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PubMed2005

[A study on initial colonization of Mutans streptococci on teeth in infants and toddlers].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the initial colonization of Mutans streptococci (MS) on teeth of children. METHODS: Dental plaque was collected from 123 children aged from 7 to 42 months. MS was isolated by culturing on selective medium and identified by biochemical tests. RESULTS: MS was detected in 51 of 123 children. The rate of colonization was 41.5%, and the mean age of colonization was 29 month. The incidence of MS infection increased with age and tooth eruption, and reached peak at 25 - 31 months, which was statistically significant. There was a correlation between infection of MS and dental caries. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the susceptive period of MS infection is from 25 to 31 months when the second primary molars erupt. MS infection is associated with dental caries.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

The effect of intermittent forces on eruption of the rabbit incisor.

Rabbits were prepared so that a variable capacitance displacement transducer (VCDT) could be used to monitor the eruptive movements of a previously-amputated lower incisor, and a strain gauge transducer mounted on a relay-controlled plate was used to place precisely controlled intermittent forces opposing the erupting tooth. Forces of one or three g were applied under time conditions of one second on, nine seconds off (1:9); one second on, three seconds off (1:3); and one second on, one second off (1:1). The data indicate that with force present for 10% of the time (1:9), there was little or no effect on eruption rate. In contrast, 50% time (1:1) produced essentially the same intrusive effect as continuous force, and 25% time (1:3) gave an intermediate response. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that force duration is more important than force magnitude for the vertical equilibrium, as is the case for facio-lingual equilibrium.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A two-year longitudinal study of dental caries in permanent first molars of Korean elementary schoolchildren.

OBJECTIVE: This longitudinal study investigated dental caries increment in permanent first molars of Korean elementary schoolchildren. METHODS: A convenience sample of 722 children aged 7-9 years attending one urban elementary school was examined at baseline, with follow-up examinations at one and two years. Coronal surfaces of permanent first molars were scored with regard to caries experience and sealant status. RESULTS: Among sound occlusal surfaces at baseline, 21 percent of upper and 25 percent of lower surfaces developed caries during the two-year interval. In teeth that erupted between baseline and the first follow-up exam, over 10 percent of occlusal surfaces developed caries. Pit and fissure caries accounted for 93 percent of all new carious surfaces, while sealants had been placed on 16 percent of occlusal surfaces during the study. CONCLUSIONS: Recognizing the limitations of this convenience sample, dental sealants should be used more widely in this Korean population, and should be applied soon after tooth eruption.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Oral manifestations in 22q11 deletion syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to investigate and describe oral manifestations in 22q11 deletion syndrome, and to relate the findings to medical conditions. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SAMPLE AND METHODS: Fifty-three consecutive patients from Sweden referred to the Sahlgrenska University Hospital during a 3-year period were included, median age 8 yrs (range 2-43; mean age 11.09). All but six patients were children 3-19-years-old. The patients were examined concerning oral mucosa, dental anomalies, dental caries, occlusal development, and eruption of the teeth. The clinical findings were compared to medical data and case history. RESULTS: Dental anomalies were registered in high numbers. Enamel hypoplasia was found in 16 patients. In 13 cases this was documented in primary teeth, of which 10 patients had symmetrical and chronological defects. Enamel hypomineralization was found in 23 patients and was equally common in both primary and permanent teeth. The use of computerized inductive analyses revealed that enamel hypoplasia was associated with medical conditions like preterm birth and congenital heart malformation while hypomineralization was associated with more diffuse conditions like frequent infections. Hypodontia was registered in seven patients, while eight had aberrant tooth shape, and nine patients presented delayed tooth eruption. The patients had an average of 4.6 carious or filled teeth and the oral health was assessed as impaired in 15 patients who had severe dental caries (5-18 carious teeth or multiple active incipient caries lesions). CONCLUSIONS: In 22q11 deletion syndrome the oral cavity is affected by anomalies in dental enamel, tooth shape, numbers of teeth, and eruption. Dental health problems due to caries are common. This is of special importance as patients with 22q11 deletion syndrome frequently present with congenital heart malformations and immunological problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The level and timing of systemic exposure to fluoride with respect to caries resistance.

