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PubMed1996

Influence of dietary protein, fat, and fiber on growth, blood chemistry, and tumor incidences in Fischer 344 rats.

Composition of diets may influence growth, diseases, tumor rates, and responses to chemical treatment. For two years, Fischer 344 rats were fed the NIH-07 open-formula nonpurified diet (approximately 23% protein, approximately 5% fat, and approximately 3.5% fiber) and nonpurified experimental diets (NTP-90, NTP-91, and NTP-92) containing lower protein and higher fat and fiber (14.6-15.3% protein, 7.2-8.5% fat, and 9.4-14% fiber) than the NIH-07 diet. Rats were evaluated for growth patterns, survival, hematology, serum chemistry, nephropathy, and tumor incidences. Growth patterns were similar in rats fed the experimental diets and in those fed the NIH-07 diet. However, in rats fed the experimental diets, the adult body weights were significantly (6-9%) lower and the survival at 110 weeks of age was significantly higher (15-20%) than in rats fed the NIH-07 diet. Lower protein content of experimental diets decreased the severity of nephropathy. Higher fat content of experimental diets appears to have decreased the incidence or delayed the development of leukemia and associated mortality in males. Higher fiber content of experimental diets appears to have delayed the development of mammary tumors and associated mortality in females. Higher fat and/or fiber of the experimental diets decreased the incidence of pheochromocytomas in males. The lower protein and higher fat and fiber contents of the experimental diets decreased the spontaneous tumor burden in two-year studies. These studies indicate that diets for rats in long-term studies could be modified to decrease the severity of nephropathy and to decrease/delay the development of spontaneous tumors.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Implementing organizational changes to promote healthful diet and physical activity at school.

Diet and physical activity patterns appear to be learned at early ages, suggesting the need for school-based intervention. The potential of schools to improve children's diet and physical activity has been offset by countervailing school environments. In the first year of the "Go For Health" health promotion project, organizational change innovations were implemented to facilitate changes in school lunch, physical education, and classroom health education in support of healthful student diet and physical activity. At first follow-up after one year of intervention, the amount of sodium in selected foods served in school lunch was reduced from baseline (1985) to year one (1986) in the experimental schools by 29 and 33%, respectively, and fat was reduced by 28 and 42%, respectively. At first follow-up, students in the experimental schools participated in fitness activities 44.1 and 38.0% of the time, compared with 19.5 and 22.7% in the control schools.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Diet-induced changes in selected clinical chemistry parameters in M. fascicularis.

Thirty-six male M. fascicularis monkeys were fed a basal diet (180 g/day, 24% protein, 38% carbohydrate and 20% fat) for a period of 17 months. At that time, the animals were divided into two groups. One group (6 animals) continued on the basal diet (BASAL group), while the others (30 animals) received an atherogenic diet (ATHER group) containing 4.08 g/kg cholesterol. Blood samples were drawn for clinical chemistry analyses. Serum cholesterol rose dramatically in the ATHER group, an average increase of 350 mg/dl over basal-diet values after two weeks on the atherogenic diet. Serum triglycerides followed the same pattern. HDL-cholesterol in the atherogenic-diet group decreased sharply. These animals also had slightly elevated BUN, uric acid and SGOT levels. Skin lipid xanthomas were also observed in the ATHER group, but were absent in animals fed the basal diet. Body weight among all animals remained relatively constant. Minimal changes in clinical chemistry values other than those noted above are evidence of the low physiological stress placed on the animals by this dietary regimen.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Behavioral treatment of hyperlipidemia: techniques, results, and future directions.

The present review examines the role of several target behaviors in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, including diet, exercise, cigarette smoking, Type A pattern, and medication adherence. Modification of the typical American diet (high in cholesterol, fat, and sodium) is emphasized in the treatment of hyperlipidemia since a multitude of laboratory, clinical, and epidemiological studies have shown that diet plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of this condition and an increase in coronary risk. Factors affecting patient compliance such as health beliefs and family support are discussed in terms of their impact on behavior change efforts aimed at reducing plasma lipids through dietary and drug regimens. Intervention studies are reviewed in the behavioral treatment of hyperlipidemia. These programs have focused on diet modification, exercise, and medication adherence to reduce plasma lipids and coronary risk. The role of other target behaviors (i.e., Type A pattern and smoking) is explored not only in determining coronary risk but also in terms of their direct impact on plasma lipids. Further research is necessary to clarify the relationship between these target behaviors and plasma lipid levels and to investigate the effects of innovative family- and group-based intervention procedures in promoting and maintaining habit change related to coronary risk reduction.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1985

Aflatoxin B1 alters protein phosphorylation in rat livers.

