Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “brain structure”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging of limbic and thalamic volumes in pediatric bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND: Youths with bipolar disorder are ideal for studying illness pathophysiology given their early presentation, lack of extended treatment, and high genetic loading. Adult bipolar disorder MRI studies have focused increasingly on limbic structures and the thalamus because of their role in mood and cognition. On the basis of adult studies, the authors hypothesized a priori that youths with bipolar disorder would have amygdalar, hippocampal, and thalamic volume abnormalities. METHOD: Forty-three youths 6-16 years of age with DSM-IV bipolar disorder (23 male, 20 female) and 20 healthy comparison subjects (12 male, eight female) similar in age and sex underwent structured and clinical interviews, neurological examination, and cognitive testing. Differences in limbic and thalamic brain volumes, on the logarithmic scale, were tested using a two-way (diagnosis and sex) univariate analysis of variance, with total cerebral volume and age controlled. RESULTS: The subjects with bipolar disorder had smaller hippocampal volumes. Further analysis revealed that this effect was driven predominantly by the female bipolar disorder subjects. In addition, both male and female youths with bipolar disorder had significantly smaller cerebral volumes. No significant hemispheric effects were seen. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the hypothesis that the limbic system, in particular the hippocampus, may be involved in the pathophysiology of pediatric bipolar disorder. While this report may represent the largest MRI study of pediatric bipolar disorder to date, more work is needed to confirm these findings and to determine if they are unique to pediatric bipolar disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Dmbx1 is a paired-box containing gene specifically expressed in the caudal most brain structures.

Homeobox genes encode a particular class of transcription factors that are involved in several different developmental processes such as specification of regional identity, cell determination and proliferation. In particular, during early brain morphogenesis, they provide a genetic code, which generates single rhombomere identity in the hindbrain (Science 284 (1999) 2168) and interneurons specification in the ventral neural tube (Nat. Rev. Genet. 1 (2000) 20). We have isolated a paired homeobox containing gene, which has been recently named Dmbx1 (Mech. Dev. 110 (2002) 241). Dmbx1 protein can be listed into the paired-like class, due to the highest homology in its homeodomain, with several other members of this family. With the exception of olfactory neurons, Dmbx1 is expressed only in the developing central nervous system and in particular during early determination and successive differentiation of the midbrain and caudal diencephalon. Interestingly, Dmbx1 expression labels cerebellar granule progenitors at the onset of differentiation and spinal cord V0 interneurons.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1978

Regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism in different brain structures by cholinergic and adrenergic drugs.

The influence of cholinergic and dopaminergic drugs has been studied on the metabolism of GABA by measuring the levels of GABA and glutamate and the activity of glutamic acid decarbosylase and GABA-aminotransferase in mouse and rat brain and in some rat brain regions. Muscarinic agonists (oxotremorine, arecoline) induce a rapid decrease of GABA level and an increase of its destruction, indicative of an increased activity of GABA synapses in basal ganglia and brain stem. Minor changes in GABA metabolism are observed in cerebral cortex and cerebellum. On the other hand, hemicholinium-3 and the muscarinic antagonist amizyle reduce the activity of GABA structures. Amizyle also abolishes the influence of muscarinic drugs on GABA metabolism. Most dopaminergic drugs (apomorphine, L-DOPA, CB-154, fusaric acid, 6-hydroxydopamine, haloperidol) fail to influence GABA metabolism in whole brain and in basal ganglia. However, amantadine decreases GABA metabolism and clozapine inhibits its destruction and increases its level (like aminooxyacetic acid). These data indicate that cholinergic neurons have a stimulant influence on the functional activity of GABA neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Plasticity of brain structure and function as the neurobiological principle of psychotherapy].

The currently most important forms of psychotherapy, these are behavioral therapy and psychoanalysis, are based on theories created around the turn of the century. During that time little was known on neurobiological aspects of brain plasticity, that is regarded here as prerequisition for any long lasting change in behavior, cognition and emotions and, thus, for all real psychotherapeutic effects. In the last decades, research of structural and functional plasticity has made dramatic progresses; this research may enhance our understanding of what is feasible and what can be achieved by the various forms of psychotherapy. After considering epistemiological problems, principles of cerebral information processing, brain plasticity and analogies between brain physiology and psychoanalytical theories are discussed. The article tries to bridge the gap between neurobiology and psychotherapy.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1984

Age-related and diurnal changes in Met5-Enk-Arg6-Phe7 and Met5-enkephalin contents of pituitary and rat brain structures.

The beta-endorphin, met5-enkephalin-arg6-phe7 (MEAP) and met5-enkephalin (ME) changes related to age and diurnal rhythms were studied in various regions of rat brain and in the pituitary by specific radioimmunoassays. The contents of MEAP, met5-enkephalin and beta-endorphin were higher in the pituitary of old rats (18 months old) than that of young rats (23 days old) while the content of these opioid peptides was higher in the hypothalamus of young rats than in that of old rats. Beta-endorphin was also higher in the striatum of 23 days old rats, but no age-associated changes were observed in the hippocampus, brain stem or cortex. In the diurnal rhythm study, it was found that in the hypothalamus and striatum of the adult rat (2-3 months old), both MEAP and ME contents were higher at mid-dark than at mid-light and that in the intermediate posterior lobe of the pituitary, the ME content was also higher at mid-dark.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Evidence from imaging on the relationship between brain structure and developmental language disorders.

This article discusses findings using various imaging techniques regarding the neurological underpinnings of developmental language and learning disorders. Evidence from magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, single photon emission spectroscopy, and positron emission tomography implicates the left perisylvian regions in the processing of phonemes and auditory information, as had been predicted from lesion data and from neurobiological theory. The areas of the planum temporale and angular gyrus have been found to be compromised in children and adults with dyslexia or language impairment. Emerging evidence suggests that these differences are also present in members of families with a history of developmental language disorders, which provides support for a transmittable, biological factor involved in such disorders. Dynamic imaging procedures are beginning to provide an understanding of the relationship between structure and function in normal and abnormal language acquisition.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An assessment of the manifestation of the functional connections between brain structures].

Responses of hypothalamic neurons to single (1/s, 20 impulses) stimulation of the prefrontal (area 8), cingulum (area 24), periamygdaloideus (RPA) cortex and hippocampus (field CA3) were studied on experimental cats anesthetized with ketamine. The routine elaborated for IBM PC/AT 386 provided: 1) selection of such neurone reaction with the latent period variation less than its length per the set value (5-20%); 2) selection of repeated neurone reactions with the same variability of latent periods from 20 cortical stimuli; 3) ranging of neurone reactions according to these indices. Quantitative estimation of the priority ranges made it possible to determine the profundity of the functional relations between the cerebral structures.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Effect of D,L-dopa on the content of protein antigens in rat brain structures].

Cross immunoelectrophoresis was used to study the effect of administering the noradrenaline precursor D,L-DOPA on the content of water-soluble antigens in the hypothalamus, cerebellum and frontal cortex of rats. The content of 3 out of the 10 antigens under study significantly increased in the hypothalamus and that of 2 in the cerebellum after intraperitoneal injection of D,L-DOPA. The content of these antigens was greater in the structures with a high noradrenaline level.

Animals↗