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PubMed2004

Transverse skeletal base adaptations with Bionator therapy: a pilot implant study.

The purpose of this randomized, controlled trial was to evaluate transverse skeletal base adaptations to Bionator therapy. The sample included 25 patients (15 male, 10 female) aged 6.9 to 11.2 years with Class II Division 1 malocclusion. The patients were randomly allocated to either a control (n = 11) or treatment (n = 14) group and followed longitudinally for approximately 12 months. Treatment consisted of a Bionator only, constructed to remain approximately 2 mm from the buccal dentition. Transverse maxillary and mandibular changes were evaluated cephalometrically according to 4 bilateral maxillary and 2 bilateral mandibular implants. Untreated Class II controls exhibited significant increases between posterior maxillary implants but no significant changes between the anterior maxillary or mandibular implants. There were no significant width differences between the control and treated groups before treatment. Posterior maxillary implant widths increased significantly (P < .05) in both groups, but the treated group showed significantly greater width increases than the control group. The treated group also showed greater increases between mandibular implants, but the differences were not statistically significant. These results suggest that transverse skeletal base adaptations occur as a result of Bionator therapy.

Activator Appliances↗
PubMed2000

Determination of average crystallite shape by X-ray diffraction and computational methods.

The objective of this work was to develop a method to estimate the average shape and habit of organic crystalline material using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), the single-crystal structure, and computational methods. It is proposed that the relative intensities of the peaks in an XRPD pattern from a sample exhibiting a "standard" preferred orientation correlates with the shape of the crystallites present. Models were developed to yield a quantitative "enhancement" factor for each face. The combined simple-forms morphology (CSM) of the material was then produced by indexing the observed faces and modifying the simulated Bravais-Friedel-Donnay-Harker (BFDH) morphology. The average shape of crystallites can be estimated from the CSM by multiplying each face by its enhancement factor. Acetaminophen crystals in two different habits and ibuprofen crystallized from toluene were used. The predicted shapes closely resembled the average shapes observed with microscopy. Results suggested the average shapes of the organic crystalline materials can be estimated by XRPD and the computational simulation. The current limitations are the need to "index" the faces, the size of the crystallites, and the unknown impact of a polydisperse size distribution on the calculation. The method must be used within the limits described; however, it is the only method found that may be adapted to large, more representative sample sizes. The determination of the average morphology is often a "bottle neck" in elucidating other important behaviors of large quantities of crystalline powders used in pharmaceutical development and processing.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1995

Child and maternal adaptation to cystic fibrosis and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: differential patterns across disease states.

Investigated the relationship between maternal and child emotional adaptation both across and within samples of children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Higher levels of maternal depression were associated with increased depression in children with IDDM. In addition, increased illness severity and greater length of time since diagnosis were related to increased depression in children with IDDM. Whereas maternal depression was related to decreased trait anxiety for children in the CF group, neither maternal anxiety or depression were associated with child depression or state anxiety. Empirical and clinical implications of a disease-specific approach to studying chronic disease in children are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Cortisol and behavior: 1. Adaptation of a radioimmunoassay kit for reliable and inexpensive salivary cortisol determination.

We adapted a commercial serum cortisol radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit for use with saliva specimen. Using 50 microliters sample volume, the lower sensitivity was found to be 0.02 microgram/dl with intraassay variation coefficients between 5.4 and 8.9% at different concentrations. The 50% intercept was either 0.5 or 0.26 microgram/dl (50 or 100 microliters standard/sample volume). Fifty-four early morning samples from healthy adults showed absolute concentrations which are closely comparable to respective data from other laboratories. A comparison of 35 saliva samples which were each assayed with the adapted RIA as well as with three other commercial kits revealed high correlations between these assays (r = .94 to r = .97). Data on salivary cortisol responses to CRH stimulation and dexamethasone suppression in healthy subjects further the validity of the assay results. The most important contribution of this assay modification, however, is thought to be its impact on analysis costs: The protocol presented in this paper allows for reliable salivary cortisol measures with a reduction of costs for analytical material to 25% compared to serum determinations.

