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At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Modelling surface radioactive spill dispersion in the Alborán Sea.

The Strait of Gibraltar and the Alborán Sea are the only connection between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Intense shipping activities occur in the area, including transport of waste radionuclides and transit of nuclear submarines. Thus, it is relevant to have a dispersion model that can be used in an emergency situation after an accident, to help the decision-making process. Such dispersion model requires an appropriate description of the physical oceanography of the region of interest, with simulations of tides and residual (average) circulation. In this work, a particle-tracking dispersion model that can be used to simulate the dispersion of radionuclides in the system Strait of Gibraltar-Alborán Sea is described. Tides are simulated using a barotropic model and for the average circulation a reduced-gravity model is applied. This model is able to reproduce the main features of the Alborán circulation (the well known Western Alborán Gyre, WAG, and the coastal circulation mode). The dispersion model is run off-line, using previously computed tidal and residual currents. The contamination patch is simulated by a number of particles whose individual paths are computed; diffusion and decay being modelled using a Monte Carlo method. Radionuclide concentrations may be obtained from the density of particles per water volume unit. Results from the hydrodynamic models have been compared with observations in the area. Several examples of dispersion computations under different wind and circulation conditions are presented.

Seawater↗
PubMed2004

Occurrence of Irgarol 1051 and its major metabolite in Maryland waters of Chesapeake Bay.

Irgarol and its major metabolite (GS26575) were measured in Maryland waters of Chesapeake Bay: (1) in and near 10 marinas, a mainstem Bay site and two Severn River locations during a general survey in July and December of 2002; (2) at various sites in the Port Annapolis Marina and the Severn River area during March of 2002 before the boating season began; and (3) during July (peak boating season) in the same Port Annapolis Marina and Severn River sites area during both an ebb and flood tide. Irgarol concentrations ranged from 1.82 ng/l at the mid-Bay site to 585 ng/l in Port Annapolis marina during the July and December general survey. An Irgarol 90th centile of 239 ng/l was reported for the 10 marina sites, two Severn River sites and one mainstem site sampled during the general survey conducted in July and December. Temporal analysis of all pooled data showed that 90th centiles were over seven times higher in July when compared to December. A comparison of Irgarol concentrations at 12 sites in the Port Annapolis marina and Severn River area during both an ebb and flood tide in July showed no consistent trend with tidal cycle by site although significant reductions in concentrations were reported with distance from the three Port Annapolis marina sites. Ecological risk from Irgarol exposure was judged to be low for most Chesapeake Bay sites sampled. Possible exceptions were Port Annapolis marina, Severn River sites in close proximity to this marina and Chesapeake Harbor marina where Irgarol concentrations exceeded a conservative effects threshold during the peak boating season in July. Ecological risk from GS26575 exposure was low for all sites.

Ecosystem↗
PubMed2006

Review of solutions for 3D hydrodynamic modeling applied to aquaculture in South Pacific atoll lagoons.

A workshop organized in French Polynesia in November 2004 allowed reviewing the current methods to model the three-dimensional hydrodynamic circulation in semi-enclosed atoll lagoons for aquaculture applications. Mollusk (e.g. pearl oyster, clam) aquaculture is a major source of income for South Pacific countries such as French Polynesia or Cook Islands. This aquaculture now requires a better understanding of circulation patterns to improve the spatial use of the lagoons, especially to define the best area to set larvae collectors. The pelagic larval duration of the relevant species (<20 days) and the size of the semi-closed lagoons (few hundreds of km2) drive the specifications of the model in terms of the spatial and temporal scale. It is considered that, in contrast with fish, mollusk larvae movements are limited and that their cycle occurs completely in the lagoon, without an oceanic stage. Atolls where aquaculture is productive are generally well-bounded, or semi-closed, without significant large and deep openings to the ocean. Nevertheless part of the lagoon circulation is driven by oceanic water inputs through the rim, ocean swells, tides and winds. Therefore, boundary conditions of the lagoon system are defined by the spatial structure of a very shallow rim (exposition and number of hoas), the deep ocean swell climate, tides and wind regimes. To obtain a realistic 3D numerical model of lagoon circulation with adequate forcing, it is thus necessary to connect in an interdisciplinary way a variety of methods (models, remote sensing and in situ data collection) to accurately represent the different components of the lagoon system and its specific boundary conditions. We review here the current methods and tools used to address these different components for a hypothetical atoll of the Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia), representative of the semi-closed lagoons of the South Pacific Ocean. We hope this paper will serve as a guide for similar studies elsewhere and we provide guidelines in terms of costs for all the different stages involved.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Improved yields for baculovirus-mediated expression of human His(6)-PDK1 and His(6)-PKBbeta/Akt2 and characterization of phospho-specific isoforms for design of inhibitors that stabilize inactive conformations.

