Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “TAILS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 739 records · Page 41Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Serotonin-induced gnawing in rats: comparison with tail pinch-induced gnawing.

The intrathecal (IT) injection of serotonin in the rat was found to produce a variety of behavioral signs of the serotonin "syndrome" as well as intense gnawing. Serotonin-induced gnawing is qualitatively similar to that evoked by tail pinch. Paradoxically, tail pinch-induced gnawing has been previously shown to be inhibited by serotonergic activity while we found a positive dose-related correlation between the IT administration of serotonin and gnawing. Pretreatment with methysergide IT completely blocked gnawing produced by intrathecally injected serotonin but not that evoked by tail pinch. In contrast, naloxone, reported to inhibit tail pinch-induced hyperphagia, failed to affect serotonin-induced gnawing. The parenteral injection of haloperidol inhibited both tail pinch-induced and serotonin-induced gnawing. Failure of intrathecally injected haloperidol to inhibit serotonin-induced gnawing indicates that dopamine mediates this behavior at a supraspinal level. The ability of serotonin to elicit gnawing when injected at the spinal cord level, but to inhibit the same behavior when evoked by tail pinch, suggest that this neurotransmitter plays opposite roles depending on which part of the CNS is involved.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Tolerance to delta- but not mu-opioid receptors in the spinal cord attenuates inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by beta-endorphin administered intracerebroventricularly in mice.

Male ICR mice were rendered tolerant by intrathecal (IT) injection once a day with either mu-agonist, D-Ala2-NMePhe4-Gly-ol-enkephalin (DAMGO) or delta-agonist, D-Pen2-D-Pen5-enkephalin (DPDPE) (toleragen) by doubling the dose each day starting from 0.125 and 1 microgram for DAMGO and DPDPE, respectively, for 6 days. On day 6, the magnitude of tolerance was assessed by establishing IT dose-response lines for the effect of the chronic drug given as bolus injections (probe). The antinociception was assessed by the tail-flick and hot-plate test. Repeated IT injections of DPDPE reduced inhibition of the tail-flick and hot-plate response induced by DPDPE (ED50 values for DPDPE increase 10-fold) but not DAMGO. Repeated IT injections of DAMGO reduced inhibition of the tail-flick and hot-plate response induced by DAMGO (ED50 value for DAMGO increase 7- to 10-fold) but not DPDPE. The effects of the tolerance to mu- and delta-opioid receptor activity in the spinal cord on inhibition of the tail-flick and hot-plate response induced by intracerebroventricularly (ICV) administered beta-endorphin and morphine were then studied. beta-Endorphin or morphine at different doses were injected ICV 4 hr after the last IT injection of DPDPE or DAMGO. Repeated IT bolus injections of DPDPE reduced inhibition of the tail-flick response but not the hot-plate response induced by beta-endorphin. On the other hand, repeated IT bolus injections of DAMGO did not affect inhibition of the tail-flick and hot-plate response induced by beta-endorphin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A tail withdrawal procedure for assessing analgesic activity in rhesus monkeys.

Rhesus monkeys were restrained in chairs from which their tails hung free so that their tails could be immersed into a thermos of water. Monkeys consistently kept their tails in 38-40 degrees C water for at least 20 sec, but withdrew them from 55 degrees C water in 1-4 sec. Tail withdrawal latencies from 55 degrees C water remained consistent over a period of 3 hr. Morphine produced dose-dependent increases in tail withdrawal latencies from 55 degrees C water, whereas pentobarbital, haloperidol, and phencyclidine did not increase tail withdrawal latencies except at doses that produced marked sedation.

Analgesics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of the head and tail domain in lamin structure and assembly: analysis of bacterially expressed chicken lamin A and truncated B2 lamins.

