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PubMed2006

Development of a social interaction questionnaire for the trainers and mothers of children with disabilities participating in Dousa-hou (Japanese psycho-rehabilitation) camps.

A 12-item Social Interaction Questionnaire was developed to measure the social interactions among trainers and mothers of children with disabilities in Dousa-hou camps. Dousa-hou is a Japanese psychological rehabilitation method which is widely used for children with mental retardation, cerebral palsy, and autism in Japan and other Asian countries. The primary focus of the rehabilitation method is to improve bodily movements, posture, and social support to patients and their first-degree relatives as well as promoting social interaction among participants. Two factors of interaction, (1) educational and daily life matters and (2) health and care matters, emerged through factor analysis. Cronbach coefficient alpha of the questionnaire was .91. The back-translated version of the Social Interaction Questionnaire also yielded two factors and Cronbach coefficient alpha of .87. It was found that mothers or first degree relatives (N=138; M = 43.5 yr., SD = 12.3) of the patients reported more social interaction than trainers when interacting with their child's trainer, supervisor, other trainers, and other mothers during six-day Dousa-hou camps.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

[Effectiveness of home help service for psychiatric patients. The results of a model project in S city].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a home help service project for psychiatric patients in S city. METHODS: To assess the effectiveness of the home help service, home help service providers at S city in 1997 were invited to hearings and the transcripts were examined qualitatively. Based on the results, interview questions were developed. We then interviewed 28 home help providers who were providing or had completed the service project, as well as care managers as of July 1998. Home help providers divided their patient stories retrospectively into three time frames: before starting home care, one month after starting providing care and at the present. Amount of care provided and patients' self care level were scored and averages ere compared for the three time frames. RESULTS: The analysis of the hearing data revealed parameters for the effectiveness of home help service for psychiatric patients to be as follows: 1) enhanced ability of daily living, such as taking meals, maintaining hygiene and shopping, (primary effectiveness: 5 items); and 2) developing social function, such as being motivated, maintaining personal relationship, extending social life, and decreasing family burden, (secondary effectiveness: 9 items). The amount of care needed was found to be significantly decreased and social function was significantly enhanced on comparisons between before starting home care and one month later, as well as between before starting home care and the present. DISCUSSION: Home help service for psychiatric patients is not only useful for enhancing patients' ability to succeed in daily living tasks, but also for developing their social functioning. Effectiveness was also identified in the level of patients' behavior. The results provide reasonable grounds for extended use of the home help service.

Home Care Services↗
PubMed1995

Social work research in hospital settings: strategies for implementation.

In recent years there has been a growing interest among hospital Social Work departments, especially those associated with major medical research institutions and universities in initiating research which could inform clinical practice. Yet little has been written that describes the process required to develop social work research within health care agencies and institutions. In this paper we discuss some of the challenges social work departments will confront in developing a research program, and alternative solutions that might be considered in different institutional settings. We identify ways to: (1) select an effective model and develop institutional support for social work research; (2) prepare clinical staff for interaction with the research effort; (3) consider relevant factors in selecting topics for study; (4) identify personnel required for specific research functions; and (5) secure outside funding.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Who becomes chronic?

Chronic social disablement is caused by three types of factor: impairment, e.g. slowness in schizophrenia; social disadvantage, e.g. lack of opportunity to develop social or vocational skills; and an underconfidence or unduly low self-esteem which is reactive to impairment and disadvantage. The last of these factors is particularly evident in 'institutionalism', a condition in which the individual comes to acquire a contentment with institutional life and wishes to lead no other. Many long-stay patients in large mental hospitals used to be 'well-institutionalized' but it became recognized that retraining and rehabilitation could lead to successful resettlement outside hospital. For a time these striking successes suggested to some theorists that abolishing the hospitals would abolish disablement as well but it is now quite clear that this is not the case. Chronic impairments still occur and create a continuing need for sheltered environments. The frequency and type of problems still arising are discussed in the light of recent surveys in England. One small group requires highly-staffed accommodation, others need less supervised day and residential settings; all need long-term care. It is emphasized that some people living at home with relatives also have chronic mental disabilities as have a high proportion of the destitute. Such problems are less frequent than formerly but they still require detailed medical and social attention.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Prevalence and related risk factors of licit and illicit substances use by adolescent students in southern Taiwan.