PDK1 and PKB/Akt have a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain at the C-terminus and N-terminus, respectively, which stabilizes an unphosphorylated, autoinhibited conformation. Binding of the PH domain to a phospholipid second messenger causes relief of autoinhibition, which results in kinase phosphorylation and activation. Baculovirus-mediated expression in Sf9 insect cells of both His(6)-PDK1 and His(6)-PKBbeta/Akt2 were optimized, which significantly improved the yields (5-fold) of the affinity purified enzymes over previously reported values. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) and Western analyses indicated that the apparent V(max)=192+/-13 U/mg and K(m) (PDK-Tide)=55+/-10 microM of purified His(6)-PDK1 results from a mixture of at least three different phospho-specific isoforms (pI values of 6.8, 6.5, and 6.4). A purely unphosphorylated isoform of His(6)-PDK1 (pI=6.8) was generated by treatment with lambda protein phosphatase (lambdaPP), which decreased V(max) to 2.4+/-0.4 U/mg and increased K(m) (PDK-Tide) to 217+/-61 microM. Isoelectric focusing and Western analyses indicated that the apparent V(max)=0.21+/-0.03 U/mg and K(m) (Crosstide)=87+/-30 microM of purified His(6)-PKBbeta/Akt2 results from a mixture of the enzyme monophosphorylated either at Ser-474 ( approximately 90%) or at Thr-309 ( approximately 10%). A purely unphosphorylated isoform of His(6)-PKBbeta/Akt2 (pI=6.4) was generated by treatment with lambdaPP, which decreased V(max) approximately 2-fold. The optimization of high-level production and detailed characterization of purified and lambdaPP-treated His(6)-PDK1 and His(6)-PKBbeta/Akt2 will facilitate detailed structural and kinetic studies aimed at understanding the mechanism of second messenger-induced activation.

3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases↗
PubMed2006

Identification of tidal and climatic influences within domestic radon time-series from Northamptonshire, UK.

Analysis of data from extended radon concentration time-series obtained from domestic and public-sector premises in the vicinity of Northampton, UK, and elsewhere, confirms that, in addition to the generally recognised climatic influences, 'Earth Tides' and 'Ocean Tidal Loading' drive periodic radon liberation via geophysically driven groundwater level variations. Regression and cross-correlation with environmental parameters showed some degree of association between radon concentration and mean temperature and rainfall. Fourier analysis of radon time-series identified periodicities of the order of 23.9 h (luni-solar diurnal, K(1)), 24.0 h (solar day, S(1)), 168 h (1 week) and 661.3 h (lunar month, M(m)), while cross-correlation with tidal strength demonstrated periodicity of the order of 14 days (lunar-solar fortnight, M(f)). These results suggest that astronomical influences, including tides, play a part in controlling radon release from the soil.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed2004

Monitoring marine recreational water quality using multiple microbial indicators in an urban tropical environment.