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone↗
PubMed2001

Gene expression profiling using a novel method: amplified differential gene expression (ADGE).

Amplified differential gene expression (ADGE) is a novel technique, designed to profile gene expression of the whole transcriptome or to compare expression of a set of genes between two samples. ADGE employs hybridization to quadratically amplify the ratio of an expressed gene between control and tester samples before displaying. The subtle structures of adapters and primers are designed for displaying the amplified ratio of an expressed gene between two samples. Four selective nucleotides at the 3' end of primers are used to increase PCR efficiency for targeted molecules and to improve detection of PCR products. Double PCR with the same pair of primers expands the detection range, especially for genes of low abundance. Integration of these steps makes ADGE sensitive and accurate. Application to drug resistant human tumor cell lines showed that ADGE accurately profiled expression levels for induced, repressed or unchanged genes. The qualitative expression patterns for ADGE were verified with RT-PCR.

DNA Primers↗
PubMed1995

A solid-phase test using antiglobulin and enzyme-enhanced techniques for erythrocyte antibody screening during pregnancy.

We have modified previously described solid-phase tests for erythrocyte antibody screening to develop a method, suitable for antiglobulin- and enzyme-enhanced techniques (SPH-IAT and SPH-ENZ). In this study we compared the SPH tests with an autoanalyzer (AA) technique. The results were more specific with the SPH tests than with the AA. Of 4,234 unselected samples from pregnant women, screen-positive samples were reduced from 96 (2.27%) by the AA, to 56 (1.32%) by the SPH tests. This difference was due to the reduced number of false-positive reactions with the SPH tests, 0.47% compared to 1.44% with the AA. Antibodies detected by the AA and the SPH-IAT and -ENZ were: 9 Rh prophylaxis, 2 anti-c, 1 anti-K and anti-M, and 1 anti-Jka. Antibodies detected only by the SPH tests were 1 anti-K, 1 anti-Le(a) (SPH-IAT and -ENZ), 1 anti-M (SPH-IAT) and 4 anti-Jka (SPH-ENZ). One anti-C, 2 anti-D, 3 Rh prophylaxis and 1 anti-E were detected by the AA and the SPH-ENZ but failed to react by the SPH-IAT. One anti-Le(a) and 8 Rh prophylaxis antibodies were detected by AA only. All clinically important antibodies were detected by the SPH tests. We conclude that the SPH-IAT and SPH-ENZ are screening methods with high specificity that are readily adaptable to larger series of samples from pregnant women and suitable for automated handling throughout the screening and identification process.

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic↗
PubMed2001

Effect of contact stress in bones of the distal interphalangeal joint on microscopic changes in articular cartilage and ligaments.

OBJECTIVE: To examine articular cartilage of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint and distal sesamoidean impar ligament (DSIL) as well as the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) for adaptive responses to contact stress. SAMPLE POPULATION: Specimens from 21 horses. PROCEDURE: Pressure-sensitive film was inserted between articular surfaces of the DIP joint. The digit was subjected to a load. Finite element models (FEM) were developed from the data. The navicular bone, distal phalanx, and distal attachments of the DSIL and DDFT were examined histologically. RESULTS: Analysis of pressure-sensitive film revealed significant increases in contact area and contact load at dorsiflexion in the joints between the distal phalanx and navicular bone and between the middle phalanx and navicular bone. The FEM results revealed compressive and shear stresses. Histologic evaluation revealed loss of proteoglycans in articular cartilage from older horses (7 to 27 years old). Tidemark advancement (up to 14 tidemarks) was observed in articular cartilage between the distal phalanx and navicular bone in older clinically normal horses. In 2 horses with navicular syndrome, more tidemarks were evident. Clinically normal horses had a progressive increase in proteoglycans in the DSIL and DDFT. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Load on the navicular bone and associated joints was highest during dorsiflexion. This increased load may be responsible for microscopic changes of tidemark advancement and proteoglycan depletion in the articular cartilage and of proteoglycan production in the DSIL and DDFT Such microscopic changes may represent adaptive responses to stresses that may progress and contribute to lameness.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Two-part statistics with paired data.