Deleterious health sequelae caused by licit and illicit substance use is a serious problem in our society. Adolescent students and particularly those who are prone to substance use are of special concern in the prevention of drug abuse. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking and illicit drug use and to identify the risk factors related to these habits among adolescent students. A total of 1358 adolescent students aged 16-18 y old were recruited into this study via stratified random sampling from a vocational school in Kaohsiung city. Students were asked to complete a structured questionnaire anonymously and a 96.7% response rate was achieved. Prevalence of substances use was estimated as follows: alcohol drinking, 70.7% (boys 75.1%, girls 51.4%); tobacco smoking, 56% (boys 61.8%, girls 30.2%); illicit drug use 6.4% (boys 6.6%, girls 5.6%). Significant risk factors that emerged as common correlates with substances use were behaviour problems, non-negative attitude toward parent's substance use, and peer influence. A dose-response relationship was found between the prevalence of drinking, smoking, illicit drug use and the number of risk factors adolescents were exposed to. Prevention of adolescent substance abuse should be attempted and risk factors should be reduced. An educational approach is essential not only to gain/impart knowledge of substance abuse, but also to develop an effective program for health and social development.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developmental training by parents of the very young child with potential handicap.

Fifteen children aged 9 to 15 months, who were on the observation register of a city, and considered to be showing signs of delayed development, were studied over a 3-month period. Following assessment, the parents were shown ways in which they could train their children appropriate to their development levels, in separate fields of locomotion, social development, language, and hand-eye coordination. Eight out of 13 children with delay showed significant improvement in general quotients of development over the 3 months. This occurred in 5 out of 7 children with no signs of neurological abnormality at the time of the study, and in 3 out of 6 children with signs of neurological disorder. Two children without delay showed no significant improvement. Parents' reactions are discussed, and a description is given of the way in which this project was designed, suggesting implications for future implications for future Community Health services.

Child Development↗
PubMed1989

Eugenics and American social history, 1880-1950.

Eugenics, the attempt to improve the human species socially through better breeding was a widespread and popular movement in the United States and Europe between 1910 and 1940. Eugenics was an attempt to use science (the newly discovered Mendelian laws of heredity) to solve social problems (crime, alcoholism, prostitution, rebelliousness), using trained experts. Eugenics gained much support from progressive reform thinkers, who sought to plan social development using expert knowledge in both the social and natural sciences. In eugenics, progressive reformers saw the opportunity to attack social problems efficiently by treating the cause (bad heredity) rather than the effect. Much of the impetus for social and economic reform came from class conflict in the period 1880-1930, resulting from industrialization, unemployment, working conditions, periodic depressions, and unionization. In response, the industrialist class adopted firmer measures of economic control (abandonment of laissez-faire principles), the principles of government regulation (interstate commerce, labor), and the cult of industrial efficiency. Eugenics was only one aspect of progressive reform, but as a scientific claim to explain the cause of social problems, it was a particularly powerful weapon in the arsenal of class conflict at the time.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Language stimulation group. Habilitation model.

Bloom's model of normal language development is reviewed in relation to clinical practice and is then expanded to account for disordered development. Four primary and four secondary assessment areas are then considered: language, cognition, motor, and affective development and nonverbal symbolic skills, attentional skills, social development, and physical-medical integrity. Finally, a way of integrating this evaluative information into the model of normal development is discussed and a sample curriculum is outlined.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Community-based team approach to the management of children with cleft palate.