Material related to water fluoridation and fluoride availability has been examined for changing patterns of fluoride intake by humans over recent years. The difficulty of separating systemic and topical fluoride action from water and foods from that found in fluoride agents used in preventive treatment programs is discussed. Recommendations are made that water fluoridation is a well-proven program and should be continued, but that fluoride supplementation programs under the control of the individual should be carefully evaluated and, if used, should be restricted to periods after the secretory stage of enamel formation is normally finished for anterior teeth, with supplements commenced during the pre-eruption maturation period and continuing until permanent tooth eruption is complete. Although supplements can also give a topical source to the teeth, depending on the way the supplement is consumed and the duration of time it is available in the mouth, other methods of topical fluoride provision are endorsed, and these should continue through life. It is suggested, in respect of epidemiology studies, that data collected before the availability of fluoride dentifrices in 1971 should be re-examined.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Site-specific expression of collagen I and XII mRNAs in the rat periodontal ligament at two developmental stages.

In mammals, the periodontal ligament (PDL) is a highly specialized tissue which facilitates tooth eruption and lends mechanical support to the tooth once in occlusion. The PDL extracellular matrix fibers play a major role in such functions. During its development, the spatial arrangement of the PDL extracellular matrix undergoes rapid changes. So that it could be determined whether the structural alteration in the PDL is associated with changes in the expression of collagenous proteins with different functional properties, the transcriptional patterns of collagens I and XII were examined. The maxillary dento-alveolar segments, each containing three molars, from 25-day-old and 40-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were selected as being representative of developing and matured tissues, respectively. Rat alpha 2(I) collagen cDNA and rat alpha 1(XII) collagen cDNA were used as molecular probes for identification of the corresponding mRNAs by RNA transfer blot analysis, RNase protection assay, and in situ hybridization. The results showed that alpha 2(I) collagen mRNA was expressed in both developing and matured tissues. However, the level of expression decreased with maturity. In contrast, the expression of alpha 1(XII) collagen was increased in the matured tissue as compared with the developing tissue. In situ hybridization in these tissues indicated that the expression of alpha 1(XII) collagen mRNA was limited to the mature stage of PDL development. It is suggested that collagen fibril arrangement during PDL development may be related to the expression of collagen XII.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

Hereditary and environmental dental findings in identification of human remains.

The paper presents the results on hereditary and environmental dental findings in identification of human remains exhumed from mass graves in the Republic of Croatia. The total of 17,880 teeth from all the categories (incisors, canines, premolars and molars) was examined. Hereditary findings of the teeth such as shape, size, position, as well as age were used in all of the cases confirming and completing the identification. In only 15% of the cases they were the starting points for the identification that would be later confirmed with another 3-5 traditional identification procedures. Disturbances in tooth eruption were recorded in 22% of the cases, impaction of teeth in 10%, and retarded eruption of teeth in 12%. Disturbances of tooth position were recorded in 65% of the cases. Tooth rotation in 26% and diastema mediana in maxilla or mandible in 39%. Disorders of tooth number in the form of unilateral and bilateral missing of lateral maxillary incisors were recorded only in 2% of the monitored cases. Abnormalities of the tooth shape were found in 11% of the cases. The majority of them were found on the tooth crowns 6%, and less on the tooth roots 5%. Environmental dental findings that were the most significant for the identifications were prosthetic appliances in 30% of cases. Prostheses were helpful in the identification of 3% of the cases, while crowns and bridges were helpful in 27% of the cases. Ante mortem teeth extractions were helpful in 25% of the cases. Teeth restorations were recorded in 20% of the identified cases, amalgams in 19% and aesthetic filings in 1%. Dental caries was helpful in only 10% of the cases, superficial caries in 3% and caries of dentin in 7% of cases.

Croatia↗
PubMed1995

Endocrine regulation of craniofacial growth.

