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PubMed1997

High-quality television links for home-based support for the elderly.

Since 1991, 17 elderly people have been connected via a broadband video communication system to a telecare centre. The new services used videophones based on domestic television sets, including set-top boxes with cameras and a microphone. The services had the overall aim of promoting the ability of elderly and mobility-impaired people to live independently and to reduce the demand on social service resources required to implement this. Service components included: remote response to emergencies; active information and care; information and assistance service; remote care on demand; remote access to expertise (counselling); training and exercise service; and support for carers. Some 14,000 calls have been made. The important qualitative aspects were: clients' satisfaction; replacement of direct social contacts; privacy and data protection; and improving the effectiveness of social services. For a successful market implementation of video-based social support and telecare services, it is essential to integrate them into existing outpatient services.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Using cable television networks for interactive home telemedicine services.

Most recent cable television network infrastructures can be used to deliver broadband interactive telemedicine services to the home. These facilities allow the provision of social and health services like medical televisiting for elderly, disabled and chronically ill patients; health tele-education; and teleconsultation on demand. Large numbers of patients could benefit from these services. There is also the increasing European tendency to offer customized home-care services. These applications are being developed and validated by a pilot project in Madrid as part of the ATTRACT project of the European Commission. The long-term aim is to develop broadband applications on a large scale to support low-cost interactive home telemedicine services for both patients and institutions.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Integrating interactive television-based psychiatric consultation into an urban community mental health service.

We conducted a pilot study of urban telepsychiatry employing interactive television (IATV) over ISDN links for psychiatric consultation to support a primary-care mental health team. During the six months of the pilot phase, 30 consultations were arranged by the general practitioners for 14 different patients. Of these, 24 were completed by IATV and one by telephone when the IATV link failed. The system was used to manage patients with complex problems, many of whom were difficult to engage in standard services. The results showed high levels of user acceptance. Various problems for the further implementation of such systems were also identified.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed2003

Use of a quality index in threshold contrast detail detection measurements in television fluoroscopy.

The use of a single index to assist in quality control procedures of X-ray television fluoroscopy systems was investigated. A single quality index was devised incorporating a measure of threshold contrast detail detectability (TCDD) performance and taking into account image intensifier input kerma rate, field size, differences in radiation beam quality, and pulsed fluoroscopy. This was applied to a number of clinical systems to investigate changes in image quality index quantified over time. Accepted measurement protocols were used to obtain these measurements. The results show system performance for different systems and can establish the decline in performance parameters over time or assess non-optimal image quality with clinical systems in field measurements. The systems studied were assessed with a variety of performance parameters including TCDD results, low contrast sensitivity, limiting resolution, and image intensifier input kerma rate under clinical modes of operation. The TCDD quality index, and dose normalized quality index, were found to be useful image quality assessment parameters for serial testing of systems, which augment the use of graphical methods for the display of TCDD curves.

Fluoroscopy↗
PubMed2006

Radio frequency nonionizing radiation in a community exposed to radio and television broadcasting.

Exposure to radio frequency (RF) nonionizing radiation from telecommunications is pervasive in modern society. Elevated disease risks have been observed in some populations exposed to radio and television transmissions, although findings are inconsistent. This study quantified RF exposures among 280 residents living near the broadcasting transmitters for Denver, Colorado. RF power densities outside and inside each residence were obtained, and a global positioning system (GPS) identified geographic coordinates and elevations. A view-shed model within a geographic information system (GIS) characterized the average distance and percentage of transmitters visible from each residence. Data were collected at the beginning and end of a 2.5-day period, and some measurements were repeated 8-29 months later. RF levels logged at 1-min intervals for 2.5 days varied considerably among some homes and were quite similar among others. The greatest differences appeared among homes within 1 km of the transmitters. Overall, there were no differences in mean residential RF levels compared over 2.5 days. However, after a 1- to 2-year follow-up, only 25% of exterior and 38% of interior RF measurements were unchanged. Increasing proximity, elevation, and line-of-sight visibility were each associated with elevated RF exposures. At average distances from > 1-3 km, exterior RF measurements were 13-30 times greater among homes that had > 50% of the transmitters visible compared with homes with < or = 50% visibility at those distances. This study demonstrated that both spatial and temporal factors contribute to residential RF exposure and that GPS/GIS technologies can improve RF exposure assessment and reduce exposure misclassification.

Colorado↗
PubMed1987

The MEDLINE update on closed-circuit television.

An alternative format for presentation of the MEDLINE Update is presented. Utilization of a statewide closed-circuit television network is time-saving and cost-effective for the audience. Differences in and audience response to this alternative programming are described.

Education, Continuing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using television to improve the social behavior of institutionalized children.

This field experiment assessed the effects of a "TV diet" composed of ten prosocial programs on the social behavior of eight-to-eighteen year old behaviorally disordered youngsters who were institutionalized in a state psychiatric facility. The influence of a post-viewing group discussion which highlighted the televised positive messages was also examined. The prosocial diet resulted in the youngsters behaving more altruistically, less verbally aggressive, and less destructively relative to those exposed to the control diet containing programs the youngsters typically viewed. The post-viewing discussion reduced the effectiveness of the prosocial programming but mitigated some of the negative effects of the control diet.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Time spent viewing captions on television programs.