The child born with a cleft palate may have many associated problems in feeding, respiration, dentition, hearing, speech, language, and intellectual development as well as in psycho-social development. If the cleft is associated with a specific craniofacial syndrome, other physical problems may be present such as cardiac, kidney, digital, and visual involvement. The need for an extensive treatment program can extend from birth through adulthood. Important to the successful habilitation of these children is the early involvement of a multitude of specialists working together with the family in a team approach. The primary task of the team is to make decisions concerning timing and sequence of intervention for each individual patient. Several models for the delivery of health care services to the patient with a cleft palate are now in use. A community-based team model will be described in this article as a unique approach to the management of this population and as one that may be implemented in a cost-effective manner in communities where cleft palate teams presently do not exist.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Life expectancy in Germany: possible reasons for the increasing gap between East and West Germany.

The current life expectancy of East and West Germans is different. After the late 1980s, life expectancy at birth in both regions, which was comparable in the early 1950s, became almost three years lower in East Germany. Life-table calculations of German birth cohorts since 1900 revealed that a difference between the groups in cardiovascular disease prevalence was associated with the difference in life expectancy. Whereas migration, environmental pollution, and health-care differences accounted for only a small part of the gap, evidence emerged that lifestyle and social patterns may have caused the less favourable trend in cardiovascular disease. The life-expectancy curve has flattened in East Germany while continuously increasing in West Germany. During the 1960s and 1970s, such opposite trends were due to steeply increasing blood-pressure and cholesterol levels in East Germany and more favourable social development in West Germany--a better average social class (higher educational levels and a lower proportion of working-class individuals), a higher gross national product, and a higher proportion of GNP spent on health. Both the cardiovascular-risk-factor trends and the social gradient have contributed to the gap between the populations of East and West Germany in life expectancy.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Social acceptance and facial behavior in children with oral clefts.

OBJECTIVE: To examine and compare social acceptance, social behavior, and facial movements of children with and without oral clefts in an experimental setting. DESIGN: Two groups of children (with and without oral clefts) were videotaped in a structured social interaction with a peer confederate, when listening to emotional stories, and when told to pose specific facial expressions. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-four children and adolescents ages 7 to 16(1)/(2) years with oral clefts were group matched for gender, grade, and socioeconomic status with 25 noncleft controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Specific social and facial behaviors coded from videotapes; Harter Self-Perception Profile, Social Acceptance subscale. RESULTS: Significant between-group differences were obtained. Children in the cleft group more often displayed "Tongue Out," "Eye Contact," "Mimicry," and "Initiates Conversation." For the cleft group, "Gaze Avoidance" was significantly negatively correlated with social acceptance scores. The groups were comparable in their ability to pose and spontaneously express facial emotion. CONCLUSIONS: When comparing children with and without oral clefts in an experimental setting, with a relatively small sample size, behavior analysis identified some significant differences in patterns of social behavior but not in the ability to express facial emotion. Results suggest that many children with oral clefts may have relatively typical social development. However, for those who do have social competence deficits, systematic behavioral observation of atypical social responses may help individualize social skills interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Strategy and approaches of pathological and pathophysiological research in integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine].

Pathology and pathophysiology are sciences studying the laws and mechanisms of the occurrence and development of diseases, linking up the preclinical and clinical medicine. Owing to the different perspectives and ways of thinking, the western medicine and the traditional Chinese medicine developed respectively their independent theoretical, diagnostic and therapeutic systems. Integrative medicine, combining the theories and treatments of both western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, has become the developing trend of medicine along with the social development. For this reason, pathological and pathophysiological research in integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine is highly significant for revealing the internal relations between the clinical manifestation and the pathological changes, for expounding the causes, conditions, mechanisms and laws of the occurrence and development of diseases. In doing related research, we should combine the disease and the syndrome, combine the macro-level and the micro-level, combine the part and the whole. We should manage to systematize the clinical research, to establish animal models of the syndromes, and to integrate the animal models of syndromes with the clinical characteristics of diseases. We should apply the theories of traditional Chinese medicine to the pathological and pathophysiological research of modern medicine.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2001

[Testimonials of brave women: the forgotten voices].

