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At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Aromatherapy for travel-induced excitement in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of the ambient odor of lavender as a treatment for travel-induced excitement in dogs. DESIGN: Clinical trial. Animals-32 dogs with a history of travel-induced excitement in owners' cars. PROCEDURES: Each dog was studied during travel in the owner's car to a familiar walking site during 2 conditions of olfactory stimulation. The first condition was a control condition, during which dogs were exposed to no odor other than that arising naturally from the environment. The second condition was an experimental condition during which dogs were exposed to the ambient odor of lavender. Dogs' behavior was recorded during the car journey for 3 consecutive days under the control condition and for 3 consecutive days under the experimental condition. The percentage of time spent moving, standing, sitting, resting, and vocalizing in each condition of olfactory stimulation was quantified for each dog. RESULTS: Dogs spent significantly more time resting and sitting and less time moving and vocalizing during the experimental condition. There was no significant relationship between dogs' behavior and sex, castration status, day, or the order of exposure to each olfactory condition. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Traditional treatments for travel-induced excitement in dogs may be time-consuming, expensive, or associated with adverse effects. Aromatherapy in the form of diffused lavender odor may offer a practical alternative treatment for travel-induced excitement in this species.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Sexual risk behavior and history of sexually transmitted diseases in relation to casual travel sex during different types of journeys.

OBJECTIVES: The study investigated if women with experience of casual travel sex, with a previously unknown man abroad, on different types of journeys (charter, vagabond, business and education trips), differ with regard to sexual risk behavior and history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). STUDY DESIGN: The study population consisted of 996 women. Of these, 27.7% admitted that they had had casual sex during journeys. The remaining women were used as a comparison group. History of STDs and sexual risk behaviors were investigated. RESULTS: The frequency of women who had more than ten lifetime sexual partners were greatly increased in all groups, as compared to the controls. A history of gonorrhea was most frequent among the charter travellers. A history of genital chlamydial infection was most common among the vagabond travellers. The lowest frequencies of a history of STDs was observed in women engaging in casual sex on 'business' journeys and they had significantly less often a history of STDs as compared to the charter travellers. A high frequency of STDs were seen in women who had experience of casual sex on different types of journeys. CONCLUSION: Women on business trips, although they had a similar sexual risk behaviour as the other groups of travellers, had less often a history of STDs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Enterotoxin-producing bacteria isolated from Swedish travellers with diarrhoea.

The isolation rate of bacterial enteropathogens of different species, particularly enterotoxin-producing Gram-negative bacteria, was determined in stool specimens from Swedish travellers with diarrhoea. Overall, bacterial enteropathogens were identified in 101 (47%) of the 217 travellers on their return home. The most common isolates were enterotoxin-producing bacteria (20%), Salmonellae (18%) and Campylobacter (8%), whereas Shigellae (3%) and Yersinia (0.5%) were rarely identified. Mixed infections were only found in 8 (4%) of the stool specimens. Enterotoxigenic bacteria of Escherichia coli (ETEC), Klebsiella, Morganella, Citrobacter, Pseudomonas and EF-group 10 species were identified. ETEC accounted for 37/43 (86%) enterotoxin-producing strains, and among them 54% produced heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) alone, 16% heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) alone and 30% both LT and ST. Four of the enterotoxin-producing non-E. coli strains produced ST and 2 produced LT alone. The isolation rate of enterotoxin-producing bacteria was somewhat higher in travellers visiting Africa, Asia and Latin America (24%) than in those travelling to Southern Europe (14%). Salmonellae, on the other hand, were identified in stools significantly more often after travel to Southern Europe (26%) than to various subtropical and tropical areas (12.5%).

Adult↗
PubMed1977

"World Traveler" addicts in Asia: II. Comparison with "Stay at home" addicts.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of "world traveler" addicts in Asia have been described in a previous paper. In order to understand more about this group, the 56 American and European addicts seen in Laos were compared to 100 American addicts from Minneapolis matched for age, sex, and year of admission to treatment. "World traveler" addicts tended to be older, better educated, and more apt to be single than this sample of "stay at home" addicts. In comparison to the latter, "travelers" began using narcotic drugs at an older age, became addicted more rapidly, and sought treatment earlier. They were also exposed to more inexpensive, readily available narcotic drugs than the "at home" addicts. These data suggest that exposure to inexpensive, readily available narcotic drugs can result in addiction among a group of people who had previously been refractory to narcotic addiction in their own culture. Loneliness and sociocultural isolation appeared to accelerate the rate at which the average "traveler" moved from nonaddictive use to addiction. Further comparisons to other samples of "at home" addicts will be needed to demonstrate whether these findings are due to "travel" per se or to demographic factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Travel and the emergence of infectious diseases.