In epidemiology, we often study data from a mixed distribution, i.e. with a clump of observations at zero and positive continuous data. Lachenbruch developed statistics for this kind of data for independent samples. These tests are the sum of one test for equality of proportions of zero values and one conditional test for the continuous distribution. This paper concerns the adaptation of these tests to paired samples. Like Lachenbruch, we developed two statistics, which tend to a two-degree-of-freedom chi2 distribution. These two-part statistics are the sum of McNemar's test for testing the equality of proportions of zero values, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test or the paired Student's test for testing the equality of the distribution of positive values. We studied the behaviour of these tests for various proportions of zeros, and mean values of the continuous distribution. All tests are efficient when the smaller proportion of zero values corresponds to the population with the larger mean. In all other situations, the two-part statistics are superior to the others. These methods are applied to a matched case-control study of lower limb venous insufficiency.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Glycogen estimation by a rapid enzymic method in very small samples of human endometrium: glycogen content in the endometrium of infertile patients during the menstrual cycle.

An enzymic method using alpha-glucosidases was adapted for measuring glycogen in very small samples (3 mg) of human endometrium. The method is useful as a clinical test of the physiologic function of human endometrium. The glycogen content of the endometrium of normal and infertile patients was measured during the menstrual cycle. The maximal content in both groups was observed between the 16th and 23rd days of the cycle, but the glycogen content of the infertile group was significantly lower (P less than 0.005). These results confirm the reports of others. Endometrial glycogen and urinary pregnanediol levels in 32 infertile patients were measured on day 7 after ovulation. The glycogen content of the endometrium of 21 of these patients, who showed normal excretion of urinary pregnanediol (greater than or equal to 2 mg/day), was significantly higher than that of the other 11 patients who showed low excretion of urinary pregnanediol (less than 2 mg/day) (P less than 0.005). This finding suggests that there is a high correlation between the function of the corpus luteum and endometrial glycogen deposition.

Clinical Enzyme Tests↗
PubMed1989

Bulimic and non-bulimic college females' perceptions of family adaptability and family cohesion.

Bulimia appears to be increasing among young women of middle to upper socioeconomic status. Although the aetiology of bulimia syndrome is not fully understood, family functioning patterns are thought to contribute to development of the disorder. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-reported bulimic behaviour in female college students and their perceptions of family adaptation and family cohesion levels. A sample of 308 subjects from three social sororities at the University of Missouri-Columbia completed a demographic questionnaire, the Bulimic Test (BULIT) and the Family Cohesion and Adaptability Evaluation Scale (FACES III). Twenty subjects were found to be bulimic, 21 incipient, and 267 non-bulimic. Analysis of data using the chi-square test resulted in a statistically significant relationship between self-reported bulimia and perceptions of family cohesion. No significant relationship was found between self-reported bulimia and family adaptation. Implications for nursing practice are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Adaptive and phylogenetic influences on musculoskeletal design in cercopithecine primates.