The microbial water quality at two beaches, Hobie Beach and Crandon Beach, in Miami-Dade County, Florida, USA was measured using multiple microbial indicators for the purpose of evaluating correlations between microbes and for identifying possible sources of contamination. The indicator microbes chosen for this study (enterococci, Escherichia coli, fecal coliform, total coliform and C. perfringens) were evaluated through three different sampling efforts. These efforts included daily measurements at four locations during a wet season month and a dry season month, spatially intensive water sampling during low- and high-tide periods, and a sand sampling effort. Results indicated that concentrations did not vary in a consistent fashion between one indicator microbe and another. Daily water quality frequently exceeded guideline levels at Hobie Beach for all indicator microbes except for fecal coliform, which never exceeded the guideline. Except for total coliform, the concentrations of microbes did not change significantly between seasons in spite of the fact that the physical-chemical parameters (rainfall, temperature, pH, and salinity) changed significantly between the two monitoring periods. Spatially intense water sampling showed that the concentrations of microbes were significantly different with distance from the shoreline. The highest concentrations were observed at shoreline points and decreased at offshore points. Furthermore, the highest concentrations of indicator microbe concentrations were observed at high tide, when the wash zone area of the beach was submerged. Beach sands within the wash zone tested positive for all indicator microbes, thereby suggesting that this zone may serve as the source of indicator microbes. Ultimate sources of indicator microbes to this zone may include humans, animals, and possibly the survival and regrowth of indicator microbes due to the unique environmental conditions found within this zone. Overall, the results of this study indicated that the concentrations of indicator microbes do not necessarily correlate with one another. Exceedence of water quality guidelines, and thus the frequency of beach advisories, depends upon which indicator microbe is chosen.

Cities↗
PubMed2003

Effect of tidal cycle and food intake on the baseline plasma corticosterone rhythm in intertidally foraging marine iguanas.

In most species, plasma levels of baseline glucocorticoids such as corticosterone (B) have a circadian rhythm. This rhythm can be entrained by both photoperiod and food intake and is related to aspects of energy intake and metabolism. Marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) offer a unique opportunity to better understand the relative importance of the light:dark cycle versus food intake in influencing the rhythm in baseline B in a natural system. Compared to other species, food intake is not as strictly determined by the phase of the light:dark cycle. Animals feed in the intertidal zone so feeding activity is heavily influenced by the tidal cycle. We measured baseline plasma B levels in free-living iguanas over several 24-h periods that varied in the timing of low tide/foraging activity. We found that baseline B levels were higher during the day relative to night. However, when low tide occurred during the day, baseline B levels dropped coincident with the timing of low tide. Whether the baseline B rhythm (including the drop during foraging) is an endogenous rhythm with a circatidal component, or is simply a result of feeding and associated physiological changes needs to be tested. Together, these data suggest that the baseline B rhythm in marine iguanas is influenced by the tidal cycle/food intake as well as the light:dark cycle.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Kenya.

The Kenya coast is bathed by the northward-flowing warm waters of the East Africa Coastal Current, located between latitudes 1 and 5 degrees S. With a narrow continental shelf, the coastal marine environments are dominated by coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves, with large expanses of sandy substrates where river inputs from Kenya's two largest rivers, the Tana and Athi rivers, prevent the growth of coral reefs. The northern part of the coast is seasonally influenced by upwelling waters of the Somali Current, resulting in lower water temperatures for part of the year. The coast is made up of raised Pleistocene reefs on coastal plains and hills of sedimentary origin, which support native habitats dominated by scrub bush and remnant pockets of the forests that used to cover East Africa and the Congo basin. The marine environment is characterized by warm tropical conditions varying at the surface between 25 degrees C and 31 degrees C during the year, stable salinity regimes, and moderately high nutrient levels from terrestrial runoff and groundwater. The semi-diurnal tidal regime varies from 1.5 to 4 m amplitude from neap to spring tides, creating extensive intertidal platform and rocky-shore communities exposed twice-daily during low tides. Fringing reef crests dominate the whole southern coast and parts of the northern coast towards Somalia, forming a natural barrier to the wave energy from the ocean. Coral reefs form the dominant ecosystem along the majority of the Kenya coast, creating habitats for seagrasses and mangroves in the lagoons and creeks protected by the reef crests. Kenya's marine environment faces a number of threats from the growing coastal human population estimated at just under three million in 2000. Extraction of fish and other resources from the narrow continental shelf, coral reef and mangrove ecosystems increases each year with inadequate monitoring and management structures to protect the resource bases. Coastal development in urban and tourist centers proceeds with little regard for environmental and social impacts. With a faltering economy, industrial development in Mombasa proceeds with few checks on pollution and other impacts. In 1998 Kenya's coral reefs suffered 50-80% mortality from the El Niño-related coral bleaching event that affected the entire Indian Ocean. The institutional, human resource and legal infrastructure for managing the coastal environment has in the past been low, however these are rapidly improving with the revitalization of national institutions and the passing in 1999 of an Environment Act. Marine Protected Areas are the key tool currently used in management of marine ecosystems, and focus principally on coral reefs and biodiversity protection. New initiatives are underway to improve application of fisheries regulations, and to use Integrated Coastal Area Management (ICAM) as a framework for protecting marine and coastal environments.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The Seto Inland Sea--eutrophic or oligotrophic?