Travel is a potent force in the emergence of disease. Migration of humans has been the pathway for disseminating infectious diseases throughout recorded history and will continue to shape the emergence, frequency, and spread of infections in geographic areas and populations. The current volume, speed, and reach of travel are unprecedented. The consequences of travel extend beyond the traveler to the population visited and the ecosystem. When they travel, humans carry their genetic makeup, immunologic sequelae of past infections, cultural preferences, customs, and behavioral patterns. Microbes, animals, and other biologic life also accompany them. Today's massive movement of humans and materials sets the stage for mixing diverse genetic pools at rates and in combinations previously unknown. Concomitant changes in the environment, climate, technology, land use, human behavior, and demographics converge to favor the emergence of infectious diseases caused by a broad range of organisms in humans, as well as in plants and animals.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2002

9: Infections in the returned traveller.

The usual presentation of a returned traveller is with a particular syndrome - fever, respiratory infection, diarrhoea, eosinophilia, or skin or soft tissue infection - or for screening for asymptomatic infection. Fever in a returned traveller requires prompt investigation to prevent deaths from malaria; diagnosis of malaria may require up to three blood films over 36-48 hours. Diarrhoea is the most common health problem in travellers and is caused predominantly by bacteria; persistent diarrhoea is less likely to have an infectious cause, but its prognosis is usually good. While most travel-related infections present within six months of return, some important chronic infections may present months or years later (eg, strongyloidiasis, schistosomiasis). Travellers who have been bitten by an animal require evaluation for rabies prophylaxis.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Travel insurance and medical evacuation: view from the far side.

Travel insurers and medical evacuation companies have a responsibility to provide an efficient high-quality service to their clients. These companies often deliver a standard far short of best practice and far short of their promotional brochures. Their services are overdue for governmental review and a lifting of standards. Travellers must be given realistic advice about the risks of foreign travel and that healthcare resources at their destination may be very limited. Travellers must check with their insurer that the policy they buy truly meets their needs. Some people should not travel overseas.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed2005

Travelling for radiation cancer treatment: patient satisfaction.

This study was conducted for the purpose of describing cancer patients' satisfaction with their care when they had to travel unexpectedly away from home for treatment. Ontario initiated a rereferral program for cancer patients who needed radiation therapy when the waiting lists in southern Ontario became lengthy. Patients travelled to the United States or northern Ontario for their care. A standardized survey containing 25 items with five-point Likert scale responses was mailed to all patients who participated in the rereferral program, following completion of their treatment. Items covered patient experiences before leaving home, in preparing for travel, and staying at the cancer facilities away from home. A total of 466 (55.8%) patients returned the survey. Overall, patients were satisfied with their care. However, there were a number of areas identified by patients where improvements could be made. These areas included access to support prior to leaving home, access to information about supportive care services while away from home, and sensitivity to personal needs in making arrangements for travel. Provision of information and support are important to cancer patients having to travel for cancer treatment.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

[Principles and management of the ambulatory treatment of traveller's diarrhea].

Traveller's Diarrhea (TD, turista) is the most common health disturbance in travellers, affecting 20-50% of two-week travellers depending on their origin, destination and eating habits. The etiological agents most frequently isolated from the stools are enterotoxinogenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., but the rate of isolation of Campylobacter spp. and non cholera vibrios is also high in Asia. Preventive measures in eating habits should in principle be able to curb the incidence of TD but compliance of travellers is usually poor. Antibiotic chemoprophylaxis has proved effective, but economic, safety and microbiological (drug resistance) considerations discourage its widespread use. Any treatment strategy should consider that TD is usually a self-limiting, benign illness in most travellers, even though infants, elderly people or persons with severe baseline diseases (heart diseases, diabetes, immunocompromised hosts, etc...) may sometimes suffer severe consequences. Adequate rehydration is the cornerstone of treatment and intestinal motility inhibitors may be used in adults (not in children) with severe diarrhea during the first 24 hours if the suspicion of invasive pathogen has been ruled out. Routine antibiotic treatment of TD is controversial, due to the benign nature of the syndrome and to the impossibility to ascertain its causative agent. It should be limited to severe and disabling cases. Among the many antibiotics tested, quinolones are now considered first-choice treatment worldwide, even though disturbing reports of the increasing prevalence of quinolone-resistant Campylobacter spp. from Asia have been recently published. Cotrimoxazole is efficient in Central America. The role of non absorbed antibiotics and probiotics is still to be fully elucidated.