Broad allometric studies of the musculoskeletal system have frequently sought to explain how locomotor variables have been influenced by body mass. To examine animals that vary widely in body mass, these studies have included taxa that differ in their locomotor adaptations and phylogenetic relatedness. Because these sources of diversity could obscure the effects of body mass, this study was designed to test the effects of adaptive differences in limb proportions and phylogeny, as well as body mass, on locomotor kinematics and extensor muscle mechanical advantage. More specifically, two hypotheses were tested in a sample of closely related animals: (i) that, among animals with similar body mass, those with longer limb segments should adopt more extended limb postures to moderate the joint and midshaft bending moments that they experience, and (ii) that body mass will have similar influences on joint posture and joint moments in closely related and diverse mammalian samples. Three-dimensional kinematic and synchronous force-platform data were collected for six individual cercopithecine monkeys ranging in mass from 4kg to 24kg and at a range of walking speeds. Comparisons among three monkeys with similar body mass but different limb segment lengths reveal a significant effect of limb proportion on posture. That is, animals with longer limbs frequently use more extended limb postures and can have correspondingly lower joint moments. The scaling of locomotor variables across the entire sample of closely related monkeys was generally similar to published results for a diverse sample of mammals, with larger monkeys having more extended limb postures, lower joint moments and greater effective mechanical advantage (EMA) for their limb extensor musculature. Ankle EMA, however, did not increase with body mass in the primate sample, suggesting that clade-specific adaptive differences (e.g. the use of arboreal supports by primates) may constrain the effects of body mass.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1984

Mineralization of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in soil previously enriched with organic substrates.

Samples of chernozem soil were enriched with vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid glucose, a mixture of glucose and (NH4)2SO4 (C : N = 5 : 1), ethanol and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). After a 6-d (with 2,4-D 35-d) incubation during which primary oxidation of the introduced substrates occurred, the soil was supplied with a solution of 2-14C-2,4-D (50 ppm; 6.7 kBq) and production of 14CO2 (product of microbial degradation of 2,4-D) was measured. Previously enriched samples exhibited a higher degradation rate; both the lag phase and doubling time of mineralization activity in the exponential phase of the process were markedly higher. This reflected an overall proliferation of bacteria and the increased relative proportion of bacterial strains capable of mineralizing 2,4-D in enriched samples. The stimulation of 2,4-D degradation may involve specific adaptation and selection mechanisms (as in the case with samples previously enriched with 2,4-D or its structural analogues--aromatic monomers, ethanol) as well as non-specific mechanisms. The extent of mineralization of 2,4-D was not affected by soil pretreatment, about 1/3 of introduced radioactive carbon being invariably transformed to 14CO2.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed2006

Effects of endogenous substrates on adaptation of anaerobic microbial communities to 3-chlorobenzoate.

Lengthy adaptation periods in laboratory studies evaluating the potential for contaminant biodegradation in natural or engineered environments may indicate that the native microbial communities are not metabolizing the contaminants in situ. In this study, we characterized the adaptation period preceding the biodegradation of 3-chlorobenzoate in anaerobic communities derived from lake sediment and wastewater sludge digesters. The importance of alternative mechanisms of adaptation of the anaerobic communities to 3-chlorobenzoate was evaluated by monitoring the concentrations of metabolic substrates and products as well as the levels of total small subunit (SSU) rRNA and SSU rRNA from populations thought to be important in 3-chlorobenzoate mineralization. The anaerobic environments from which the 3-chlorobenzoate-degrading communities were derived contained different levels of endogenous substrates. Increasing methane levels in the digester and sediment communities and decreasing chemical oxygen demand concentrations in the sediment community during the adaptation periods revealed that endogenous substrates were preferentially utilized relative to 3-chlorobenzoate. Methane and chemical oxygen demand concentrations leveled off concomitantly with the onset of 3-chlorobenzoate biodegradation, suggesting that depletion of the preferentially degraded endogenous substrates stimulated 3-chlorobenzoate metabolism. Consistent with these observations, adaptation to 3-chlorobenzoate occurred more rapidly in digester samples that were depleted of endogenous substrates compared to samples that contained high levels of these biodegradable compounds. Other potential adaptation mechanisms, e.g., genetic change or selective population enrichment, appeared to be less important based on the reproducibility and relative lengths of the adaptation events, trends in the SSU rRNA levels, and/or amplification of SSU rRNA genes from key populations.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1989

Free amino acid determination in whole peanut seeds.