Nuclear lamins like cytoplasmic intermediate filament proteins exhibit a characteristic tripartite domain structure with a segmented alpha-helical rod domain flanked by an N-terminal head and a C-terminal tail domain. To examine the influence of the head and tail domains on the structure and assembly properties of nuclear lamins, we have engineered "headless," "tailless," and "rod" chicken lamin B2 cDNAs and expressed them in Escherichia coli. A full-length chicken lamin A cDNA was also expressed in E. coli, and the recombinant protein compared with the structure and assembly properties of full-length chicken lamin B2 (E. Heitlinger et al. (1991) J. Cell Biol. 113, 485-495). As with lamin B2, at their first level of structural organization, lamin A and the headless lamin B2 formed myosin-like dimers consisting of a 51- to 52-nm-long tail flanked by two globular heads at one end. Similarly, the tailless and rod lamin B2 fragments formed tropomyosin-like dimers consisting of a 51 to 52-nm-long rod. In contrast to the lateral mode of association of cytoplasmic IF dimers into four-chain tetramers, at their second level of structural organization, lamin A dimers, just as lamin B2 dimers (E. Heitlinger et al. (1991) J. Cell Biol. 113, 485-495), associated longitudinally to form polar head-to-tail polymers. Whereas dimers made of the truncated B2 headless and rod lamins had lost their propensity to associate head-to-tail, tailless lamin B2 dimers revealed an enhanced head-to-tail association. Finally, at their third level of structural organization, rather than assembling into stable 10-nm filaments, both lamin A and the three truncated B2 lamins formed paracrystalline arrays exhibiting distinct transverse banding patterns with axial repeats of either 24 or 48-49 nm depending on the species.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Ion mobility based on column leaching of South African gold tailings dam with chemometric evaluation.

New column leaching experiments were designed and used as an alternative rapid screening approach to element mobility assessment. In these experiments, field-moist material was treated with an extracting solution to assess the effects of acidification on element mobility in mine tailings. The main advantage of this version of column leaching experiments with partitioned segments is that they give quick information on current element mobility in conditions closely simulating field conditions to compare with common unrepresentative air-dried, sieved samples used for column leaching experiments. Layers from the tailings dump material were sampled and packed into columns. The design of columns allows extracting leachates from each layer. The extracting solutions used were natural (pH 6.8) and acidified (pH 4.2) rainwater. Metals and anions were determined in the leachates. The concentrations of metals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Al, Cr, Ni, Co, Zn, and Cu) in sample leachates were determined using ICP OES. The most important anions (NO3-, Cl-, and SO4(2)-) were determined using the closed system izotacophoresis ITP analyser. The chemical analytical data from tailings leaching and physico-chemical data from field measurements (including pH, conductivity, redox potential, temperature) were used for chemometric evaluation of element mobility. Principal factor analysis (PFA) was used to evaluate ions mobility from different layers of tailings dump arising from varied pH and redox conditions. It was found that the results from the partitioned column leaching illustrate much better complex processes of metals mobility from tailings dump than the total column. The chemometric data analysis (PFA) proofed the differences in the various layers leachability that are arising from physico-chemical processes due to chemical composition of tailings dump deposit.

Anions↗
PubMed2003

Oestradiol and mirtazapine restore the disturbed tail-temperature of oestrogen-deficient rats.

The purpose of the present study was to further evaluate the tail-temperature test as a tool to test potential steroidal and non-steroidal compounds for the treatment of hot flushes. Ovariectomized rats were implanted with a temperature sensitive probe. After a recovery period of 5 weeks, the effect of oestradiol (given via a silastic tube) and the 5-HT(2) receptor antagonist mirtazapine (10 mg/kg i.p.) on the tail-temperature in the active phase of the animals was measured. Oestradiol completely restored the disturbed tail temperature after 3 days. Treatment with mirtazapine also restored the oestrogen withdrawal-induced disturbed tail-temperature. The effect of mirtazapine was already seen on the first day of treatment. These experiments confirm and extend the idea that measuring the oestradiol withdrawal-induced disturbance of tail-temperature may be a useful tool to select compounds that might have beneficial effects in the treatment of hot flushes. Blockade of the 5-HT(2A) receptors prevented or reduced the ovariectomy-induced disturbance of the rat tail-temperature, which may validate this model to evaluate the effect of compounds on hot flushes.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Characterization of tiger-tail banding and hair shaft abnormalities in trichothiodystrophy.

BACKGROUND: Tiger tail banding under polarizing light microscopy and hair shaft abnormalities are associated with trichothiodystrophy (TTD), a rare disorder with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the frequency, specificity, and extent of tiger tail banding and hair shaft abnormalities in the spectrum of TTD patients. METHODS: We developed a standardized procedure for microscopic hair examination and studied hairs from 14 TTD and 4 xeroderma pigmentosum (XP)-TTD patients for tiger tail banding and hair shaft abnormalities. For comparison we examined hairs from 173 control donors consisting of 15 normals, 13 XP patients, 11 family members of XP or TTD patients, 101 patients with various cornification disorders, and 33 leukodystrophy patients. Amino acid analysis performed on hair from the TTD and XP-TTD patients showed low sulfur content. RESULTS: Using a rotating microscope stage, all hairs in each TTD sample showed tiger tail banding under polarized light in association with a variety of hair shaft abnormalities (trichoschisis, trichorrhexis nodosa-like defects, surface irregularities, and ribboning). None of the control hairs showed tiger tail banding, and 5 of 173 controls had weathering hair shaft abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with clinical features suggestive of TTD, tiger tail banding seen in all hairs with polarizing microscopy, in conjunction with certain hair shaft abnormalities, provides a reliable diagnostic test.

