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Results for “Trail Making Test”

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PubMed1981

Effects of age of onset of tonic-clonic seizures on neuropsychological performance in children.

Forty-eight children (aged 9 to 15 years) with tonic-clonic seizures were administered a neuropsychological test battery. The children with seizures of early onset (before age 5) were significantly impaired relative to the children with later onset on 8 of the 14 measures in the battery. The deficits were seen on tasks whose requirements included the repetition of a simple motor act, attention and concentration, memory, and complex problem solving. These findings emphasize the need for further research to determine the causal factors of the greater dysfunction seen in the early onset group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Application of discriminant analysis to level of performance of alcoholics and nonalcoholics on Wechsler-Bellevue and Halstead-Reitan subtests.

Investigated the utility of subtests from the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale and the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery to differentiate between alcoholics and nonalcoholics (N = 76). Analyses of variance indicated that the alcoholics were more impaired than nonalcoholics. It was found that the Wechsler-Bellevue Performance subtests were more discriminative than were Verbal subtests, with performance on the Halstead-Reitan variables being intermediate. The nine measures that differentiated most significantly between groups were subjected to a stepwise multivariate discriminant analysis. The resulting function correctly classified Ss with an overall accuracy of 74.7%. It was found that the Block Design subtest was the best single discriminator. The findings were discussed in relationship to previous findings and with respect to general issues of clinical neuropsychological assessment.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2005

Rapid serial naming: relations between different stimuli and neuropsychological factors.

We report two studies on rapid serial naming (RSN). Study 1 addressed the relations among RSN tasks comprising different stimuli. Separate components for RSN of alphanumeric and non-alphanumeric stimuli, as well as for tasks in which the stimuli alternated between categories were identified. In Study 2, phonological skills, processing speed, motor dexterity, and verbal fluency were found to explain RSN performance. The studies indicate: (1) that RSN tasks vary in their properties according to the stimuli used and according to the way the tasks are arranged, and (2) that RSN tasks are multi-componented.

Child↗
PubMed2002

SRT lengthening: role of an alertness deficit in frontal damaged patients.

Numerous studies have documented the lengthening of reaction time (RT) following brain damage. However, the origin of response retardation and its anatomical basis still remain unknown. This study assessed simple RT (SRT) and choice RT (CRT) in patients with frontal or posterior damage. It showed (i) that RTs were longer in frontal damaged patients; (ii) with a constant response retardation across SRT and CRT tests; (iii) that minimum and percentile 25th SRTs of the frontal group were within normal ranges, indicating that they were able to produce fast responses; (iv) that percentiles 50 and 75th SRTs of the frontal group were longer, indicating that they produced a lower proportion of fast responses; (v) an interpretation supported by the decrement of the peak of SRT distribution. Such a pattern is highly suggestive of a disorder of an attentional process required to trigger the same response as fast as possible throughout the test. According to Posner's model of attention, this function is devoted to the alerting network and the present study supports the key role of the frontal lobes for alertness.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Neuropsychologic testing within 18 hours after cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To undertake neuropsychologic testing within 18 hours of cardiac surgery after fast-track anesthesia. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: University hospital, single center. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty patients undergoing first-time elective coronary artery surgery. INTERVENTIONS: A neuropsychologic test battery was administered preoperatively and 18 hours and 5 days after surgery. MAIN RESULTS: Seven patients were withdrawn, and 9 patients did not attempt the postoperative tests (on both occasions) because of medical complications. Thirty patients completed > or =4 tests at both postoperative occasions. Of these, 9 patients (30%) showed a deficit in > or =2 tests at 18 hours postoperatively, and 3 (10%) showed a deficit at 5 days postoperatively. CONCLUSION: In the absence of medical complications and despite the difficulties, early postoperative neuropsychologic testing is possible after fast-track anesthesia. Such testing has the potential to more clearly define the course of cognitive decline after cardiac surgery.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Differentiation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes: application of a neuropsychological model of attention.

