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PubMed2006

Validity and stability of performance-based estimates of premorbid educational functioning in older patients with schizophrenia.

This paper presents the results of two studies of the validity of word-recognition reading as an indicator of premorbid functioning in schizophrenia. The first examined the stability over a 6-year follow-up period of word recognition reading compared to other aspects of cognitive functioning, including verbal learning and delayed recall, verbal fluency, constructional skills, and naming ability. The second study examined the relative predictive power of indicators of premorbid functioning as compared to current cognitive functioning for the prediction of current social and self-care skills. In the first study 218 patients with chronic schizophrenia participated. For the second study, 231 male veterans with schizophrenia were assessed for cognitive functioning, indicators of premorbid adjustment, and current functional status. Analyses of the differences between correlations indicated that word recognition reading ability was significantly more stable than other aspects of cognitive functioning over a six-year period during which decline in some other aspects of performance was found. In the second study, premorbid educational and social attainment, word recognition reading skill, and current cognitive functioning were all significantly related to current functional status, defined by correlations with ratings of current functional status. Path analyses indicated, however, that current cognitive functioning was the only significant predictor of current functional status when the intercorrelations of the variables were considered. In sum, Premorbid functioning estimated with word-recognition reading was stable over time (study 1) and correlated with both current cognitive and functional status (study 2). The results of these two studies suggest that word-recognition reading skills are useful screening instruments to estimate premorbid functioning even in deteriorated patients with schizophrenia.

Achievement↗
PubMed2006

The influence of vagus nerve stimulation on memory.

BACKGROUND: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been shown to improve memory. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to learn at which stage of memory formation this influence occurs. METHODS: Ten subjects who had been implanted with vagus nerve stimulators for the treatment of intractable seizures performed tasks that assessed learning and retention (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test) during actual and sham VNS. RESULTS: We found that VNS had no effect on learning but enhanced consolidation, which led to improved retention. CONCLUSIONS: The means by which VNS improves retention is probably related to the increased activity in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and the locus coeruleus-central adrenergic system that activates the amygdala and increases long-term potentiation in the hippocampus.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[The Noonan syndrome from a pediatric perspective].

Noonan syndrome is a relatively common autosomal dominant condition characterised by cardiac defects, short stature, feeding difficulties during the first year of life, and learning and behavioural problems later in life. The diagnosis is clinical and in 50% of cases it can be confirmed by a mutation in the PTPN11 gene. Studies into the effect of growth hormone treatment on final height have yet to provide any definite conclusions. Therefore, for the time being this treatment should be carried out in a research setting. Early-childhood feeding difficulties are troublesome. However, these disappear spontaneously and do not seem to negatively affect growth. Specific developmental patterns, resulting in behavioural and learning problems (non-verbal learning disability) are frequently encountered and require a specific approach.

Body Height↗