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PubMed1996

Urbanization and economic development: a bias toward large cities?

"We find that a nation's urban population percentage increases with GDP per capita; industrialization; export orientation; and possibly, foreign assistance. It decreases with the importance of agriculture. Industrialization and agricultural importance have the same implications for the concentration of urban population in cities with 100,000+ population as for the urban percentage. Greater export orientation reduces such concentration. Finally, GDP per capita, population, and export orientation reduce primacy. Political factors, such as whether a country's largest city is also its capital, affect primacy. Our results do not seem to imply that developing-country urbanization today differs fundamentally from urbanization in the past."

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

The effect of urban quality improvements on economic activity.

This paper is concerned with the link between urban quality improvements and economic activity. A key question is whether improvements in the urban environment which might be achieved, for instance, through pedestrianisation, will affect business location choices--for example, are office or retail businesses particularly keen to locate in more pleasant urban places? The paper outlines the current state of development of the literature with respect to the influence of urban quality on economic activity, and proposes a framework for forecasting economic impacts based on three communities of reference: customers, employees, and the businesses themselves. The results from original modelling of a case study area in Manchester, England are reported and suggest that the positive uplifts that may be expected from environmental improvement programmes may well be on a scale which is significant. The research is obviously important for the urban regeneration and renaissance agendas which posit attractive and well-designed environments as a way to create the right conditions for promoting economic growth.

Community-Institutional Relations↗
PubMed1988

Urbanization trends in Southeast Asia: some issues for policy.

"The apparent Southeast Asian paradox of fairly slow urbanization but rapidly growing urban populations is due to continued high rates of natural increase, especially in rural areas. Southeast Asian countries differ greatly in the nature of their urban hierarchies, and the appropriate policy goals and strategies therefore also differ. In countering growing urban primacy, indirect approaches emphasizing macro-economic and sectoral policies conducive to more dispersed patterns of urban growth have greater potential impact than direct attempts to slow the growth of large city populations. Greater decentralization of power and decision making over resource allocation is also needed."

Asia↗
PubMed1997

Urban vegetational change as an indicator of demographic trends in cities: the case of Detroit.

"In this study the author seeks to find whether changes in urban vegetation can be linked to urban social changes by using Detroit [Michigan] as a case study. Demographic trends in Detroit are analyzed in light of the increasing greenness in the city detected by recent satellite images. Robust relationships between greenness change and demographic factors associated with urban decay (population decline, an increase in poverty level, and an increase in vacant units) are found.... It is concluded that vegetation trends could be used as indicators of urban socioeconomic changes. A vegetation-based urban environmental quality index could therefore be developed to monitor physical and social changes in the cities."

Americas↗
PubMed1992

The spatial pattern of urban population growth in Java, 1980-1990.

"The emergence of fast-growing peri-urban regions and corridors joining large cities has been a feature of rapid urban growth in Asia in the last fifty years. These areas have been characterised by a mixture of urban and rural activities and by strong rural-urban linkages. This paper uses data from the 1980 and 1990 Indonesian Censuses to measure the extent to which this process has been occurring on Java in the intervening decade. It calculates and categorises the absolute and proportional increase in the urban populations of each kabupaten in Java, and examines some of the reasons for the emerging patterns. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of the findings."

Asia↗
PubMed1988

Some demographic and economic aspects of Third World and First World urbanization and the economic implications thereof for South Africa.

"This paper analyses various demographic and economic features of the urbanization process that is taking place in Third World (developing) and First World (developed) countries. A comparison of some demographic and economic differences between contemporary Third World urbanization and First World urbanization at a comparable stage of development is made. The aim is to see what South African urbanization can learn from the comparison between Third and First World urbanization."

Africa↗
PubMed2004

Satellite remote sensing for urban growth assessment in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province.

Urban growth represents specific response to economic, demographic and environmental conditions. Rapid urbanization and industrializations have resulted in sharp land cover changes. The present investigation was carried out from Shaoxing City to quantify satellite-derived estimates of urban growth using a three-epoch time series Landsat TM data for the years 1984, 1997 and ETM 2000. The methodology used was based on post classification comparison. The use of GIS allowed spatial analysis of the data derived from remotely sensed images. Results showed that the built-up area surrounding Shaoxing City has expanded at an annual average of 7 km2. Analysis of the classified map showed that the physical growth of urban area is upsetting the other land cover classes such as farming, water resources, etc. The study conclusion mainly emphasized the need for sustainable urban capacity.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1982

[Spatial population distribution and development: notes on urban settlements in Latin America].

