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At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Directional sensitivity of dendritic calcium responses to wind stimuli in the cricket giant interneuron.

We examined directional sensitivities in the dendritic activity of the identified giant interneurons (GIs) in the cricket, using in vivo Ca(2+) imaging during different directional air-current stimuli. Air current stimulus evoked action potential burst and quick Ca(2+) increase in GI. The stimulus direction of the maximal Ca(2+) responses corresponded to that of the maximal voltage response. However, the shapes of the directional tuning curves based on the Ca(2+) responses for each dendritic branch were different from the overall tuning curve based on spike counts for the cell. Moreover, different dendritic branches displayed distinct directional sensitivity profiles to the air-current stimuli. We propose that postsynaptic activities will influence the local Ca(2+) signals in the distal dendrites, and produce the difference in directional sensitivity of the dendritic Ca(2+) response.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2005

Vascular development: the long and winding road.

Vascular development involves the specification of distinct meristematic cells that proliferate and then differentiate into two separate multicellular tissues: xylem and phloem. Organ-specific patterning, which requires the co-ordination of vascular development with organogenesis, introduces another layer of complexity to the development of vascular tissues. Because vascular tissues develop internally, analyses of their development are technically challenging. Nevertheless, the combined use of genetic and genomic approaches has provided significant insight into the mechanisms of vascular development. Notable highlights include the identification of class III HD-ZIP genes as regulators of both (pro)cambial activity and vascular tissue specification, the characterization of vesicle-trafficking components (SCARFACE [SFC]/VAN3) as being necessary for axial vein pattern, the genetic characterization of xylogen, and the identification of transcription factors and hormone signals that regulate vascular cell identity.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed2005

Anthrax toxin: the long and winding road that leads to the kill.

The past five years have led to a tremendous increase in our molecular understanding of the mode of action of the anthrax toxin, one of the two main virulence factors produced by Bacillus anthracis. The structures of each of the three components of the toxin--lethal factor (LF), edema factor (EF) and protective antigen (PA)--have been solved not only in their monomeric forms but, depending on the subunit, in a heptameric form, bound to their substrate, co-factor or receptor. The endocytic route followed by the toxin has also been unraveled and the enzymatic mechanisms of EF and LF elucidated.

Anthrax↗
PubMed1968

The winds of change.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Finding susceptibility genes for developmental disorders of speech: the long and winding road.

UNLABELLED: Finding susceptibility genes for complex disorders is the next major challenge facing genetics researchers. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate creative thinking about the gene-finding process for developmental speech disorders (DSDs), specifically disorders of articulation/phonology and stuttering. The paper will begin with a review of existing behavioral genetic studies of these phenotypes. This will be followed by a discussion of roadblocks that may impede the molecular study of DSDs, research that is in very early stages of development. As a third objective, the small number of molecular genetic studies of DSDs that have been published or presented will be described. The paper concludes with a discussion of research strategies that may maximize the success of molecular studies of speech phenotypes. It will be argued that progress will most likely be enhanced if theories about biological systems and processes can be used to narrow the search for candidate susceptibility genes. LEARNING OUTCOMES: The reader will be introduced to findings and conceptual issues that relate to the behavioral and molecular genetic investigation of DSDs. After completing this paper, readers should be able to (a) identify key epidemiological findings for the three speech phenotypes that were discussed (DAS, speech delay, and stuttering); (b) summarize the findings of the behavioral genetic studies of speech disorders that were presented; (c) identify four specific challenges that may impede future molecular genetic studies of these phenotypes; (d) describe the methodological sequence that led to the discovery of the FOXP2 gene; and (e) summarize the two research strategies that were presented to potentially reduce sample heterogeneity for future molecular genetics research.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed2003

Topological measurement of an A-tract bend angle: variation of duplex winding.

The rotational variant method of Lutter et al. was developed to measure the bend angle induced when a protein binds to DNA. To measure the intrinsic bend conferred by a sequence of six adenine bases (an A6 tract), the method was modified by relaxing at high temperature to remove the bend. We describe here an alternative approach that involves unwinding the duplex DNA between adjacent bends in plasmids containing tandemly repeated blocks of A-tracts. This method measures the topological difference contributed by adjacent bends when they are in two different rotational settings, and therefore does not require reference to a straight state. The interbend DNA was unwound by use of the intercalator chloroquine, or, alternatively, by raising the temperature in the relaxation reaction. The effect of this unwinding is to change the pitch of the superhelix of the tandem repeats from which the bend angle is measured. The result is a bend angle value that is consistent with that measured using the bend-straightening version of the method. This version offers several advantages that complement the conventional bent versus straight approach.

DNA↗
PubMed1999

Positive selection of thymocytes: the long and winding road.

Positive selection is a crucial stage in T-cell development because it is here that CD4+CD8+ cells bearing T-cell receptors that interact with self-major histocompatibility complex molecules are rescued from cell death, resulting in the generation of mature T cells. Here, Graham Anderson and colleagues review recent studies indicating that positive selection is a multistage process involving interactions with thymic epithelium.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Hard lives and evil winds: illness aetiology and the search for healing amongst Ciskeian villagers.

This paper examines the explanations for illness used by Ciskeian villagers to account for conditions ranging from diarrhoea and tuberculosis to anxiety and hypertension. Explanations recognise the links between illness and hard physical labour, poor working conditions and poverty whilst also acknowledging supernatural grounds for affliction. The healing resources available to villagers, which are outlined here, include state-run health facilities, a large number of private biomedical practitioners, a variety of indigenous therapists-including religious healers-and a store of common knowledge. In keeping with recent developments within critical medical anthropology, this paper seeks to analyse illness aetiology and health seeking behaviour within the broad social and economic context of individual lives. In Ciskei, one of South Africa's former nominally independent homelands, that context includes high levels of unemployment, dependence on migrant labour earnings and on welfare payments, lack of infrastructure such as water supply and transportation and a significant degree of economic differentiation between households. Against this backdrop, individual case studies will be examined which will illustrate how degrees of powerlessness and lack of disposable income affect both explanations of illness causation and health seeking behaviour among Ciskeian villagers.

Anthropology, Cultural↗