The eye movements of 23 deaf subjects, ages 14 to 61 years, were recorded 30 times per second while the subjects watched four 2.5-minute captioned television programs. The eye movement data were analyzed to determine the percentage of time each subject actually looked at the captions on the screen. It was found that subjects gazed at the captions 84% of the time, at the video picture 14% of the time, and off the video 2% of the time. Age, sex, and educational level appeared to have little influence on time spent viewing captions. When caption speed increased from the slowest speed (100 words per minute, or wpm) to the fastest speed (180 wpm), mean percentage of time spent gazing at captions increased only from 82% to 86%. A distinctive characteristic of the data was the considerable variation from subject to subject and also within subjects (from video to video) in regard to percentage of time spent gazing at captions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Wideband enhancement of television images for people with visual impairments.

Wideband enhancement was implemented by detecting visually relevant edge and bar features in an image to produce a bipolar contour map. The addition of these contours to the original image resulted in increased local contrast of these features and an increase in the spatial bandwidth of the image. Testing with static television images revealed that visually impaired patients (n = 35) could distinguish the enhanced images and preferred them over the original images (and degraded images). Most patients preferred a moderate level of wideband enhancement, since they preferred natural-looking images and rejected visible artifacts of the enhancement. Comparison of the enhanced images with the originals revealed that the improvement in the perceived image quality was significant for only 22% of the patients. Possible reasons for the limited increase in perceived image quality are discussed, and improvements are suggested.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

How direct-to-consumer television advertising for osteoarthritis drugs affects physicians' prescribing behavior.

Concern about the potential pernicious effect of direct-to-consumer (DTC) drug advertising on physicians' prescribing patterns was heightened with the 2004 withdrawal of Vioxx, a heavily advertised treatment for osteoarthritis. We examine how DTC advertising has affected physicians' prescribing behavior for osteoarthritis patients. We analyzed monthly clinical information on fifty-seven primary care practices during 2000-2002, matched to monthly brand-specific advertising data for local and network television. DTC advertising of Vioxx and Celebrex increased the number of osteoarthritis patients seen by physicians each month. DTC advertising of Vioxx increased the likelihood that patients received both Vioxx and Celebrex, but Celebrex ads only affected Vioxx use.

Advertising↗
PubMed2003

Comparing the use of health information/advice in Birmingham and Hull: a case study of digital health information delivered via the television.

Postal questionnaire surveys were carried out with users of two digital interactive television (DiTV) providers of health content to investigate the use made of each service and the users' reactions to service content and its usefulness to them. The research indicated that health information on DiTV was used and, on the whole, rated favourably. There was some evidence also that such information might be used by some people as a substitute for going to the doctor, though information from their general practitioner (GP) or practice nurse still carries more weight for most people than any other health information source. This study forms part of an ongoing research project which has, as part of its aim, the task of identifying particular users with the information sources that may be most appropriate for them.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The impact of television advertising on alcohol consumption: an experiment.

A videotaped indoor soccer game was shown to 125 men college students, ostensibly to evaluate the sport's televiewing appeal. Different versions of the videotape included zero, four or nine beer commercials. Refreshments, including beer, were available to the subjects. Half the subjects had immediate access to beer, and half had access delayed by one half hour. Exposure to the first few commercials increased consumption; however, continued exposure did not. Over the entire experiment, advertising had no significant effect on total beer consumption. Delayed access to beer led to compensatory beer consumption, notably in the third half hour. The results of the present study were interpreted as not supporting strong concern about television advertising's impact on immediate consumption of available alcohol. The results suggest that experiments on alcohol advertising are likely to produce negative results where drinking is measured over a substantial period (e.g., an hour or more), and positive results where drinking is measured over a brief period (e.g., half an hour or less).

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Alcohol on prime-time television.

Alcohol acts and scenes from a sample of 122 hours of prime-time television programs aired in the fall of 1984 were studied. Approximately 80% of the 116 episodes studied contained one or more appearances of alcohol. The appearance of alcohol on dramatic series was especially high with 9 of 10 episodes containing some verbal or visual reference to alcohol. Alcohol was ingested on 60% of all the programs. Overall, the sample contained 10.65 drinking acts per hour. Dramas, comprising 56% of the sample hours, accounted for most alcohol behavior--11 drinking acts per hour. Put in audience terms, a regular viewer of dramas would be likely to see more than 20 drink acts per evening.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Watching sex on television predicts adolescent initiation of sexual behavior.