A method which circumvents the lengthy procedural steps for sample preparation in the analysis of free amino acids (FAA) in the peanut is described. Sample preparation consists of extracting a full fat meal with a lithium citrate sample buffer for 15 min. The sample is centrifuged and filtered with two Millipore filters in series. The resulting extract is analyzed "as is" for FAA via a physiological amino acid procedure. The method significantly reduces sample preparation time and eliminates the use of hazardous chemicals. It is well adapted to the analysis of large numbers of samples or samples of limited quantity. It should be applicable to the analysis of FAA in other oilseeds.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2001

Measurement of nitric oxide metabolites in brain microdialysates by a sensitive fluorometric high-performance liquid chromatography assay.

Nitric oxide (NO), formed from arginine by a specific neuronal NO synthase, is an important neurotransmitter in various regions of the central nervous system. While intracerebral microdialysis is an elegant technique to study local extracellular neurotransmitter concentrations in vivo, NO metabolites (nitrate, nitrite (NO(x))) are difficult to study at high temporal resolution because of low tissue concentrations and small sample volumes. We developed a sensitive fluorometric high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-coupled NO(x) assay adapted for the use in brain microdialysate samples. The assay includes an initial enzymatic step in which nitrate is reduced to nitrite. Nitrite is acidified to N2O3, which reacts with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene to form 1-(H)-naphthotriazole. This reaction product can be readily isolated and quantitated by HPLC with fluorometric detection. The theoretical assay sensitivity is less than 1 nM, but numerous sources of contamination must be eliminated in the sampling and assaying process to reliably monitor brain NO(x) outflow by microdialysis.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Immunomagnetic capture PCR for rapid concentration and detection of hepatitis A virus from environmental samples.

We studied the concentration of hepatitis A virus (HAV) from environmental samples by membrane filter-based urea-arginine phosphate buffer and its detection by using immunomagnetic capture (IC) reverse transcription (RT)-PCR (IC PCR). Magnetic beads coated with anti-HAV rabbit antibodies were used for enrichment and concentration of HAV from environmental samples. IC PCR is sensitive enough to detect as few as 0.04 PFU of cell culture-adapted HAV in inoculated water and sewage samples. IC PCR is specific and does not yield positive reactions with poliovirus 1, HAV RNA, or selected bacteriophages. IC concentrates viruses suspended in small volumes to microliter volumes that can be used directly in RT-PCR. IC concentration of viruses from sewage samples without concentration of inhibitory substances is important for successful RT-PCR detection. In a field trial, 2 of 18 raw sewage samples tested by IC PCR were positive for HAV.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Testing a middle-range theoretical model of adaptation to chronic pain.

The purpose of this cross-sectional, correlational study was to test a middle-range theory of adaptation to chronic pain that was deduced from the Roy adaptation model using structural equation modeling. The sample consisted of 200 community-dwelling older adults with a mean age of 76. The Roy adaptation model theoretical framework provided an adequate fit to the data and supported the majority of the hypothesized relationships and findings from prior research. Significant direct effects, however, were found between both focal and contextual stimuli, suggesting that contextual stimuli need to be considered when developing a plan of care for older adults experiencing chronic pain.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Mass-spectrometry-linked screening of protein fractions for enzymatic activities--a tool for functional genomics.

A simple and rapid strategy is described to screen protein fractions for defined enzymatic activity. A protein fraction from a porcine kidney extract was immobilized by covalent coupling to activated affinity beads. The immobilized proteins were incubated with probes specific for different enzyme activities. The reaction products were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-mass spectrometry. The MALDI spectra indicate the presence of 5'-nucleotidase, phosphatase, kinase, glutathione reductase, and renin activities in the kidney protein extract. Furthermore, the method can be used to screen for inhibitors of enzymatic reactions. The method is adaptable to high-throughput sample handling and automated mass spectrometric analysis and therefore suited for functional genomics.

Animals↗