Cystine↗
PubMed2005

Electrodialytic remediation of copper mine tailings.

Mining activities in Chile have generated large amounts of solid waste, which have been deposited in mine tailing impoundments. These impoundments cause concern to the communities due to dam failures or natural leaching to groundwater and rivers. This work shows the laboratory results of nine electrodialytic remediation experiments on copper mine tailings. The results show that electric current could remove copper from watery tailing if the potential gradient was higher than 2 V/cm during 21 days. With addition of sulphuric acid, the process was enhanced because the pH decreased to around 4, and the copper by this reason was released in the solution. Furthermore, with acidic tailing the potential gradient was less than 2 V/cm. The maximum copper removal reached in the anode side was 53% with addition of sulphuric acid in 21 days experiment at 20 V using approximately 1.8 kg mine tailing on dry basis. In addition, experiments with acidic tailing show that the copper removal is proportional with time.

Copper↗
PubMed2006

Effect of solids concentration on removal of heavy metals from mine tailings via bioleaching.

Mining of mineral ore and disposal of resulting waste tailings pose a significant risk to the surrounding environment. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the feasibility to remove heavy metals from mine tailings with the use of bioleaching and meanwhile to investigate the effect of solids concentration on removal of heavy metals from mine tailings by indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and the transformation of heavy metal forms after the bioleaching process. This work showed the laboratory results of bioleaching experiments on Pb-Zn-Cu mine tailings. The results showed that 98.08% Zn, 96.44% Cu, and 43.52% Pb could be removed from mine tailings by the bioleaching experiment after 13 days at 1% (w/v) solids concentration and the rates of pH reduction, ORP rise and sulfate production were reduced with the increase of solids concentration, due to the buffering capacity of mine tailing solids. The results also indicated that solid concentration 1% was found to be best to bacterial activity and metal solubilization of the five solids concentration tested (1%, 2%, 5%, 8% and 10%) under the chosen experimental conditions. In addition, the bioleaching had a significant impact on changes in partitioning of heavy metals.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2006

Severe wear and tooth loss in wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta): a function of feeding ecology, dental structure, and individual life history.

The ring-tailed lemurs at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar, exhibit a high frequency of severe wear and antemortem tooth loss. As part of a long-term study, we collected dental data on 83 living adult ring-tailed lemurs during 2003 and 2004. Among these individuals, 192 teeth were scored as absent. The most frequently missing tooth position is M1 (24%). As M1 is the first tooth to erupt, its high frequency of absence (primarily a result of wear) is not remarkable. However, the remaining pattern of tooth loss does not correlate with the sequence of eruption. We suggest that this pattern is a function of 1) feeding ecology, as hard, tough tamarind fruit is a key fallback food of ring-tailed lemurs living in gallery forests; 2) food processing, as tamarind fruit is primarily processed in the P3-M1 region of the mouth; and 3) tooth structure, as ring-tailed lemurs possess thin dental enamel. The incongruity between thin enamel and use of a hard, tough fallback food suggests that ring-tailed lemurs living in riverine gallery forests may rely on resources not used in the past. When comparing dental health in the same individuals (n=50) between 2003 and 2004, we found that individual tooth loss can show a rapid increase over the span of one year, increasing by as much as 20%. Despite this rapid loss, individuals are able to survive, sometimes benefiting from unintentional assistance from conspecifics, from which partially processed tamarind fruit is obtained. Although less frequent in this population, these longitudinal data also illustrate that ring-tailed lemurs lose teeth due to damage and disease, similar to other nonhuman primates. The relationship between tooth loss, feeding ecology, dental structure, and individual life history in this population has implications for interpreting behavior based on tooth loss in the hominid fossil record.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Effects of copper mine tailings disposal on littoral meiofaunal assemblages in the Atacama region of northern Chile.