The present water quality conditions in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan are described along with an historical background before and after the measures taken to reduce eutrophication. The directive to reduce phosphorus discharge into this area was very effective, reducing the number of red tides from about 300 cases per year at their peak in 1976 to the recent level of about 100 cases per year, indicating the improvement of seawater quality. However, the hastiness of the measures taken to reduce phosphorous seems to have led to a depletion of dissolved inorganic phosphorus that is an essential nutrient for the growth of phytoplankton. Fishery production has also decreased with the reduction of phosphorus, showing a time lag, and the relationship between them shows a hysteresis-like pattern indicating that the condition of fishery production is currently in a critical stage of collapse. This implies that the phosphorus reduction could have lowered the phytoplankton primary production and also caused a detrimental effect on the fishery production. Noteworthy is the change in the phytoplankton species composition. The dominant species that form red tides have changed from non-harmful diatoms to harmful raphidophytes in the eutrophication process and then finally to harmful/toxic dinoflagellates in the oligotrophication process. This indicates that the measures to reduce phosphorus have caused a change in phytoplankton species composition, thereby altering the food web structure, suggesting that this might be the major cause of the reduction of fishery production. In conclusion, the Seto Inland Sea of Japan is apparently in an oligotrophic condition, and it could be said to be in the state of "cultural oligotrophication" caused by the hasty reduction of phosphorus loading. Dam construction, as another possible cause of the cultural oligotrophication, is also discussed, and evidence relating to the existence of numerous dams in this area is also shown. Stress is placed on the regulation of the level of nutrients and their elemental ratio in the seawater, because these factors are considered to be effective in preventing the generation of harmful algae and in sustaining the fishery production through preservation of the natural environment. A proposal is also described regarding how these factors could be controlled.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed2002

Confirmation of brevetoxin metabolism in the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) by controlled exposures to pure toxins and to Karenia brevis cultures.

Previously, we analyzed Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) naturally exposed to a Karenia brevis red tide and found that brevetoxins (PbTx) are rapidly accumulated and metabolized. Several metabolites were isolated and later identified, including a cysteine-PbTx conjugate (MH(+): m/z 1018) and its sulfoxide product (m/z 1034). In the present study, we confirm and extend those findings by examining PbTx metabolism and elimination in oysters exposed to pure toxins (PbTx-2 and -3) under controlled conditions. Waterborne PbTx-3 was rapidly accumulated, but not metabolized, in the oyster and was largely eliminated within 2 weeks after exposure. In contrast, PbTx-2 was accumulated and rapidly metabolized. Metabolites of PbTx-2 included the reduction product PbTx-3 (m/z 897), and the cysteine conjugates (m/z 1018 and 1034) isolated previously from the field samples. Levels of the metabolite PbTx-3 in PbTx-2-exposed oysters were highest immediately after exposure and declined at a rate similar to parent PbTx-3 in PbTx-3-exposed oysters. Cysteine-PbTx persisted for 8 weeks after exposure. The same metabolites were confirmed in oysters exposed to laboratory cultures of K. brevis. PbTx metabolites contribute to neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) and should be included in analytical protocols for monitoring shellfish toxicity after a K. brevis red tide event.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Neural network modeling of salinity variation in Apalachicola River.