This study represents a neuropsychological attempt to differentiate subtypes of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Participants (N = 80) were grouped by gender and ADHD subtype-Predominantly Inattentive (ADHD-I) versus Combined (ADHD-C)-resulting in four age-matched groups. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in performance on selective attention tasks for those with ADHD-I and those with ADHD-C. Relative to their counterparts without hyperactivity, participants with ADHD-C earned disproportionately lower scores on tasks associated with executive control. Both subgroups with ADHD-I and ADHD-C demonstrated significant difficulty on some tasks assessing complex mental operations relative to age-standardized normative data. Discriminant analysis revealed that a combination of five neuropsychological measures discriminated between the ADHD-I and ADHD-C subgroups with 80% accuracy. Results provide support for the notion of the Predominantly Inattentive and Combined subtype classifications as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Further, findings from this study lend preliminary support for the utility of a neurophysiologically sensitive model of attention in the differentiation of these subtypes.

Attention↗
PubMed1996

Deficits of attention after closed-head injury: slowness only?

The performance of a group of 60 severely closed-head-injured patients in the subacute stage of recovery on a series of tests addressing focused, divided, and sustained attention, and supervisory attentional control was compared to the performance of a matched group of 60 healthy controls. Patients performed significantly worse on each test with time pressure (those addressing focused and divided attention), indicating basic slowness of information processing, and on the self-paced tasks for supervisory attentional control. No indication was found of a sustained attention deficit. In a subsequent analysis the influence of the demonstrated slowness of information processing and other possibly confounding cognitive factors was controlled for by means of covariance analyses. This resulted in a disappearance of group differences on tests for focused and divided attention. The only difference that remained concerned a test for supervisory attentional control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Maintenance of function in relocation of community-dwelling older adults.

Relocation is often seen as a high-risk stress for the elderly. The present study compared relatively healthy older people moving voluntarily with nonmovers. An examination of behavioral test performance in a pre-post design revealed no decrement in function among those who changed residence. The proscription against relocation of older adults would appear to best be tempered with a careful examination of the conditions surrounding the move and the particular population involved. If there is indeed risk in the relocation of the institutionalized aged, there appears to be no necessary comparable risk among the noninstitutionalized old.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1983

Concept attainment, tracking, and shifting in adolescent polydrug abusers.

Multiple drug use in adults has been shown to result in impaired functioning of the brain's "frontal system," producing deficits in concept tracking, shifting, and learning. In the present study, adolescents with histories of severe, though time-limited, polydrug abuse were found to perform as well as nonabusers on two very sensitive indicators of frontal system functioning. The results are discussed in terms of the natural history of drug-related neuropsychological deficits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Short-term retest reliability of the Halstead-Reitan Battery in a normal sample.

Very few studies have examined short-term retest reliability of the Halstead-Reitan Battery in patient samples or normal subjects. The present study examined 3-week retest reliability in a sample of normal healthy subjects. Both psychometric and clinical reliability issues were addressed. On most of the tests the changes between testing were nonsignificant. The measures with the greatest changes were those that appear to incorporate a problem-solving or adaptability component. It was concluded that some of the Halstead-Reitan measures may not be useful in studying short-term changes in performance. On the other hand, most of the measures did not demonstrate significant changes over the 3-week interval and may be useful in examining such short-term changes in performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Neuropsychological performance in medicated and unmedicated patients with Tourette's disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To date, there have been no formal investigations of neuropsychological performance in patients with Tourette's disorder who are taking psychotropic medications. The authors conducted this study to provide such information. METHOD: They examined the neuropsychological performance of 96 patients 6-18 years old who met DSM-III-R criteria for Tourette's disorder; 51 of these patients were taking neuroleptic medications and 45 were not. The groups were well matched with regard to age, sex, education, and duration of symptoms. Each group was given a complete neuropsychological test battery as well as instruments rating symptoms of Tourette's disorder, obsessive-compulsive characteristics, and other behavioral disturbances. RESULTS: The patients taking medications did not differ from those not taking medications on any of the neuropsychological, intellectual, or educational measures. In addition, the groups did not differ with regard to level of Tourette's disorder symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this investigation suggest that patients with Tourette's disorder who do not experience intolerable side effects from neuroleptic medications are able to perform on educational, intellectual, and neuropsychological tests at a level comparable to that of unmedicated patients. These results have positive implications for patients with Tourette's disorder who respond to neuroleptic medications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