This paper presents an updated review of the role of endocrine factors in craniofacial and dental development. Some unpublished results of the author's own studies are presented. Longitudinal growth studies have shown the similarity of facial and somatic growth rates, whereas dental development has been found to be independent. The increased therapeutic use of the growth hormone (GH) has focused attention on the dental and craniofacial effects of GH. Whereas delayed and advanced cranial base and facial growth is obvious in conditions with either lack or excess of GH, the effect of GH on the dentition is less clear. Thyroid hormones seem to be necessary for the eruptive movement of teeth. Sex steroids clearly have an effect on facial and cranial base growth and are also odontogenic, but the effects have not been much studied. The growth-inhibiting effect of corticosteroids is explained partly by the reduced response of cartilage cells to insulin-like growth factor-1. Experimentally, the effect is also seen in the condylar cartilage, but clinical studies have not been published. In tooth eruption an accelerating effect has been noted in experimental animals. The role of androgenic hormones in mandibular growth stimulation is discussed.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed2000

Nasolacrimal duct obstruction secondary to ectopic teeth.

OBJECTIVE: To describe two patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) caused by ectopic eruption of teeth. The literature concerning nasal and other unusual ectopic sites of tooth eruption is reviewed. DESIGN: Two interventional case reports and literature review. PARTICIPANTS: A 3-year-old girl with epiphora and recurrent dacryocystitis of the right eye. Previous medical and surgical management was unsuccessful. A 32-year-old female with a long history of right eye discomfort and epiphora. Previous examinations and workup were negative. INTERVENTION: A computed tomographic (CT) scan of the orbits and sinuses was performed in both patients. The ectopic teeth were surgically removed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Nasolacrimal system function and response to treatment at the last follow-up were recorded. RESULTS: In the first patient, CT imaging disclosed two teeth within the right inferior meatus compressing the nasolacrimal duct. In the second patient, CT revealed a large dental structure in the maxillary sinus compressing the nasolacrimal duct. Endoscopic tooth extraction and nasolacrimal duct probing in the first patient and surgical removal of the dental structure in the second patient effected complete resolution of symptoms. Both patients were symptom free at last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: These cases suggest that ectopic eruption of teeth should be added to the differential diagnosis of NLDO. Surgical removal of the ectopic teeth compressing the nasolacrimal duct results in resolution of the lacrimal drainage obstruction.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Localization and expression of CSF-1 receptor in rat dental follicle cells.

Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) accelerates tooth eruption in rats and is localized in the dental follicle, a loose connective tissue sac that is necessary for eruption to occur. CSF-1 enhances the cellular events that occur in the follicle prior to eruption--namely, an influx of monocytes into the follicle early post-natally to form the osteoclasts needed to resorb bone for the eruption pathway. Because CSF-1 levels are at a peak at day 3 post-natally, and because CSF-1 has an autocrine effect on its own gene expression, the question remains as to what causes the subsequent decline in CSF-1 protein and mRNA after day 3 post-natally. To determine if the autocrine effect is inhibited through the CSF-1 receptor, analysis of the CSF-1 receptor mRNA levels in cultured dental follicle cells reveals that high concentrations of CSF-1 reduce the gene expression of the CSF-1 receptor. Interleukin 1 alpha, a molecule that enhances CSF-1 gene expression, has no effect on CSF-1 receptor mRNA levels. Immunostaining for the CSF-1 receptor protein shows that it is present in the dental follicle early post-natally and is either absent or greatly reduced by day 10 post-natally. Earlier studies showed that the mRNA levels of the CSF-1 receptor also parallel this time course. Thus, the above results suggest that the feedback inhibition of the autocrine effect of CSF-1 on its own expression is through the effect of CSF-1 inhibiting the translation and transcription of its receptor. In turn, these molecular interactions possibly regulate the cellular events that occur in the follicle prior to and during eruption.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Peripherin- and CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers in rat molars have different locations and developmental timing.

