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PubMed1978

The effect of intrasulcular toothbrushing on the amount of sulcular fluid.

Nineteen young adult Caucasian males had an average Gingival Score of 0.47. Each was asked to demonstrate his present method of toothbrushing. Thirteen used a scrub method, and six combined the scrub and roll methods. Sulcular fluid measurements were taken from the facial aspect of the mandibular left second bicuspid using filter paper strips stained with ninhydrin. An average value of 0.94 mm was obtained. Intrasulcular brushing was performed in the mandibular left posterior segment, for 30 seconds daily for 40 days. The brushing was done by the investigator on 28 days and by the subjects on 12 days. The average Gingival Index score following intrasulcular brushing was 0.26. Sulcular fluid measurements were again taken from the mandibular left second bicuspid. A decreased amount of sulcular fluid was found in six subjects, while nine exhibited an increase and four showed no change. An average sulcular fluid measurement of 0.87 mm resulted following the experimental brushing period. From these data, it can be concluded that, within the limitations of this study, intrasulcular brushing had no significant effect on the amount of gingival fluid.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Histologic evaluation of the effects of intrasulcular toothbrushing on human sulcular epithelium.

Nineteen young adult Caucasian males had an average Gingival Index Score of 0.47. Each was asked to demonstrate his present method of toothbrushing: thirteen used the scrub method, and six combined the scrub and roll methods. Control gingival tissue specimens were taken from the mandibular left first bicuspid or first molar regions, and the area was allowed to heal for 40 days. Following complete healing, intrasulcular brushing was used in the mandibular left posterior segment, for 30 seconds daily for a period of 40 days. The brushing was done by the investigator on 28 days and by the subjects on 12 days. The average Gingival Index Score following intrasulcular brushing was 0.25. A gingival specimen was taken from the experimental area of the mandibular left second bicuspid region. Histological findings in control specimens from 13 subjects showed parakeratinization for varying distances in the sulcus epithelium apical to the gingival crest. In six specimens a complete absence of sulcus keratinization was observed. The average Inflammatory Index Score was 1.21. Following intrasculcular brushing, 18 specimens showed a parakeratin layer apical to the gingival crest; in 14, it extended the entire length of the coronal sulcular epithelium or apparent clinical sulcus, whereas in four more it extended well beyond the gingival crest into the sulcus. In the six subjects whose control specimens showed an absence of keratin apical to the gingival crest, parakeratinization of part or all of the clinical sulcus was found following intrasulcular brushing. The average Inflammatory Index Score was 1.015. A moderately intense acute inflammatory reaction was observed within the attachment epithelium in three subjects. Possible therapeutic benefits and hazards of intrasulcular brushing are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

The effectiveness of an electro-ionizing toothbrush in the control of dentinal hypersensitivity.

The object of the investigation was to test the value of the 3M Brand Electro-Ionizing Toothbrush in the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity. Eighty-eight volunteers were divided into three groups, each using different methods: (I) stannous fluoride dentifrice and 3M brush without a battery; (II) stannous fluoride dentifrice and 3M brush with a 1 1/2 volt battery; and (III) strontium chloride dentifrice and 3M brush without a battery. The volunteers brushed their teeth for 3 minutes twice a day for 12 weeks using one of the three test agents. The subjects were tested at weeks 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 by means of a cold water spray quantitated by a temperature probe. All three groups experienced improvement and by week 12 Groups II and III displayed much less sensitivity than did Group I. At the end of the 12 weeks the subjects were questioned as to benefit of treatment. The questionnaire revealed that stannous fluoride with the ionizing brush provided significantly greater relief than did the stannous fluoride alone.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Wear of artificial denture teeth by use of toothbrushes. Part 1: Abrasive wear of anterior teeth.