BACKGROUND: Early sexual initiation is an important social and health issue. A recent survey suggested that most sexually experienced teens wish they had waited longer to have intercourse; other data indicate that unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases are more common among those who begin sexual activity earlier. The American Academy of Pediatrics has suggested that portrayals of sex on entertainment television (TV) may contribute to precocious adolescent sex. Approximately two-thirds of TV programs contain sexual content. However, empirical data examining the relationships between exposure to sex on TV and adolescent sexual behaviors are rare and inadequate for addressing the issue of causal effects. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: We conducted a national longitudinal survey of 1792 adolescents, 12 to 17 years of age. In baseline and 1-year follow-up interviews, participants reported their TV viewing habits and sexual experience and responded to measures of more than a dozen factors known to be associated with adolescent sexual initiation. TV viewing data were combined with the results of a scientific analysis of TV sexual content to derive measures of exposure to sexual content, depictions of sexual risks or safety, and depictions of sexual behavior (versus talk about sex but no behavior). OUTCOME MEASURES: Initiation of intercourse and advancement in noncoital sexual activity level, during a 1-year period. RESULTS: Multivariate regression analysis indicated that adolescents who viewed more sexual content at baseline were more likely to initiate intercourse and progress to more advanced noncoital sexual activities during the subsequent year, controlling for respondent characteristics that might otherwise explain these relationships. The size of the adjusted intercourse effect was such that youths in the 90th percentile of TV sex viewing had a predicted probability of intercourse initiation that was approximately double that of youths in the 10th percentile, for all ages studied. Exposure to TV that included only talk about sex was associated with the same risks as exposure to TV that depicted sexual behavior. African American youths who watched more depictions of sexual risks or safety were less likely to initiate intercourse in the subsequent year. CONCLUSIONS: Watching sex on TV predicts and may hasten adolescent sexual initiation. Reducing the amount of sexual content in entertainment programming, reducing adolescent exposure to this content, or increasing references to and depictions of possible negative consequences of sexual activity could appreciably delay the initiation of coital and noncoital activities. Alternatively, parents may be able to reduce the effects of sexual content by watching TV with their teenaged children and discussing their own beliefs about sex and the behaviors portrayed. Pediatricians should encourage these family discussions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A national study of neighborhood safety, outdoor play, television viewing, and obesity in preschool children.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that preschool children have a higher prevalence of obesity, spend less time playing outdoors, and spend more time watching television (TV) when they live in neighborhoods that their mothers perceive as unsafe. METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey in 20 large US cities, mothers reported the average daily time of outdoor play and TV viewing for their 3-year-old children, and the children's BMI was measured. Maternal perception of neighborhood safety was assessed with the Neighborhood Environment for Children Rating Scales; the scale score was used to divide children into tertiles of neighborhood safety. RESULTS: Of the 3141 children studied, 35% lived in households with incomes below the US poverty threshold. After adjustment for sociodemographic factors (household income and mothers' education, race/ethnicity, age, and marital status), obesity prevalence (BMI > or =95th percentile) did not differ in children from the least safe to the safest neighborhood safety tertile (18% vs 17% vs 20%) or in weekday (160 vs 151 vs 156 minutes/day) or weekend (233 vs 222 vs 222 minutes/day) outdoor play time. Children who lived in neighborhoods that were perceived by their mothers as the least safe watched more TV (201 vs 182 vs 185 minutes/day) and were more likely to watch >2 hours/day (66% vs 60% vs 62%). TV viewing and outdoor play minutes were not significantly correlated to each other or to BMI. CONCLUSIONS: In a national sample of preschool children, mothers' perception of neighborhood safety was related to their children's TV viewing time but not to their outdoor play time or risk for obesity.

Attitude↗
PubMed2006

Food-related advertising on preschool television: building brand recognition in young viewers.

OBJECTIVES: This study used content analysis to explore how much and what type of advertising is present in television programming aimed at toddlers and preschool-aged children and what methods of persuasion are being used to sell products and to promote brands to the youngest viewers. METHODS: Four randomly selected, 4-hour blocks (9 am to 1 pm) were recorded in spring 2005 from each of 3 stations airing programming aimed specifically at toddlers and preschool-aged children (Public Broadcasting Service, Disney, and Nickelodeon). All content that aired in the spaces between programs was examined. Data recorded for food-related advertisements included the primary appeals used to promote products or brands, whether advertisements were aimed at children or adults, whether advertisements used primarily animation or live action, whether advertisements showed food, and whether licensed characters were used. RESULTS: In 96 half-hour blocks of preschool programming, the 3 stations had a total of 130 food-related advertisements (1.354 food advertisements per half-hour). More than one half of all food advertisements (76 of 130 advertisements) were aimed specifically at children, and the majority of those were for fast food chains (50 advertisements) or sweetened cereals (18 advertisements). The primary advertising appeals used associated products with fun and happiness and/or with excitement and energy. Fast food advertisements in particular seemed to focus on building brand recognition and positive associations, through the use of licensed characters, logos, and slogans. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of child-oriented food advertisements viewed seemed to take a branding approach, focusing on creating lifelong customers rather than generating immediate sales. Promotional spots on advertisement-supported (Nickelodeon) and sponsor-supported (Public Broadcasting Service and Disney) networks took similar approaches and used similar appeals, seeming to promote the equation that food equals fun and happiness.

Advertising↗