4-Quinolones↗
PubMed1999

Medical considerations for wilderness and adventure travelers.

Wilderness and adventure travel has attracted a growing number of participants. Many adventure travelers are inadequately prepared for their trip and are naive about the associated risks. Physicians are frequently asked to provide medical clearance and to complete medical release forms to travelers. To provide better advice, the physician should be familiar with the rigors and difficulty of these activities and must consider the potential environment hazards and remoteness of the intended area of travel. This article provides information on trip rating scales, environmental hazards, altitude illness, hypothermia, heat illness, and adventure travel medical kits.

Altitude↗
PubMed1999

[Coach-class thrombosis--a potential risk for long distance-travelers].

Prolonged non-stop flights imply the hazard of thromboses in the deep veins of the leg. Since more than a billion passengers each year travel by air, the economy class syndrome (coach class thrombosis) has become a rather frequent complication among travellers. For various reasons it is difficult to investigate the economy class syndrome in a methodological way. Therefore, we approached the subject of travellers' thrombosis by using standardised questionnaires and, using this method, we reviewed 121 patients with traveller's thromboses and its complications (50 males, 71 females, mean age 55 years). Seventy-seven patients of this sample suffered from deep venous thromboses, 39 suffered from pulmonary embolism as a consequence of manifest thromboses and 4 were found to have "isolated" pulmonary embolism. The journeys had a mean duration of 12 hours and the first symptoms were observed 3.1 days after the migration. Specific risk factors for thrombosis were identified in no more than 41 patients. Based on our data, a Consensus Conference on travellers' thrombosis was held in 1995, in which the diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of deep vein thrombosis associated with migration were investigated and established.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Traveler's diarrhea: pathogenesis and management].

Amongst the diseases from which the international traveller can suffer diarrhoea is the most frequent; contamination is oro-faecal. About 40% of people travelling to the tropical or subtropical areas have diarrhoea. The origin is usually bacterial. Sometimes the aetiology is viral or parasitic; it is rarely mycotic. Preventive hygiene measures can be explained to the travellers, but their effectiveness is doubtful. Chemoprophylaxis may be efficient, but is not recommended to all travellers. Such a diarrhoea rarely requires medical treatment. In some cases, however, a specific treatment or even hospitalization can be imperative. So diarrhoea can disturb the local activities planned by the traveller and sometimes significantly damage his/her health.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis↗
PubMed2001

[Antibiotic treatment of travellers' diarrhea].

UNLABELLED: This review should be cited as: De Bruyn G, Hahn S, Borwick A. Antibiotic treatment for travellers' diarrhoea (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2001. Oxford: Update Software. A substantive amendment to this systematic review was last made on 21 May 2000. Cochrane reviews are regularly checked and updated if necessary. BACKGROUND: Traveller's diarrhoea is a syndrome frequently encountered in persons crossing an international boundary. Diarrhoea can lead to significant discomfort and interference with travel plans. Bacterial pathogens are a frequent course of this syndrome. Several antibiotics have been tested for efficacy in reducing the duration and severity of the illness. OBJECTIVES: The aims of the review were to access the effects of antibiotics on traveller's diarrhoea in relation to the duration of illness, severity of illness, and adverse effects of medications. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Collaboration Trials Register, MEDLINE, and EMBASE were searched. Additional trials were identified by hand searching. Content experts were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: All trials in any language in which travellers older than five years were randomly allocated to treatment for acute non-bloody diarrhoea with antibiotics and where the causative organism is not known at allocation. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers assessed trial quality and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty published studies met inclusion and quality criteria for inclusion. Twelve studies were placebo-controlled. A meta-analysis for the primary outcome was not feasible. All of the ten trials reported a significant reduction in duration of diarrhoea in participants treated with antibiotics compared with placebo. Data from two trials demonstrated a small reduction for antibiotic treated patients in the number of unformed stools passed per each 24 hour period from randomisation up to 72 hours. Data from six trials demonstrated a greater number of participants being cured of diarrhoea by 72 hours (odds ratio [OR] 5.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.06 to 8.57). Data regarding side effects were available from five trials. There was wide variation in the prevalence of side effects reported in different trials. Persons taking antibiotics experienced more side effects than those taking placebo (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.5 to 3.75). REVIEWERS' CONCLUSION: Antibiotic treatment is associated with shorter duration of diarrhoea but higher incidence of side effects. Trials generally do not report duration of post-treatment diarrhoea using time-to-event analyses, and should do.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