High-strength denture teeth (HS teeth) were developed in order to improve the hardness and wear resistance of conventional plastic denture teeth (PL teeth), while retaining their feature of easy occlusal adjustment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the abrasive wear resistance of HS teeth. We conducted wear tests and measured surface roughness using six types of anterior artificial teeth, i.e., three types of HS teeth and three types of PL teeth, the latter serving as the control. The results of the toothbrush abrasion test revealed that the HS teeth had about 5 times greater wear resistance than the PL teeth. It was also found that the type of artificial teeth and the number of abrasive wear-testing strokes had a significant (P less than 0.05) influence on the surface roughness of artificial teeth.

Dental Stress Analysis↗
PubMed2001

Clinical evaluation of an electron-ionizing toothbrush with a tooth paste containing stannous fluoride in treatment of dentine hypersensitivity following periodontal surgery.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of an electro-ionizing toothbrush with stannous fluoride in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity following periodontal surgery. Thirty-two volunteers with dentin hypersensitivity were divided in two equal groups each using different methods: (Group I) stannous fluoride dentifrice and hyG Brnde ionizing brush without a battery and (Group II) stannous fluoride dentifrice and hyG Brnde ionizing brush with a battery. The volunteers brushed their teeth for 3 minutes twice a day for 12 weeks following one either of the test protocols. Mechanical (No 23 dental explorer), chemical (lemon juice) and thermal (dental air-water syringe) tests were used for the evaluation of the degree of dentin hypersensitivity. A subjective assessment of the degree of hypersensitivity for each stimulus was recorded. The evaluations were repeated at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after surgical treatment. The second group showed significantly less sensitivity than the first group. The findings appear to suggest that the ionizing brush may be an effective adjunct for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity in post-periodontal surgery.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Behavior and toothbrushing of young Israeli adolescents.

The purpose of the present study was to assess the toothbrushing behavior of Israeli adolescents attending a pediatric dental clinic, with regard to the maxillary anterior region. One hundred twenty-three adolescents (57 boys, 66 girls, mean age 12.45 +/- 1.76), participated in this study. The amount of plaque extending from the gingival line incisally was measured. Brushing characteristics and daily habits were recorded. In 87 patients, 4 mm or more of plaque were measured on the labial surfaces of the maxillary central incisors, while thirty-six patients demonstrated less than 4 mm plaque. Patients who brushed the maxillary and mandibular incisors separately showed significantly less plaque than patients who brushed them simultaneously. Brushing the maxillary and the mandibular incisors separately was significantly more prevalent in the thirteen-to-seventeen-year-olds, and among girls. Also, significantly more girls brushed twice per day, and for more than three seconds on each incisor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Dentin permeability after toothbrushing with different toothpastes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the interaction of smear layer produced during brushing and dentifrice particles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dentin disks were obtained from extracted human third molars. Dentin permeability was evaluated using a hydraulic pressure apparatus working at 1 psi of pressure. After preparation, each sample was connected to the hydraulic pressure apparatus to evaluate the permeability of dentin with the smear layer produced during specimen preparation. After 5 min of measurements dentin was etched with 37% phosphoric acid gel for 2 min, washed and gently dried with cotton to measure the permeability after smear layer removal. This was done to measure the maximum permeability of each specimen (expressed as 100%). Then a second smear layer was produced using a #400 carbide paper under water for 1 min. Dentin permeability of the smear layer covered dentin was then measured, and expressed as a percent of the maximum permeability of that specimen, permitting each specimen to serve as its own control. The three toothpastes used (Merfluan powder, Merfluan paste and Fluorigard) were applied on dentin surfaces using a small sponge to completely cover the dentin surface. After 5 s, each sample was connected to a mechanical device and brushed under water for 3 min with constant pressure of 250 gr using a Colgate medium toothbrush. After this treatment, each sample was gently washed with tap water, gently air dried for 3-5 s and connected with the pressure apparatus to remeasure the permeability after brushing. For SEM examination of dentin before and after treatment with toothpaste and brushing, each dentin and enamel sample was fixed in 2% buffered glutaraldehyde. RESULTS: Dentin permeability proved unaffected by dentifrice treatments. SEM observations demonstrated the presence of dentifrice particles on dentin surface and inside dentin tubules. Smear plugs produced during dentin brushing were not removed by dentifrices.