A new bedside test of cognition for patients with HIV infection.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the Mental Alternation Test, a new 60-second bedside test of cognition, with the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and the Trailmaking Test, parts A and B, in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. DESIGN: Cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-two inpatients with HIV infection. SETTING: The AIDS service of a referral hospital. MEASUREMENTS: Scores on the MMSE; the Trailmaking Test, parts A and B; and the Mental Alternation Test were compared using correlation calculations and analyses of variance. Receiver operating curves were constructed to identify the best cutoff score on the Mental Alternation Test for detecting impaired performance on the MMSE and the Trailmaking Test. MAIN RESULTS: The Mental Alternation Test score correlated significantly with MMSE (r = 0.68, P < 0.01) and Trailmaking Test, part B, scores (r = -0.54, P < 0.01). The receiver operating curves showed that a Mental Alternation Test cutoff score of 15 yielded the best results for the detection of abnormal performance on the MMSE (sensitivity, 95% [95% CI, 90% to 100%]; specificity, 79% [CI, 69% to 89%]) and the Trailmaking Test, part B (sensitivity, 78% [CI, 68% to 88%]; specificity 93% [CI, 90% to 100%]). Patients making fewer than 15 alternations in 30 seconds were significantly more likely to have abnormal MMSE (P < 0.0001) and Trailmaking Test, part B, scores (P < 0.0001). The Mental Alternation Test had good reproducibility; analyses of reliability included test-retest correlation (r = 0.80) and inter-rater reliability (r = 0.85, kappa = 0.84). Time of administration was approximately 60 seconds. CONCLUSIONS: The Mental Alternation Test of cognition has good sensitivity and specificity and is easily administered. It is a valuable test to identify patients who may need further cognitive evaluation.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Orthography and the hemispheres: visual and linguistic aspects of letter processing.

Hebrew and Arabic are Semitic languages with a similar morphological structure and orthographies that differ in visual complexity. Two experiments explored the interaction of the characteristics of orthography and hemispheric abilities on lateralized versions of a letter-matching task (Experiment 1) and a global-local task (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, native Hebrew readers and native Arabic readers fluent in Hebrew matched letters in the 2 orthographies. The results support the hypothesis that Arabic orthography is more difficult than Hebrew orthography for participants who can read both languages and that this difficulty has its strongest effects in the left visual field. In Experiment 2, native Arabic speakers performed a global-local letter detection task with Arabic letters with 2 types of inconsistent stimuli: different and similar. The results support the hypothesis that the right hemisphere of skilled Arabic readers cannot distinguish between similar Arabic letters, whereas the left hemisphere can.

Arabs↗
PubMed1981

Test-retest reliability of the Halstead Impairment Index in hospitalized alcholic and nonalcoholic males with mild to moderate neuropsychological impairment.

Seven measures of neuropsychological functioning, the resulting Impairment Index described by Halstead, and Trails A and B were administered to drug-free alcoholic inpatients (n=91) within 7 days of their last drink and again 17 days later. Nonalcoholic medical inpatients (n=20) with similar education, age, and socioeconomic characteristics were also given these tests twice, with 2 to 3 weeks separating the test administrations. Both groups showed levels of mild to moderate impairment on the first testing and were judged to have stable brain functioning between the first and second testing. Significant Pearson's coefficients of correlation between test-retest scores indicated similar psychometric reliabilities in both groups. In contrast, the reliability of the tests was judged to be questionable when Halstead's binary classification of "normal" versus "abnormal" was used to classify individual patients. Consequently, and consistent with clinical experience, we urge caution in interpreting these clinical neuropsychological tests when they are administered repeatedly within a 2- to 3-week period to a single individual with stabilized brain functioning.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Is CT scan a valid indicator of brain atrophy in alcoholism?

The effect of ingesting varying quantities of alcohol upon the structure and function of the brain was studied using CT scan and psychometric testing. Nutritional status was also assessed. Alcoholics, heavy, moderate and light social drinkers were examined and their results compared with a normal control series. It was concluded that a daily consumption of more than 40 grams alcohol per day, "the safe level" results in brain damage. The latter may partially reverse with abstinence and having reversed maintain improvement, even though patients then resume drinking at the "safe level". The role of thiamin in brain function is still unclear.

Adolescent↗