Health problems associated with international business travel. A critical review of the literature.

1. Few studies examine the travel related health problems of international business travelers (IBTs). Research exists for other travelers, such as tourists, which begins to help clinicians understand the potential health problems faced by IBTs. 2. A review of the literature reveals 36% to 54% of travelers experience physical health problems such as traveler's diarrhea, insomnia, respiratory problems, and skin problems; 6% to 18% report accidents and injuries while abroad. 3. Psychosocial data are equally limited, but support the idea that IBTs may experience stress, anxiety, culture shock, and adjustment problems while overseas. 4. Multiple factors likely contribute to the physical and psychosocial health experiences of IBTs. The historical lack of data for this population of workers combined with the trend towards globalization confirm the need for further study from an occupational health perspective.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2001

Viewpoint--Travel medicine and maritime medicine.

Although travel medicine and maritime medicine study health problems of different populations of travelers, they have many common interests. Seafarers are a special kind of travelers and for them traveling is the essential part of their professional lives, so the health risks during travel are basically the risks of their profession and their working environment. In this paper similarities and differences between the practice of work in these two specialities of medicine are presented and discussed.

Global Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health care issues for families traveling internationally with children.

For a variety of reasons, international travel by American families and their children is increasingly more common. Comfort and health care issues are important to these families, and they often address their questions and concerns to their health care practitioner. Traveling to foreign countries involves concerns about food, water, medications, immunizations, and supplies. Seeking medical care on both a routine and emergency basis may be challenging for families traveling to countries outside the United States. This article discusses health care topics relating to children traveling outside the United States and includes answers to the most commonly asked questions and a list of references and resources for parents and practitioners. Pediatric care providers will find this article to be a helpful guide for their traveling pediatric patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Fatal yellow fever in a traveler returning from Amazonas, Brazil, 2002.

Yellow fever (YF) is a mosquitoborne viral disease that has caused deaths in U.S. and European travelers to sub-Saharan Africa and tropical South America. Although no specific treatment exists for YF and the case-fatality rate for severe YF is approximately 20%, an effective vaccine is available. This report describes a case of fatal YF in an unvaccinated traveler who had returned from a 6-day fishing trip on the Rio Negro west of Manaus in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Because information from some commercial outfitters and travel agents might underestimate health risks, healthcare providers and travelers should review vaccination and other traveler's health recommendations from public health agencies.

Brazil↗
PubMed2002

Incidence of symptomatic thrombosis in a stable population of 650,000: travel and other risk factors.

Despite recent intensive media interest, the incidence of traveler's thrombosis is unknown. We have undertaken a study of all symptomatic cases of venous thrombosis, presenting to a hospital, in a fixed population of 650,000. There were 1,250 cases of venous thromboembolism diagnosed over a 2-yr period. Of these, only 47 (3.8%) answered positively to the question" did you make a journey of more than 100 mi in the 4 wk prior to diagnosis?" Among the travelers, 60% had traveled by air, 36% by road, and the remainder by rail. At least one medical risk factor for venous thrombosis was present in all but three of our cohort. We conclude that, taking into consideration the enormous number of passengers who travel, the relative risk of traveler's thrombosis is likely to be low. The incidence of this complication in the North East of England is 1 per 27,660 of the whole population.

Acute Disease↗