A study was conducted on the effect of aflatoxin B1 on protein phosphorylation in rat livers by incubation of soluble and insoluble cell fractions with [gamma 32P] ATP. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that a total of eight rat liver phosphoproteins were affected during a feeding period of 36 weeks on a carcinogenic aflatoxin B1-containing diet compared to the phosphoprotein patterns obtained from the livers of rats on a normal noncarcinogenic diet. The appearance of only two of these phosphoproteins were cAMP dependent. DEAE-cellulose chromatography employed to separate the different histone kinase activities in soluble rat liver cell fractions, showed that the specific activity of histone kinase I activity was increased but its total activity decreased while the histone kinase II activity stayed unchanged for rats submitted to the aflatoxin B1-containing diet compared to those on the normal noncarcinogenic diet.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed2004

Nutriproteomics: identifying the molecular targets of nutritive and non-nutritive components of the diet.

The study of whole patterns of changes in protein expression and their modifications, or proteomics, presents both technological advances as well as formidable challenges to biological researchers. Nutrition research and the food sciences in general will be strongly influenced by the new knowledge generated by the proteomics approach. This review examines the different aspects of proteomics technologies, while emphasizing the value of consideration of "traditional" aspects of protein separation. These include the choice of the cell, the subcellular fraction, and the isolation and purification of the relevant protein fraction (if known) by protein chromatographic procedures. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of proteins and their peptides formed by proteolytic hydrolysis have been substantially enhanced by the development of mass spectrometry technologies in combination with nanoscale fluidics analysis. These are described, as are the pros and cons of each method in current use.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Low and very low calorie diets.

Low and very low calorie diets may be useful for the initial treatment of obesity, but long-term weight loss requires life-style changes in eating and activity patterns. Very low calorie diets cause rapid weight loss and improvement of complications of obesity, but the possibility of severe complications mandates careful selection and close supervision by a health professional team.

Diet, Reducing↗
PubMed1997

Healthy traditional Mediterranean diet: an expression of culture, history, and lifestyle.

The term Mediterranean diet refers to dietary patterns found in olive-growing areas of the Mediterranean region and described in the 1960s and beyond. There are several variants of the Mediterranean diet, but some common components can be identified: high monounsaturated/saturated fat ratio; ethanol consumption at moderate levels and mainly in the form of wine; high consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes, and grains; moderate consumption of milk and dairy products, mostly in the form of cheese; and low consumption of meat and meat products. Growing evidence demonstrates that the Mediterranean diet is beneficial to health; the evidence is stronger for coronary heart disease, but it also applies to some forms of cancer. Results from recent investigations provide a strong biomedical foundation for the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed2006

The comparative effects of sevoflurane versus isoflurane on cerebrovascular carbon dioxide reactivity in patients with diabetes mellitus.

The use of volatile anesthetics has been reported to alter cerebrovascular carbon dioxide (CO2) reactivity. We examined the comparative effects of sevoflurane versus isoflurane on cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity in 40 patients with diabetes mellitus. Anesthesia was maintained with either 1.0 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration of sevoflurane or 1.0 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration of isoflurane in 33% oxygen and 67% nitrous oxide. A 2.5-MHz pulsed transcranial Doppler probe was attached to the patient's head at the right temporal window for continuous measurement of mean blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery. After establishing baseline middle cerebral artery velocity values and cardiovascular hemodynamics, we increased end-tidal CO2 by decreasing ventilatory frequency by 2-5 breaths/min and repeated the measurements. These were then used to calculate absolute and relative CO2 reactivity. Absolute CO2 reactivity was less in insulin-treated patients with either sevoflurane or isoflurane compared with those patients on oral antidiabetic drugs or dietary therapy (sevoflurane group: diet = 2.6 +/- 0.6; oral antidiabetic drug = 2.5 +/- 0.8; insulin = 1.6 +/- 0.8*; isoflurane group: diet = 3.3 +/- i0.7; oral antidiabetic drug = 3.4 +/- 0.7; insulin = 1.9 +/- 0.7* cm.s(-1).mm Hg(-1); *P < 0.05, respectively). Relative CO2 reactivity showed a similar pattern in the diet-controlled and oral antidiabetic groups, absolute and relative CO2 reactivities were lower with sevoflurane versus isoflurane. Hence, we conclude that cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity in insulin-dependent patients is impaired under both sevoflurane and isoflurane anesthesia.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Selection of appropriate exercise regimens for weight reduction during VLCD and maintenance.

Body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and physical work capacity (aerobic capacity) were measured in four groups of 10 overweight women during 8 weeks of VLCD (405 kcal/day (42 g protein] followed by 8 weeks of 1500 kcal/day maintenance with two additional non dieting groups as controls. Five groups, i.e. two control groups plus three dieting groups, undertook exercise in bicycle ergometry (aerobic) or isotonic resistance or 8 week ergometry followed by 8 week resistance. Weight loss and body composition patterns were similar in diet and diet and exercise groups but efficiency of residual FFM in isotonic resistance groups improved significantly (P less than 0.05). Strength gains/kg body weight significantly improved (P less than 0.05) in the isotonic and dieting group. We conclude that exercise with VLCD is beneficial particularly isotonic resistance training, in improving muscular efficiency and RMR/lean.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Breed differences in nutritionally induced hyperlipoproteinemia in the rabbit.