The effects of the disposal of copper mine tailings on the littoral meiofaunal assemblages of the Chañaral area of northern Chile were studied. Of the metals data collected, only in the case of copper was there a clear association with the tailings distribution in both the seawater and porewater samples, and it is assumed that the tailings on the beaches was the source of copper in the adjacent seawater. When compared to the reference sites, the meiofaunal assemblages at the impacted sites had significantly lower densities and taxa diversities; at the northern sites only the densities were lower. Otoplanid turbellarians were identified as characteristic of those beaches impacted by tailings. The combination of porewater copper and the amount of tailings present were identified as mostly responsible for the observed structure of the meiofaunal assemblages. It was also established that the variation in natural sediment grain size from beach to beach was not a significant factor in the observed differences in the meiofaunal assemblages. The two groups of meiofauna that proved to be most sensitive to the effects of tailings dumping were the foraminiferans and the harpacticoid copepods.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Accumulation of arsenic in Lemna gibba L. (duckweed) in tailing waters of two abandoned uranium mining sites in Saxony, Germany.

Accumulation of arsenic in Lemna gibba L. was investigated in tailing waters of abandoned uranium mine sites, following the hypothesis that arsenic poses contamination risks in post uranium mining in Saxony, Germany. Consequently, macrophytes growing in mine tailing waters accumulate high amounts of arsenic, which might be advantageous for biomonitoring arsenic transfer to higher trophic levels, and for phytoremediation. Water and L. gibba sample collected from pond on tailing dumps of abandoned mine sites at Lengenfeld and Neuensalz-Mechelgrun were analysed for arsenic. Laboratory cultures in nutrient solutions modified with six arsenic and three PO(4)(3-) concentrations were conducted to gain insight into the arsenic-L. gibba interaction. Arsenic accumulation coefficients in L. gibba were 10 times as much as the background concentrations in both tailing waters and nutrient solutions. Arsenic accumulations in L. gibba increased with arsenic concentration in the milieu but they decreased with phosphorus concentration. Significant reductions in arsenic accumulation in L. gibba were observed with the addition of PO(4)(3-) at all six arsenic test concentrations in laboratory experiments. Plant samples from laboratory trials had on average twofold higher bioaccumulation coefficients than tailing water at similar arsenic concentrations. This would be attributed to strong interaction among chemical components, and competition among ions in natural aquatic environment. The results of the study indicate that L. gibba can be a preliminary bioindicator for arsenic transfer from substrate to plants and might be used to monitor the transfer of arsenic from lower to higher trophic levels in the abandoned mine sites. There is also the potential of using L. gibba L. for arsenic phytoremediation of mine tailing waters because of its high accumulation capacity as demonstrated in this study. Transfer of arsenic contamination transported by accumulations in L. gibba carried with flowing waters, remobilisation through decay, possible methylisation and volatilisation by L. gibba need to be considered.

Araceae↗
PubMed2006

Structures required for poly(A) tail-independent translation overlap with, but are distinct from, cap-independent translation and RNA replication signals at the 3' end of Tobacco necrosis virus RNA.

Tobacco necrosis necrovirus (TNV) RNA lacks both a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail but is translated efficiently, owing in part to a Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)-like cap-independent translation element (BTE) in its 3' untranslated region (UTR). Here, we identify sequence downstream of the BTE that is necessary for poly(A) tail-independent translation in vivo by using RNA encoding a luciferase reporter gene flanked by viral UTRs. Deletions and point mutations caused loss of translation that was restored by adding a poly(A) tail, and not by adding a 5' cap. The two 3'-proximal stem-loops in the viral genome contribute to poly(A) tail-independent translation, as well as RNA replication. For all necroviruses, we predict a conserved 3' UTR secondary structure that includes the BTE at one end of a long helical axis and the stem-loops required for poly(A) tail-independent translation and RNA replication at the other end. This work shows that a viral genome can harbor distinct cap- and poly(A) tail-mimic sequences in the 3' UTR.

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed2005

Role of poly(A) tail length in Alu retrotransposition.