Dentin↗
PubMed2001

A comparative 3-month clinical investigation of the safety and efficacy of a battery-operated and a rechargeable oscillating-rotating power toothbrush.

PURPOSE: To compare the safety and efficacy of two oscillating-rotating power toothbrushes, the rechargeable Braun Oral-B D8 and the battery-powered Colgate Actibrush. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a randomized, examiner-blind, parallel-group study, carried out over 3 months of product use, involving a total of 113 healthy subjects with a plaque score of > or = 1.5 and a gingivitis score of > or = 1.1. Subjects were given written and verbal instructions in the use of their respective power brushes and were told to brush twice per day. At baseline, hard and soft tissues were examined, and plaque scores and gingival scores were recorded after 12-18 hrs of no oral hygiene. Subjects returned after 3 months, at which time soft and hard tissues were re-examined and plaque and gingivitis scores were recorded. RESULTS: No evidence was found of soft or hard tissue trauma and both brushes were considered to be safe when used according to the manufacturers' instructions. After 3 months, whole mouth plaque scores had decreased by 7% in the D8 group but had increased by 4.3% in the Actibrush group. The decrease from baseline in the D8 group was statistically significant, but the increase in the Actibrush group was not. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant both for the whole mouth and all individual sites. Whole mouth gingivitis scores were also reduced significantly from baseline in both groups, by 22.5% in the D8 group and by 17.5% in the Actibrush group. For whole mouth scores and all individual sites (interproximal, buccal and lingual), the D8 was significantly more effective than the Actibrush.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

A comparison of the Braun Oral-B 3D plaque remover and the Sonicare plus electric toothbrush in removing naturally occurring extrinsic staining.

PURPOSE: To compare the extrinsic stain-removing properties and the safety of the Braun Oral-B 3D Plaque Remover and the Sonicare Plus electric toothbrush. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized, parallel group, investigator-blinded study involved 67 subjects and was conducted over 6 weeks. After recruitment, the subjects received a baseline stain assessment (Lobene stain index) and a soft and hard tissue examination, and were then randomized to use either the Sonicare or the 3D device. All subjects were trained to use both devices, and instructed to brush twice daily with their assigned device for 2 min. The subjects' brushing technique was checked after 2 weeks. After a further 4 weeks, the subjects underwent a final stain assessment and soft and hard tissue examination. A questionnaire was also completed. RESULTS: At 6 weeks, oral hard and soft tissue examinations revealed no abrasion or damage in either group. Both brushes produced significant (P < 0.001) reductions from baseline in total stain score, stain area and intensity, but group comparisons showed that these reductions were significantly (P < 0.001) greater for the 3D device.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An unusual mode of injury-implantation of a broken toothbrush medial to ramus: report of a case.