The relationship between population distribution and development trends is analyzed, with attention to the planning of spatial redistribution policies. Some shortcomings in the investigation of the causes and consequences of urbanization are discussed. The second part of the article "refers to some spatial demographic and socio-economic expressions of the urbanization process in Latin America, the population concentration trends and their relationships with changes in agrarian structure and industrialization, social stratification patterns and forms of urban space organization.... The paper concludes with some critical notes on the theses related to 'optimum' size of urban centres and to 'balanced development' of urban systems, on which some policy proposals have been based." (summary in ENG)

Agriculture↗
PubMed1987

The Roepke Lecture in Economic Geography: urban restructuring from a demographic perspective.

"The central argument of this paper is that recent research has overemphasized the notions of urban restructuring and undervalued the role of spatial demographics in understanding urban and [regional] spatial patterns. The paper examines the notions embedded in urban restructuring and suggests that a focus on several elements of demographic processes is an equally important component of understanding urban and [regional] spatial structure. A specific discussion of the Los Angeles region indicates that there is a high level of complexity in social-spatial change. Social-spatial change is not simply explained by reference to an unspecified urban restructuring."

Americas↗
PubMed1988

[Urbanization, the growth of big cities, and some of their problems].

The system of cities in developing countries (which usually are ex-colonial countries) is commonly characterized by primate city domination. The presence of big cities are often felt as parasitic, rather than being economically constructive. Rapid population growth in big cities is often accompanied by 1) shortages of productive employment opportunities, urban housing, and public services; and 2) emergence of squatter settlements, environmental pollution, and sociopsychological stress. In 1985, the urban population of Indonesia had reached 43 million, or 26.2% of the total population. So far, the growth of Indonesia's urban population is concentrated in its metropolitan cities. Even though the pattern of primacy is not striking, a tendency exists for the city-size distribution to deviate more from rank-size rule distribution. Distorted patterns of spatial development have restricted the development of small and middle range cities. In the year 2000, the urban population of Indonesia is estimated to become more than twice its number in 1985. Therefore, national urban policies need to focus more on promoting the development of intermediate and small cities.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Economic development and urban spatial distribution in Mexico, 1960-1990].

"This study describes general links between economic development and urbanization in Mexico in the periods from 1960 to 1980 and 1980 to 1990. Changes observed in production structure are compared with the dynamics of urban development, according to the increase in the number of cities, modifications in urbanization levels and increases in absolute urban population size. During the [1980s], there seemed to be a change in Mexico's process of urbanization, characterized by a sudden deceleration and sharp fall in the power of the country's four main metropolitan areas to concentrate large populations as they had done up to 1980." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed1995

On rural urbanization in China.

The author reviews "the debate regarding rural urbanization in the Chinese literature and the political factions that support different positions. He also introduces us to the complexity of defining ¿urbanization' in a Chinese context. He cautions us in the use of the common but important yardsticks for measuring basic data, such as growth in the officially registered urban population or an increase in the number of rurally registered people who change to nonagricultural registration status, that is, urban-registered status (nong zhuan fei)." A comparison of urbanization in different prosperous areas is made.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Urban research in Mexico, 1980-1990].

"The purpose of this paper is to assess urban research in Mexico during the 1980s.... The study is divided into three sections: 1) continuing themes; 2) new themes on urban issues; [and] 3) state policies regarding urban issues. The author notes that in the 1980s, research was conducted for the purpose of analyzing urban realities more explicitly.... She also offers a description of studies that attempt to link state policies, the actors involved, and their impact (or lack of it) on urbanization processes, and discusses the regulatory functions carried out by the state." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Growth, distribution and rank stability of urban settlements in Greece.