Alu are mobile noncoding Short INterspersed Elements (SINEs) present at a million copies in the human genome. Using marked Alu sequences in an ex vivo assay, we previously showed that they are mobilized through diversion of the LINE (Long INterspersed Elements) retrotransposition machinery, with the poly(A) tail of the Alu being required for their mobility. Here we show that other homopolymeric tracts cannot functionally replace the Alu poly(A) tail, and that the Alu transposition rate varies over a two-log range depending on the poly(A) tail length. Variation is according to a sigmoid-shaped curve with a lag observed for tails shorter than 15 nt and a plateau reached for tails longer than 50 nt, consistent with the binding of a limited number of a protein component requiring multiple contacts for a productive interaction with the poly(A) stretch. This analysis indicates that most of the naturally occurring genomic Alu, owing to their pA tail length, should be poor substrates for the LINE machinery, a feature possibly "selected" for the host sake.

Alu Elements↗
PubMed1965

The tail movement of bull spermatozoa. Observations and model calculations.

Detailed observations of the tail movement of non-rotating and rotating bull spermatozoa have been carried out. For rotating sperm a helical tail wave was found with a ratio of the amplitudes of the two perpendicular components of approximately 3 to 1. For both types of cells the variation of the amplitude and the phase shift of the wave as it travels from the proximal to the distal part are reported. Model calculations indicate that the stiffness of the tail originates in the fibrous sheath, which has a Young's modulus of 3 x 10(7) dynes/cm(2). Active contractile elements distributed continuously along the tail are found necessary to maintain the amplitude of the tail wave against damping by the fluid drag. If the longitudinal fibers are identified with the contractile elements the maximum tension to be developed by these fibers is 4 x 10(6) dynes/cm(2). The energy dissipated by the "active" part of the tail wave is at least approximately 70 percent of the total dissipation.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Possible involvement of protein kinase C in the attenuation of the morphine-induced Straub tail reaction in diabetic mice.

To investigate the role of protein kinase C in the attenuation of the morphine-induced Straub tail reaction in diabetic mice, we examined the effects of protein kinase C activator or inhibitor on the i.c.v. morphine-induced Straub tail reaction in mice. This reaction was less in diabetic mice than in normal mice. Intracerebroventricular pretreatment with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (50 pmol), a potent protein kinase C activator, attenuated the morphine-induced Straub tail reaction in normal mice, but not in diabetic mice. I.c.v. pretreatment with calphostin C (10 pmol), a selective protein kinase C inhibitor, enhanced the reaction in diabetic mice, but not in normal mice. The dose-response curve for the morphine-induced Straub tail reaction in normal mice, but not in diabetic mice, was shifted to the right by i.c.v. pretreatment with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (50 pmol). Furthermore, i.c.v. pretreatment with calphostin C (3 pmol) shifted the dose-response curve to the left in diabetic mice, but not in normal mice. These results indicate that activation of protein kinase C reduces the morphine-induced Straub tail reaction in normal mice. Also, the attenuation of the morphine-induced Straub tail reaction in diabetic mice may be due in part to increased protein kinase C activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Skip residues correlate with bends in the myosin tail.

Sharp bends have previously been observed in the tail of the skeletal myosin molecule at well-defined positions 44, 75 and 135 nm from the head-tail junction, and in vertebrate smooth myosin at two positions about 45 and 96 nm from this junction. The amino acid sequence of the heavy chain does not straightforwardly account for such bending on the original model of the tail in which an invariant proline residue is present at the head-tail junction and the repeating seven amino acid pattern of hydrophobic residues lies entirely in the tail. Recently, a revised model has been proposed by Rimm et al. in which the first seven to eight heptads lie in the heads. It is shown here that with this model the observed bends in the tail of skeletal myosin coincide with three of the four additional (skip) residues that interrupt the heptad repeat. It is concluded that the skip residues, by causing localized instability of the coiled-coil, are responsible for the bends. Smooth myosin lacks the second of these skip residues explaining the absence of a bend at 75 nm.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

The distribution of the tail moments in single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) obeys a chi-square (chi2) not a gaussian distribution.

The parameter tail moment in single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) is calculated as the product of the two values: the percentage of DNA in the comet tail and the tail length in microm. Experiments were performed with cultured mammalian cells: B-Lymphoblasts, epithelial cells of a kidney tissue and a plate-epithelial cell line of a human carcinoma. They were irradiated in suspension with UV A at lambda = 343 nm, generated by an excimer laser-pumped dye laser. DNA migration was assessed and analysed. It is demonstrated that the distribution of the tail moments can be fitted by a chi2 (chi-square) distribution, whereas the factors of the product tail moment tend to be normally distributed. From this result, consequences for the statistical evaluation of the results can arise, especially for the computation of the confidence limits and for the valuation of the parameter tail moment from other comet assay experiments.

Cells, Cultured↗