Impalement injury and implantation of a foreign body in the oral cavity is common in young children. Typically the child falls with the foreign body in the mouth resulting in implantation of the object at various sites in the oral cavity. It is quite unusual to have the head of a toothbrush with bristles implanted fully in the soft tissue medial to the ramus, in the region of pterygomandibular space, following an injury with a cricket ball without a history of fall. A case of an unusual foreign body implanted at an unusual site by an unusual injury is being presented.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of the interproximal plaque removal efficacy of two powered toothbrushes using in vitro oral biofilms.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of interproximal plaque removal beyond the bristles by two electric toothbrushes, the new Sonicare Elite and Braun Oral-B 3D, in an in vitro model replicating the brushing of interproximal plaque as would occur in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Oral biofilms were grown, in vitro, in a constant-depth film fermenter on a hydroxyapatite (HA) disc substratum. Brushing experiments were conducted in a brushing machine representing the brushing of interproximal plaque between mandibular molars. The HA discs with oral biofilms were located a minimum of 1.6 mm away from the bristles. The efficacy of plaque removal was assessed by enumeration of the percentage of viable bacteria removed from the biofilms by 5 seconds of brushing with the brush motors either activated or inactivated. RESULTS: In the activated state, both brushes removed a significantly higher percentage of plaque bacteria compared to the inactive brushes (Braun, P = 0.002; Sonicare, P = 0.005). The percentage of plaque bacteria removed by the Sonicare Elite (32.23%) beyond the bristles was significantly greater (P = 0.012) than that removed by the Braun Oral-B 3D (9.48%) in this model system.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Electromyographic evaluation of the adductor pollicis muscle of elderly patients carriers of removable partial prosthesis when using acrylic devices adapted to the handle of toothbrush.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the muscular activity of the adductor pollicis muscle, by electromyography, when using a device made of acrylic resin adapted to the handle of toothbrush. 10 patients of both sexes from the Clinic of Removable Partial Dentures of the Dental School--USP, with a mean age of 65 years, were selected. Electromyographic records were obtained with patients in clinical conditions of Initial Rest and under conditions of claw apprehension and dental brushing. The mean results obtained, in mV, were: sat men: 2.97 for rest (R); 11.55 for free closure (FC); 35.80 for strained closure (SC); 29.30 for simulated brushing (SB); 55.00 for brushing (B); 26.87 for simulated brushing with the device (SBA); 69.70 for brushing with the device (BA); 3.72 for post exercise rest (PR). Standing: 2.27 for rest (R); 13.92 for free closure (FC); 45.85 for strained closure (SC); 28.40 for simulated brushing (SB); 72.07 for brushing with the device (BA); 1.42 for postexercise rest (PR). Sat women: 9.78 for rest (R); 22.71 for free closure (FC); 41.48 for strained closure (SC); 26.45 for simulated brushing (SB); 52.78 for brushing (B); 17.00 for simulated brushing with the adapter (SBA); 42.38 for brushing with the adapter (BA); 14.40 for postexercise rest (PR). Standing: 5.26 for rest (R); 17.81 for free closure (FC); 46.55 for strained closure (SC); 40.61 for simulated brushing (SB); 61.71 for brushing (B); 26.08 for simulated brushing with the adapter (SBA); 54.06 for brushing with the adapter (BA); 3.46 for postexercise rest (PR). The adductor pollicis muscle showed a higher electromyographic activity, considered statistically similar to each other, in 3 clinical conditions analyzed: brushing (B), brushing with the adapter (BA) and strained closure (SC). The adductor pollicis muscle showed lower electromyographic activity, considered statistically similar, in 5 clinical conditions analyzed: simulated brushing (SB), simulated brushing with the adapter (SBA), free closure (FC), rest (R) and postexercise rest (PR).

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2003

Formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm following toothbrushing with regular and whitening toothpastes.

PURPOSE: To examine the effect of toothbrushing with different brands of regular (Meridol, Colgate) and whitening toothpaste (Pearl Weiss, Rembrant, Email Diamant) on bacterial adhesion onto enamel surfaces in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Extracted intact human teeth were brushed twice a day, for 3 minutes with the tested toothpaste for a period of 7 days. Sucrose dependent adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to the tested teeth was measured using pre-radioactive labeled bacteria. RESULTS: S. mutans adhered more to enamel surfaces, pre-brushed with the tested toothpastes, than to teeth which were not brushed. Different profiles of bacterial adhesion were recorded. Both Diamant and Rembrant toothpastes increased bacterial affinity toward the enamel surface as compared to the other toothpastes. Meridol and Pearl Weiss demonstrated a similar adhesion effect as the etching control while brushing with Colgate demonstrated the least bacterial adhesion.

Amines↗
PubMed2004

Bristle end-rounding in toothbrushes: a comparison of different evaluation techniques, bristle position and viewing angle.