"This paper aims at analyzing the structure of the system in Greece of urban settlements, from 1870 to 1981. It is based on a study by the author concerning the process of urbanization and the problems of the 'residential subsystem' in countries of intermediate development with special reference to Greece. The analysis takes as sole indicator of the evolution of the urban centers network, the long term variation of population of urban settlements in Greece and as tools of analysis, the Rank-Size Rule (RSR) and Hoover's Index." Distinctions are drawn between the urban settlement patterns in the pre-capitalist and capitalist periods, the latter being marked by an unbalanced hierarchy dominated by Athens and without medium-sized cities, other than Thessaloniki.

Demography↗
PubMed1988

[Regional differences in urbanization].

"Relying on population data of Hungary's town network, the authors review temporal and regional differences in urbanization. They trace back the data of 109 towns...[from] 1985 to the first official census of population, then they analyse by means of rank correlation the lags appearing in the concentration rate of urban population.... The authors think that urbanization of small towns might be the key element in the spatial and structural extension of urbanization. In the authors' opinion the lasting regional differences of urbanization determine also the centres of gravity of future development." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)

Demography↗
PubMed1991

Strategies to improve immunization services in urban Africa.

The urban poor constitute a rapidly increasing proportion of the population in developing countries. Focusing attention on underserved urban slums and squatter settlements will contribute greatly to immunization programme goals, because these areas account for 30-50% of urban populations, usually provide low access to health services, carry a large burden of disease mortality, and act as sources of infection for the city and surrounding rural areas. Improvement of urban immunization programmes requires intersectorial collaboration, use of all opportunities to vaccinate eligible children and mothers, identification of low-coverage neighbourhoods and execution of extra activities in these neighbourhoods, and community mobilization to identify and refer persons for vaccination. Improved disease surveillance helps to identify high-risk populations and document programme impact. New developments in vaccines, such as the high-dose Edmonston-Zagreb vaccine, will allow changes in the immunization schedule that facilitate the control of specific diseases. Finally, operational research can assist managers to conduct urban situation assessments, evaluate programme performance at the "micro" level, and design and monitor interventions.

Africa↗
PubMed2005

Improving the urban stream restoration effort: identifying critical form and processes relationships.

Stream restoration projects are often based on morphological form or stream type and, as a result, there needs to be a clear tie established between form and function of the stream. An examination of the literature identifies numerous relationships in naturally forming streams that link morphologic form and stream processes. Urban stream restoration designs often work around infrastructure and incorporate bank stabilization and grade control structures. Because of these imposed constraints and highly altered hydrologic and sediment discharge regimens, the design of urban channel projects is rather unclear. In this paper, we examine the state of the art in relationships between form and processes, the strengths and weaknesses of these existing relationships, and the current lack of understanding in applying these relationships in the urban environment. In particular, we identify relationships that are critical to urban stream restoration projects and provide recommendations for future research into how this information can be used to improve urban stream restoration design. It is also suggested that improving the success of urban restoration projects requires further investigation into incorporating process-based methodologies, which can potentially reduce ambiguity in the design and the necessity of using an abundant amount of in-stream structures.

Cities↗
PubMed2005

Impediments to integrated urban stormwater management: the need for institutional reform.

It is now well established that the traditional practice of urban stormwater management contributes to the degradation of receiving waterways, and this practice was more recently critiqued for facilitating the wastage of a valuable water resource. However, despite significant advances in alternative "integrated urban stormwater management" techniques and processes over the last 20 years, wide-scale implementation has been limited. This problem is indicative of broader institutional impediments that are beyond current concerns of strengthening technological and planning process expertise. Presented here is an analysis of the institutionalization of urban stormwater management across Sydney with the objective of scoping institutional impediments to more sustainable management approaches. The analysis reveals that the inertia with the public administration of urban stormwater inherently privileges and perpetuates traditional stormwater management practices at implementation. This inertia is characterized by historically entrained forms of technocratic institutional power and expertise, values and leadership, and structure and jurisdiction posing significant impediments to change and the realization of integrated urban stormwater management. These insights strongly point to the need for institutional change specifically directed at fostering horizontal integration of the various functions of the existing administrative regime. This would need to be underpinned with capacity-building interventions targeted at enabling a learning culture that values integration and participatory decision making. These insights also provide guideposts for assessing the institutional and capacity development needs for improving urban water management practices in other contexts.

Cities↗