therefore, alternative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) thermal cycling conditions were developed that promoted more even signal amplitudes from these alleles by employing reduced annealing temperatures. METHODS: Genomic DNA was isolated from bloodstains on FTA paper or cotton cloth. Multiplex genotyping was performed using commercially available reagents. DNA sequences of the affected alleles were determined by using automated instruments. In separate experiments, 96 genetically diverse samples were sequenced to identify polymorphisms surrounding D8S1179 and D13S317. RESULTS: Sequencing the two STR loci, D8S1179 and D13S317, from heterozygous samples that displayed disproportionate signals between alleles revealed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in each locus that was coincident with the primer annealing sites. Adjusting the primer annealing temperature during the PCR effectively eliminated the amplification bias between alleles due to the mismatched base and improved data quality. No additional polymorphisms were detected at these loci from sequencing 96 genetically diverse samples. CONCLUSION: The technique reported here benefits forensic science practitioners who encounter severe imbalance of heterozygous peaks. This approach is very cost effective, can be used in high-throughput situations, and consumes minimal sample. Finally, understanding polymorphisms at STRs employed for human identification should assist the development of improved reagents to interrogate these loci.

Alleles↗
PubMed2004

Child trauma, attachment and biofeedback mitigation.

The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between the quality of attachment in early infancy and the effects of child trauma, as well as to introduce some innovative therapeutic approaches. For this reason, a group of 10 children manifesting post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), diagnosed by ICD-10, was selected. The mean age of the patients was 9 +/- 3.05 years, from both sexes (girls 3, boys 7). Mothers and children were examined by a battery of psychometric instruments Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), and State Anxiety Inventory (STAI). In addition to the classical psychotherapeutic methods (supportive, behaviour and play therapy), the multimodal computerised biofeedback technique was introduced for both assessment and therapy. The results for the children showed a high level of anxiety and stress, somatisation and behavioural problems (aggressivity, impulsivity, non-obedience, and nightmares), complemented by hypersensitive and depressive mothers and miss-attachment in the early period of infancy. Consequently, the explanation of the early predisposition to PTSD was related to be the non-developed Right Orbitofrontal Cortex-ROFC. The latter resulted from insecure attachment confirmed in all the children examined. The therapeutic results obtained with biofeedback techniques are very encouraging.

Biofeedback, Psychology↗
PubMed2005

Mitigating effect of Department of Veterans Affairs disability benefits for post-traumatic stress disorder on low income.

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to assess the impact of Veterans Affairs (VA) disability benefits for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on veterans' odds of poverty. Women and African American veterans were of special interest, because they are less likely than other groups to receive PTSD disability benefits. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 4,918 veterans who applied for VA disability benefits for PTSD between 1994 and 1998 was performed. Responses were linked to administrative data. RESULTS: Overall, 42% reported low income (defined as household income less than or equal to 20,000 dollars per year). Men's and women's odds of reporting poverty were similar, but receipt of PTSD disability benefits mediated African American veterans' odds of poverty. Veterans' odds of impoverishment were reduced considerably if they received VA PTSD disability benefits and identified themselves as disabled. CONCLUSIONS: VA disability benefits for PTSD reduced odds of impoverishment for psychiatrically ill veterans. This effect appeared to be especially important for African American veterans and for veterans self-identifying as disabled.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Mitigation effect of several controlled-release N fertilizers on ammonia volatilization and related affecting factors].

By using static absorption and soil column leaching methods, this paper studied the behaviors of several controlled-release N fertilizers in soil under laboratory conditions. The results showed that under the application rate of 450 mg x kg(-1), total ammonia volatilization from three controlled-release fertilizers decreased by 49.7%, 28.0% and 71.2%, respectively, in comparing with common urea. When the application rate was 600 mg x kg(-1), total ammonia volatilization decreased by 34.6%, 12.3%, 69.9%, respectively. Controlled-release fertilizers could markedly reduce total ammonia volatilization from soil and decrease environment pollution via fertilization. The results also indicated that total ammonia volatilization correlated significantly with soil urease activity, pH value and N leaching rate. The correlation coefficient between total ammonia volatilization and accumulated N leaching rate was 0.9533, and that between total ammonia volatilization and soil urease activity and pH value was 0.9533 and 0.9908, respectively.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2004

Contaminants in drinking water and its mitigation using suitable adsorbents: an overview.