OBJECTIVE: Numerous studies using various evaluation techniques have shown substantial variations in the degree of bristle end-roundness of commercially available toothbrushes. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of the examination angle, the bristle selection and two analyzing techniques assessing bristle end-rounding measurements. METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted in two parts. Part One used five randomly selected tufts from 20 brushes that were scanned with an electron micrograph (SEM; 45x) at two viewing angles (45 degrees and 90 degrees). Those bristle tips that were visible on both viewing angles were then judged by 1) a direct comparison to a grading scale, and 2) a shape factor (SF) analysis. In Part Two of the study, SEM images of five bristles from different tufts obtained from 40 brushes were taken at a viewing angle of 45 degrees, and five bristles from different locations within a tuft were also judged by both the direct comparison to a grading scale method, and the SF analysis, to assess bristle location. RESULTS: The SF values and the direct comparison percentage of rounded bristles did not differ because of the viewing angle (45 degrees or 90 degrees; p > 0.05; Mann-Whitney test), but differed significantly at various SF thresholds (percentage of bristles above or below a certain degree of end-roundness) when bristles from Part One were compared to Part Two (p < 0.01, adjusted chi-square-test). Location of the bristles from either the edge of a tuft or those located in the inner part had no effect on the assessments (p > 0.05). The results from the subjective direct comparison grading did not differ from those found with the SF analysis (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: SF analysis is a time-consuming method for assessing bristle end-rounding, and can be as accurately done by direct comparison to a grading scale. One viewing angle (45 degrees) of bristles from different locations within a tuft can also be used to accurately assess a brush's level of end-roundness.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

A novel oral hygiene system through integration of a sonic toothbrush and liquid toothpaste.

A novel system for home oral hygiene, the IntelliClean System from Sonicare and Crest is an integrated sonic toothbrush and liquid-toothpaste dispensing system. New research has established the ability of this system to reduce plaque, especially in interproximal regions, and to reduce gingivitis. The unique capability for the user to reapply liquid toothpaste during brushing (ie, re-dose) allows for a greater reduction in bacteria in the sulcus and an enhanced in-use experience that leads to improved compliance with brushing instruction, specifically longer brushing times. Through in vitro and in vivo studies, the system and its constituents have been shown to be safe for daily use.

Dental Devices, Home Care↗
PubMed2004

Effect of a novel integrated power toothbrush and toothpaste oral hygiene system on gingivitis.

The purpose of this article is to compare the gingivitis reduction efficacy relative to baseline of an integrated power toothbrush/toothpaste dispensing system prototype, the IntelliClean System from Sonicare and Crest. This was a randomized, controlled, parallel-group, examiner-blind study that examined the gingivitis reduction efficacy of a novel integrated system compared to a positive control consisting of manual toothbrushing coupled with daily flossing over a 4-week period. Mean change from baseline for gingival index (GI) and bleeding scores were tested using paired t tests for each treatment group, separately. Between-group comparisons were made with respect to change from baseline using analysis of covariance. Baseline values were used as the covariate. All tests were 2-sided with a 0.05 level of significance. A total of 66 subjects (61 women and 5 men) completed the study. The subjects ranged in age from 20 to 64 years with an overall mean age of 39.4 years. Baseline GI and bleeding scores were not statistically significantly different (P > .2) between the experimental integrated system group and the positive-control group. Both treatment regimen groups demonstrated highly statistically significant reductions in GI and bleeding scores vs baseline (P < .0001) at weeks 2 and 4. After 4 weeks, there was a 28% mean reduction in GI for the experimental group and a 23% mean reduction for the positive-control group. Similarly, there was a 28% mean reduction in bleeding for the experimental integrated system group and a 23% reduction for the positive-control group. However, no statistically significant treatment difference was found between the 2 groups (P > .5) for either measure at week 2 or week 4. This study demonstrated the efficacy of the IntelliClean System from Sonicare and Crest in significantly reducing gingivitis and bleeding relative to baseline after 4 weeks of use according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Comparative study of the effects of removing plaque by two toothbrushing methods].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of removing plaque by two toothbrushing methods. METHODS: Forty subjects were chosen to take part in the randomized, examiner-blind, crossover study. RESULTS: Modified Bass method has better effect of removing plaque, especially that at the central margin than Vertical method (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Modified Bass method needs to be recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Development of the Curvex toothbrush.

This is a first-hand narrative of the steps in developing a new toothbrush from concept through initial marketing. The design seeks to provide the softest bristles consistent with effective plaque removal. Patent protection, incremental design and testing, and accurate market analysis have been essential steps in the process.

Equipment Design↗