The influence of a high-fat, cholesterol-free diet on the lipoprotein pattern is compared in New Zealand hyperresponder and Fauve de Bourgogne hyporesponder rabbits. Quantitative as well as qualitative differences were observed. The high-fat diet induces an increase in both LDL and HDL in the Fauve de Bourgogne, the ratio VLDL + LDL/HDL cholesterol being unchanged. By contrast, New Zealand rabbits present a greater increase in plasma cholesterol which is mainly transported by the VLDL and the LDL. Consequently the proportion of HDL cholesterol is markedly decreased. The breed difference in response to the diet is also noted in lipoproteins composition since only New Zealand rabbits show abnormal VLDL. These results are discussed in terms of differences in susceptibility to experimental atherosclerosis reported between the two strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Validation of diet composition for the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension trial. DASH Collaborative Research Group.

The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension trial involved 4 clinical sites at which 459 participants (in 5 cohorts) were fed 3 dietary patterns over 11 weeks per cohort. The 3 patterns were a control diet, a fruits and vegetables diet, and a combination diet. Before the intervention, key nutrient levels in each diet were validated at 2 energy levels (2,100 and 3,100 kcal) by chemical analysis of the prepared menus. During intervention, diets were sampled across all cohorts, sites, and energy levels, and 7-day menu cycle composites were assayed. In general, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the validated menus for each diet/energy level met the nutrient targets, though moderate variability was evident among individual menus, particularly for potassium, calcium, and magnesium. However, as intended, there was clear separation and no overlap in mineral levels in individual menus of diets that were designed to differ. During intervention, macronutrient contents met nutrient goals. Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the diets generally met target levels, though potassium in the fruits and vegetables diet was 11% to 23% below target. There were no consistent differences in nutrient levels between sites. The mean nutrient levels in the validated menus and diets sampled during intervention were in excellent agreement with each other, though sodium was somewhat higher (approximately 6%) in the diets from intervention vs validation. These results indicate the success of the quality control measures implemented and suggested consistent overall diet composition throughout the 28 months during which the study was conducted.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Conditioned visual flight orientation in Drosophila: dependence on age, practice, and diet.

Orientation preferences for visual patterns can be conditioned in tethered flies (Drosophila melanogaster) at the flight simulator. In a reversal conditioning procedure using heat as reinforcement, flies can be trained to successively prefer different flight orientations with respect to the patterns. As in many learning paradigms, conditioned responses are highly variable. Although during training most flies reliably avoid the heat and the corresponding flight orientations, in subsequent learning tests without heat some show no consistent preference for the permissive orientations. We have started to investigate the interindividual differences in learning performance and describe here three significant variables: the age of the animals, their experience in the flight simulator prior to the experiment, and the composition of the fly food. Flies learn more reliably at 3-4 days than at 1-2 days of age but learning indices do not increase further in even older flies. Learning is improved if flies are allowed to become familiar with the flight simulator before the start of the conditioning procedure. Most important, poor nutrition causes complete amnesia within three or four generations. The reverse shift from poor to nutritious food restores learning ability with an even longer delay.

Aging↗
PubMed1984

Diabetes mellitus in sand rats (Psammomys obesus). Metabolic pattern during development of the diabetic syndrome.

It has been reported that sand rats, naturally feeding on low-caloric-value plants containing a high concentration of salt, become obese and develop hyperglycemia when fed on a standard laboratory diet. The aim of this study was to examine the long-term effects of a synthetic-chow diet on the metabolic pattern of the diabetic syndrome in a large group of sand rats. While a few animals had a fulminant reaction with markedly decreased glucose tolerance, low plasma insulin levels, and death within 3-4 wk, most sand rats developed obesity and elevated plasma insulin levels. From the third month and forward, 40% of sand rats presented with a diabetic syndrome with hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, markedly decreased glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance. This diabetic syndrome can be compared with maturity-onset (type II) diabetes. When this synthetic-chow diet was given for more than 6 mo, the majority of animals lost considerable weight and showed a major depletion of fat stores. Serum immunoreactive insulin levels fell, while blood glucose rose to above 500 mg/dl with glycosuria and ketonuria. The elevated triglyceride content of plasma and the lipid deposits in the liver were greatly augmented, and no glycogen was present. Animals developed frank insulin-dependent diabetes, and diabetic animals not treated with insulin died in diabetic coma with presumed ketoacidosis. The disease was essentially confined to sand rats showing abnormal glucose tolerance, even before eating laboratory chow. This observation suggests a genetic factor. Thus, the sand rat appears to be a potentially interesting model for investigation of both maturity-onset and insulin-dependent diabetes.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

Wine intake and diet in a random sample of 48763 Danish men and women.