UNLABELLED: Developing rat molars gain mature sensitivity to electric stimulation at 4-5 weeks after eruption, but the related mechanisms are incompletely understood. Preliminary studies showed weak co-localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity (IR) with peripherin (PER) or neurofilament protein (NF) in rat molar nerve fibers, while the latter two co-localized extensively. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to compare timing and location of PER-IR and CGRP-IR innervation in rat first molars during tooth maturation. METHODS: We used single and double immunocytochemistry to study molars of rats aged 10 days to 1 year. Neural patterns were compared with odontoblast maturation stages, dentinogenesis, formation of cell-free and cell-rich zones, and root closure. RESULTS: Spatial and temporal patterns showed that most CGRP-IR and PER-IR have different terminal domains in teeth. PER-IR fibers were well established among immature odontoblasts prior to tooth eruption, but CGRP-IR fibers were absent. Two weeks after eruption of first molars, many CGRP-IR beaded fibers entered dentin, the larger PER-IR fibers began shifting away from odontoblasts towards the pulp, and the symmetrical PER-IR pulpal pattern was being established. The CGRP-IR fibers continued to increase their asymmetric dentinal innervation until root growth was completed, during which time odontoblasts matured, the cell-free and cell-rich zones appeared, and roots closed. CONCLUSIONS: Sensory maturation of rat molars coincides with closed root apices, extensive innervation of dentin by CGRP-IR nerve fibers, and the appearance of the mature avascular odontoblast layer next to cell-free and cell-rich zones in the pulp horns.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Midpalatal suture of osteopetrotic (op/op) mice exhibits immature fusion.

The midpalatal suture was observed histologically in both toothless osteopetrotic (op/op) and normal (control) mice. The normal mice had a mature sutural structure, which consists of a well-developed cartilage cell zone and palatal bone. In contrast, the thickness of the cartilage cell zone was substantially greater in the op/op mice than that in the controls. Moreover, the cartilage cells in the op/op mice were frequently found in the palatal bone as well as in the sutural space, exhibiting an imperfect fusion. It seems that immature fusion at the sutural interface in the op/op mice is related to a decrease in biting or masticatory force accompanied by the failure of tooth eruption in addition to an essential defect in osteoclast differentiation, which is a congenital symptom in op/op mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Ultrastructure of the ankylotic area in the osteopetrotic op/op mouse.

The op/op mouse, which carries an osteopetrotic mutation, suffers from complete failure of tooth eruption. Commonly the teeth are ankylosed to the bone. Previous reports of ankylosis in the op/op mouse have been based on light microscopy. The aim of this study was to clarify the ultrastructural features of the ankylotic area using the oolong tea extract (OTE) staining technique. The ultrastructural features of ankylosis did not parallel the findings of light microscopy. OTE staining clearly stained the collagen fibers of bone and tooth, and the space dividing the tooth and bone was revealed by transmission electron microscopy. In comparison, light microscopy failed to reveal this space and the ankylosis was unclear. The true ankylotic area was smooth and the tooth was tightly ankylosed to the bone.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Teething and acute graft vs. host disease: a clinical observation.

A 5-month-old girl, treated with bone marrow transplantation for severe combined immunodeficiency, developed two episodes of severe acute graft vs. host disease (GVHD) while teething. A dramatic improvement in GVHD was noted after the completion of tooth eruption. It is suggested that the release of interleukin-1, associated with the traumatized gingival tissue, is the triggering mediator for the GVHD.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1988

A computer model of the periodontal ligament space in man.

An engineering model of the periodontal ligament fibres was used to calculate length changes in the fibres with: direct occlusal forces on the tooth, occlusal loads on other teeth in the arch and splinting. The fibre elongations appear to influence tooth eruption, the clinical behaviour of splinted and non-splinted teeth, and the establishment of vertical dimension of occlusion and occlusal plane height. The model also provides insight into the controversy surrounding the intermediate plexus of the ligament.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2003

Severe gingival hyperplasia in a child with I-cell disease.

I-cell disease (mucolipidosis II) is a rare metabolic disorder resulting from the deficiency of a specific lysosomal enzyme, N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferease. The disease presents as a mental and motor developmental delay with oral manifestations that include severe gingival hyperplasia usually seen before one year of age. The life expectancy of children with this condition is poor, with death usually occurring around the fifth year. A case report of a 3-year-old Pakistani male, with I-cell disease, is presented. The chief dental concerns of the parents were his swollen gums and delayed tooth eruption. Supportive treatment only was initiated. Differential diagnosis for severe gingival overgrowth in young patients should take account of this rare metabolic disorder in addition to hereditary and idiopathic fibromatosis and drug associated gingival overgrowth.

Child, Preschool↗