Various options are applicable for the removal of water pollutants included reverse osmosis, ion exchange, coagulation, co-precipitation, catalytic reduction, herbal filtration, electrodialysis and adsorption. This paper deals with the sorption phenomena for the removal of pollutants from drinking water. Attempts have been made to use low cost sorbents developed by pretreatment/activation/impregnation with alkalis, acids, iron oxide, manganese dioxide, ferric chloride, alum, lime, aluminum salts with natural products/indigenous minerals viz. activated alumina, activated carbon, groundnut husk, saw dust, chemically coated sand, fly ash, zeolites, clay minerals and other plant products. Application of Freundich and Langmuir isotherms were used to assess the adsorption capacity. Equilibrium isotherms were determined at optimum temperature and pH to characterize the sorption process. Statistical parameters such as mass transfer coefficients, multiple regression analysis were applied to establish the mechanism. It is suggested that the characterization of suitable, and exhausted sorbent through the application of fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is essential to establish its surface bonding. Scope for safety evaluation and risk assessment to human and biosphere may provide the guideline and predication to the regulatory agencies for its sustainable use and safe disposal The ecotoxicological assessment of the leachates and low cost removal technology are discussed in this paper.

Adsorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A dual inhibitor of TNF-alpha and IL-1 mitigates liver and kidney dysfunction and improves survival in rat endotoxemia.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endotoxin shock induces multiple organ dysfunction syndromes that are associated with a substantial increase in mortality. In this study, we evaluated the effect of FR167653, a potent suppressant of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) production, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver and kidney injury and lethality in rats. METHODOLOGY: Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing from 200 to 270g received an injection of LPS. The FR group received an infusion of FR167653 at 0.2 mg/kg/hr, commencing 30 min prior to the LPS injection and continuing for 5.5 hr, while the control group received an infusion of a vehicle in the same fashion. Separate groups of animals were used for the survival study (n=5 each), and for blood sampling (n=5 each group, each time point). RESULTS: The FR group showed a significantly better survival rate'than the control group. Serum levels of GOT, Cr, and BUN were significantly lower in the FR group than in the control group. The elevation of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta at 2 hr after LPS administration was significantly lower in the FR group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: FR167653 administration is effective in decreasing serum TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels and associated injury to liver and kidney caused by LPS-induced endotoxemia, as well as decreasing mortality.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The precautionary principle and international conflict over domestic regulation: mitigating uncertainty and improving adaptive capacity.

Disputes over invocation of precaution in the presence of uncertainty are building. This essay finds: (1) analysis of past WTO panel decisions and current EU-US regulatory conflicts suggests that appeals to scientific risk assessment will not resolve emerging conflicts; (2) Bayesian updating strategies, with commitments to modify policies as information emerges, may ameliorate conflicts over precaution in environmental and security affairs.

Commerce↗
PubMed2005

John N. Crouse--crusader and mitigator.

During the last part of the nineteenth century, John N. Crouse fought hard to defeat the process patents of the International Tooth Crown Company. Prior to that time he engaged in a lucrative dental practice, was a President of the American Dental Association and was a highly respected dentist in Chicago. In the midst of his fight against the International Tooth Crown Company, Crouse organized a dental supply business and a dental journal. After the defeat of the Tooth Crown Company's patents, in an interesting turn of events, Crouse appeared to form an alliance with a party who formed another threat to the dental profession by foisting his patents on it. This article traces the life of a noteworthy man who could rightly be placed among the most important figures in American dentistry.

Dental Prosthesis↗
PubMed2006

[Roles of forest management in global carbon dioxide mitigation].

This paper summarized the roles of current forest management measures, e. g., reducing deforestation rate, increasing afforestation and reforestation, strengthening the management of nutrient fertilization, fire hazard, and disease and pest injury, and substituting fossils fuels with charcoal, in global carbon dioxide migration, and analyzed the advantage and insufficiency of China's forest management. The authors indicated that the current forest ecosystems in China, mainly their vegetation carbon pool, played a smaller role of carbon sink in global carbon cycle, and thus, it was important to strengthen the tending of newly cultivated plantation and the management of fire hazard and disease and pest injury, and to increase the carbon sequestration of our forests.

Atmosphere↗