Salinity is an important indicator for water quality and aquatic ecosystem in tidal rivers. The increase of salinity intrusion in a river may have an adverse effect on the aquatic environment system. This study presents an application of the artificial neural network (ANN) to assess salinity variation responding to the multiple forcing functions of freshwater input, tide, and wind in Apalachicola River, Florida. Parameters in the neural network model were trained until the model predictions of salinity matched well with the observations. Then, the trained model was validated by applying the model to another independent data set. The results indicate that the ANN model is capable of correlating the non-linear time series of salinity to the multiple forcing signals of wind, tides. and freshwater input in the Apalachicola River. This study suggests that the ANN model is an easy-to-use modeling tool for engineers and water resource managers to obtain a quick preliminary assessment of salinity variation in response to the engineering modifications to the river system.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2003

Microbiological water quality in urban coastal beaches: the influence of water dynamics and optimization of the sampling strategy.

In the summer 2001, the microbiological water quality of two contiguous urban coastal beaches (Porto, Portugal) was surveyed for 18 consecutive days. The sampling strategy consisted in sampling surface water in early morning, noon and afternoon. A total of 184 samples were processed at Pastoras beach, a confined area between two jetties, and Ourigo Beach more open to the ocean. At the first beach site, all samples exceeded fecal contamination above guide values (GV) and 82.6% above mandatory values (MV) set out in the EU Bathing Water Directive; whereas at Pastoras Beach, the figures were 93.5% for GV and 26.1% for MV, showing a potential health risk. The periodicity of fecal indicators in raw sewage, the tidal status and wind conditions dramatically influenced the water quality. The quality decreased in the morning regardless of tide conditions, but improved subsequently during the day, particularly during high tide and under the influence of afternoon NW winds. These dynamics are incompatible with the fortnight routine sampling according to the recommendations of the EU Bathing Water Directive, and the strategy should be revised on a beach-to-beach basis, having in mind the profile for the coastal zone.

Cities↗
PubMed2001

Quantitation of HLA-A*0201 bound tumor associated antigens on a peptide pulsed B cell line.

CTLs recognize 8- to 10-mer peptides on MHC class I molecules. Recent studies have shown that human CTLs kill autologous tumor cells in an HLA-restricted and peptide-specific manner, and that artificial pep- tides can stimulate tumor-specific CTLs both in vitro and in vivo. Accordingly, several human clinical trials using such peptides are ongoing worldwide. In such methods, the amount of peptide-MHC complexes that remain on the cell surface of APCs after peptide administration is crucial, because CTL activation depends on the number of ligated TCRs and co-stimulation. However, it remains uncertain how many peptide-MHC complexes are reconstituted and remain on live cells after peptide administration. We herein examined the binding affinities of five HLA-A*0201 restricted peptides-four TAAs and one HIV antigen-to HLA-A*0201 molecules and their decay rates on a live B cell line using tandem mass spectrometry. Our experiments showed that nearly 10(5) peptide-MHC complexes per cell could be reconstituted on a cell surface by pulsing a high dose of peptide even if the binding affinities were intermediate or low. However, the decay rates observed for these pep- tide-MHC complexes on a B cell line were faster than previously estimated.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Radioactivity concentrations in sediments and their correlation to the coastal structure in Kuwait.

Gamma-ray spectrometric measurements were performed on sediment samples from the coast of Kuwait to study the concentration of natural as well as man-made radioactive sources. The coast of Kuwait, which extends for some 170 km is mainly soft sedimentary colitic limestones or sandstones, overlaid in many areas with beach or wind-blown sand. In the north, suspended material from the Shatt Al-Arab delta has settled to form extensive soft areas of intertidal mud within Kuwait Bay. Forty samples were taken at different points along the coast in undisturbed areas at intervals of about 5 km. Collection was carried out during low-tide, where it was possible to collect sediments from the wet region that was covered by seawater during the high tide. At each of the sample sites, a sampling area of about 1 m2 was considered. Samples collected from the north were of a muddy nature, whereas the southern samples were sandy. All samples were left to dry in open air before drying in the oven at 105 degrees C for 2-3 days to remove all water content. The radioactivity in southern areas reaches about one half of the values commonly assigned as the world average. In the northern areas, higher radioactivity concentrations are found but are still below the international levels.

Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMed2002

Cross-shelf transport at Huntington Beach. Implications for the fate of sewage discharged through an offshore ocean outfall.