BACKGROUND: Variation in diet associated with drinking patterns may explain why wine seems to reduce ischemic heart disease mortality. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to study the association between intake of different alcoholic beverages and selected indicators of a healthy diet. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark, from 1995 to 1997, and included 23 284 men and 25 479 women aged 50-64 y. The main outcome measures were groups of selected foods that were indicators of a healthy dietary pattern. RESULTS: Wine, as compared with other alcoholic drinks, was associated with a higher intake of fruit, fish, cooked vegetables, salad, and the use of olive oil for cooking in both men and women. Men who preferred beer and spirits had odds ratios of 0.42 (95% CI: 0.39, 0.45) and 0.51 (95% CI: 0.43, 0.60), respectively, for a high intake of salad compared with those who preferred wine. Higher wine intake was associated with a higher intake of healthy food items compared with intake of < or = 2.5 glasses of wine/mo; odds ratios for drinkers of between 30 and 135 glasses of wine/mo for all the chosen indicators of healthy diet varied between 1.23 and 4.20, and were all strongly significant. CONCLUSION: Wine drinking is associated with an intake of a healthy diet. This finding may have implications for the interpretation of previous reports of the relation between type of alcoholic beverage and mortality.

Beer↗
PubMed2006

The effects of diet on inflammation: emphasis on the metabolic syndrome.

Reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease with diet is possible. The main dietary strategies include adequate omega-3 fatty acids intake, reduction of saturated and trans-fats, and consumption of a diet high in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and whole grains and low in refined grains. Each of these strategies may be associated with lower generation of inflammation. This review examines the epidemiologic and clinical evidence concerning diet and inflammation. Dietary patterns high in refined starches, sugar, and saturated and trans-fatty acids, poor in natural antioxidants and fiber from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and poor in omega-3 fatty acids may cause an activation of the innate immune system, most likely by an excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines associated with a reduced production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. The whole diet approach seems particularly promising to reduce the inflammation associated with the metabolic syndrome. The choice of healthy sources of carbohydrate, fat, and protein, associated with regular physical activity and avoidance of smoking, is critical to fighting the war against chronic disease. Western dietary patterns warm up inflammation, while prudent dietary patterns cool it down.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2004

DNA methylation and male infertility.

Male infertility is one of the biggest concerns of today's health care community. In the US and other developed countries, approximately 70% of infertility among couples is attributed to male reproductive failure. Alterations in reproductive organ development and sperm production have been listed as the major causes of this phenomenon. Sex determination and differentiation, X chromosome inactivation, gene imprinting and normal germ cell development are important biological processes that, in turn, control mammalian reproduction. Specific patterns of gene expression and repression are important in such processes. The strong correlation between DNA methylation, a major epigenetic modification of the genome, and gene expression patterns is well documented. The effects of DNA methylation on the expression of genes affecting male reproductive organ development, spermatogenesis, and male sexual behavior have been reported, suggesting that alterations in DNA methylation could induce abnormal male sexual development and reproductive performance. Inheritance of epigenetic processes and changes in DNA methylation patterns induced by certain diets have been demonstrated in recent years. However, the effects of DNA methylation on male fertility have not been well studied. Since inherited altered DNA methylation patterns could be a cause of increased susceptibility to xenobiotics or abnormal phenotype in future generations, multigenerational studies oriented to determine the effects of xenobiotics affecting DNA methylation in male fertility are recommended.

DNA Methylation↗
PubMed1974

Dietary-induced hypertrophic--hyperplastic obesity in mice.

Metabolically intact NMRI mice and genetically obese NZO mice were fed ad lib. either a high-carbohydrate diet (standard) or a high-fat diet for a period of about 11 (NMRI mice) or 38 (NZO mice) wk. In both strains of mice, body weight increased more in the groups fed the high-fat diet. However, caloric intake by NMRI mice fed the high-fat diet was less than that of the controls. In NMRI mice fed the high-fat diet, epididymal and subcutaneous fat cell volumes increased; when these mice were fed the standard diet, only epididymal fat cell volume increased. Epididymal and subcutaneous fat cell numbers increased only in the group fed the high-fat diet. In NMRI mice fed either diet, the postprandial blood glucose was lower in older animals, but plasma insulin remained unchanged. The glucose tolerance deteriorated insignificantly. In NZO mice fed either diet, epididymal fat cell volumes and fat cell numbers increased. In this strain of mice the postprandial blood glucose and plasma insulin exhibited the strain-specific pattern, independent of the diet. In older animals fed either diet the glucose tolerance decreased.

Adipose Tissue↗