This paper examines the narrative testimony of women survivors of two atrocious events that took place in the XX century: the Holocaust in the 40's and the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the 80's. The author recognizes similarities in thoughts, feelings, experiences and meaning regarding several issues of human suffering that emerge from these testimonies. It expounds the perceptions on death, motherhood, family separation, intimacy and sexuality. For the author approach of these issues from a female perspective can provide new meanings arrived at the development of a new discourse and new social practices. Promotes to think about reactions of indifference before human suffering. Concludes by questioning why technological, scientific advances and advances in social development have not been able to provide human responses to human problems.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1993

Influence of thumb sucking on peer social acceptance in first-grade children.

Chronic thumb sucking in school-age children may reduce peer social acceptance, an important contributor to social development. The influence of thumb sucking on social acceptance was assessed among 40 first-grade children, who were shown four slides of two 7-year-old children (one boy, one girl) in two poses (one thumb sucking, one not). After viewing each slide in their classrooms, the children answered 10 numerically weighted questions related to peer acceptance. To limit the possibility that the children would determine the girl and boy were the same in each pose, the slide presentation was counterbalanced across two sessions 1 week apart. Using a repeated-measures analysis of variance, the authors compared composite scores on each question for both poses. The results indicate that while in the thumb-sucking pose, the children were rated as significantly less intelligent, happy, attractive, likeable, and fun and less desirable as a friend, playmate, seatmate, classmate, and neighbor than when they were in the non-thumb-sucking pose. These findings suggest that the risk of reduced social acceptance should be added to the list of potentially harmful effects of chronic thumb sucking in school-age children.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Theory of Mind and social beliefs in adolescents with traumatic brain injury.

Impairments in social performance are common consequences of TBI, yet the neuropsychological basis of these impairments is not well understood. This is particularly true for adolescents, who have the highest incidence of TBI and are at a critical stage of developing social and relationship skills. To address this, adolescents with TBI were compared to their typically developing peers on a social cognition task that included Theory of Mind (ToM) questions. As ToM may be necessary for the development of culture-specific social knowledge, the two groups also were compared in regard to their social beliefs. There were significant differences between injured and uninjured adolescents in social cognition, with group differences increasing as a function of the requirement for ToM. There were few differences in self-reported social knowledge and social beliefs. The implication of this discrepancy for the rehabilitation of adolescents with TBI is discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

The market is a strange creature: family medicine meeting the challenges of the changing political and socioeconomic structure.

This paper examines the extent to which family medicine is prepared to face today's political and socioeconomic trends. A modest assumption is that most countries will avoid the threats of food and energy crisis, environmental disasters, social collapse and even wars. Given that privilege, family medicine is faced with recent trends of market liberalism throughout the world, giving rise to new perspectives of economic prosperity, as well as widening gaps between the rich and affluent, and a growing number of unemployed, poor, and 'marginalized'. The recent UN World Summit for Social Development in Copenhagen highlighted the fact that poverty and long-term unemployment is becoming a permanent problem even in the rich world. The distinction between rich and poor countries might be better understood as widening gaps between rich and poor people in both kinds of countries. The challenge to family medicine will be twofold: 1) To develop a broader understanding of the associations between social risk factors on a population level, and its clinical expressions in individual patients in terms of illness, sick role behaviour and manifest disease, as well as potentials for constructive coping; 2) To contribute to a universally available primary health care, meeting the needs also of those who are not in the best position to pay. We are reminded of the classic 1971 Lancet paper by Julian Tudor Hart on "The inverse care law", implying that "the availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served". In a world plagued with unforeseen discontinuities, general practice will need to maintain its core of 'personal doctoring'. Meeting people at the primary care level provides unique opportunities of being sensitive and responsive also to unexpected changes in society, and in some areas even making contributions to the directions of change.

Developed Countries↗