In this study, we evaluate the potential for internal tides to transport wastewater effluent from the Orange County Sanitation District (OCSD) ocean outfall toward Huntington Beach. Results of plume tracking studies show that OCSD effluent occasionally moves shoreward into water less than 20 m deep. Analyses of current and temperature observations indicate cold water is regularly advected cross-shelf, in to and out of the nearshore, at both semi-diurnal and diurnal frequencies. Isotherms typically associated with the waste field near the outfall are observed just outside the Huntington Beach surf zone, where the total depth is less than 6 m, highlighting the extent of the cross-shelf transport. This advection is attributed to a mode 1 internal motion, or internal tide. On the basis of the analyses presented here, the OCSD plume cannot be ruled out as a contributor to poor bathing-water quality at Huntington Beach.

California↗
PubMed2004

Estimate of oil persisting on the beaches of Prince William Sound 12 years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill.

We estimated the amount of oil remaining in Prince William Sound, Alaska, 12 yr after the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill to assess its importance as a long-term reservoir of toxic hydrocarbons. We found oil on 78 of 91 beaches randomly selected according to their oiling history. Surface oiling was recorded for randomly placed quadrats, which were then excavated and examined for subsurface oil. The cumulative area of beach contaminated by surface or subsurface oil was estimated at 11.3 ha. Surface oil varied little with tide height, but subsurface oil was more prevalent at the middle tide heights. The mass of remaining subsurface oil is conservatively estimated at 55 600 kg. Analysis of terpanes indicated that over 90% of the surface oil and all of the subsurface oil was from the Exxon Valdez and that Monterey Formation oil deposited after the 1964 Alaska earthquake accounted for the remaining surface oil. These results indicate that oil from the Exxon Valdez remains by far the largest reservoir of biologically available polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on beaches impacted by the spill and that biota dependent on these beaches risk continued exposure.

Accidents↗
PubMed2006

Vertical distribution and probability of encountering intertidal Exxon Valdez oil on shorelines of three embayments within Prince William Sound, Alaska.

We examined 32 shorelines selected at random in 2003 from shorelines in Herring Bay, Lower Pass, and Bay of Isles in Prince William Sound, Alaska, to examine the vertical distribution of oil remaining from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill and to estimate the probability that sea otters and ducks would encounter oil while foraging there. On each shoreline, sampling was stratified by 1-m tide height intervals and randomly located 0.25 m2 sampling quadrats were examined for evidence of surface and subsurface oil. Oil from the T/V Exxon Valdezwasfound on 14 shorelines, mainly in Herring Bay and Lower Pass, with an estimated 0.43 ha covered by surface oil and 1.52 ha containing subsurface oil. Surface and subsurface oil were most prevalent near the middle of the intertidal and had nearly symmetrical distributions with respect to tide height. Hence, about half the oil is in the biologically rich lower intertidal, where predators may encounter it while disturbing sediments in search of prey. The overall probability of encountering surface or subsurface oil is estimated as 0.0048, which is only slightly greaterthan our estimated probability of encountering subsurface oil in the lower intertidal of Herring Bay or Lower Pass. These encounter probabilities are sufficient to ensure that sea otters and ducks that routinely excavate sediments while foraging within the intertidal would likely encounter subsurface oil repeatedly during the course of a year.

Accidents↗
PubMed2001

Evidence for use of chemical cues by male horseshoe crabs when locating nesting females (Limulus polyphemus).

Horseshoe crabs come ashore in attached pairs during spring high tides to mate and nest on beaches of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Unattached males also come ashore and crowd around the nesting pairs as satellites and engage in sperm competition with the attached male. Females with no satellites and females with large numbers of satellites nest next to one another on the same tide. When females are removed and replaced by a cement model, satellite males continue to be attracted to the same location. Models over sites where females with many satellites had nested are more attractive to males than sites from which a female with no satellites had been removed or a site where no crab had been nesting recently. A second experiment demonstrated that males are responding to chemical cues. A sponge filled with seawater taken from below a female with many satellites and placed under a model female was more attractive to males than a sponge filled with seawater. This is the first demonstration that horseshoe crabs use chemical cues, in addition to visual cues, to locate mates.

Animals↗