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PubMed1988

Sterility and efficiency of two methods of cardiac output determination: closed loop and capped syringe methods.

A prospective randomized study was done to compare the fluid contamination rates of two methods used to determine cardiac output by thermodilution under in-use conditions. Fifty patients were randomly assigned to have cardiac output measured by the capped syringe or closed loop method, and were followed with quantitative cultures of fluid and catheter. The two treatment groups (n = 25 each) were comparable in terms of age, sex, intensive care unit location, underlying diagnosis, and mean number of cardiac output determinations performed in the first 24 hours after placement of the catheter line. No differences in the rates of fluid contamination were seen at any time between the two groups. The overall fluid contamination rate was 2/124 cultures (1.8% with 95% confidence interval +/- 4.1%) with one colony of Staphylococcus epidermidis from a closed loop sample and one colony of Pseudomonas maltophilia in a capped syringe sample. Although no difference in contamination rates was documented, the closed loop system required less nursing time and effort.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Syringe preparation technique and minor adverse reactions to diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunization.

Minor local reactions and subcutaneous abscesses following diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis immunization have been attributed to vaccine left in the subcutaneous needle path from vaccine coating the needle. Various syringe preparation techniques have therefore been advocated to prevent reactions. To evaluate these recommendations we compared rates of minor reactions in 200 children randomly assigned to one of three groups that differed only in the handling of the filled syringe: in Group 1 the needle was changed before injection; in Group 2 the needle was wiped with sterile gauze before injection; in Group 3 the same needle was used to draw up and to inject the dose and was not wiped. Overall 27% of children had febrile (greater than 38 degrees C) reactions, 62% became fussy and 79% had a local reaction. Rates of reactions were nearly identical in the three groups, except that children in group 2 receiving their second dose or more of diphtheria-tetanus toxoid-pertussis vaccine were more likely to become febrile at greater than 38 degrees C (32%) or fussy (78%) (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.02, respectively). We conclude that changing needles does not reduce the rate of minor local and systemic reactions. Wiping needles may increase the rate of reactions.

Child↗

PubMed1985

[Peridural obstetrical analgesia using an electronic syringe].

The authors present a study of 20 cases of epidural obstetrical analgesia. A Bupivacaine-Fentanyl mixture was given by continuous flow to bring about this analgesia. After an initial injection of 10 ml (9 ml of 0.25% Bupivacaine and 0.05 mg Fentanyl), a mixture of 45 ml of 0.25% Bupivacaine and 0.25 mg Fentanyl was perfused into the epidural space using an electronic pump syringe, delivering at a rate of 5 ml/hr. The mean time of analgesia until the delivery is 4 h 40 mn and the women in labour received a mean of 31.14 ml of 0.25% Bupivacaine (77.85 mg) and 0.173 mg Fentanyl. It took only 5 1/2 minutes to set up this form of analgesia. Not a single patient had any pain the first stage of labour nor in the second stage, and 95% of them were able to push efficiently. There are no detectable changes in the haemodynamic parameters in either the mothers or the fetuses and no depression of maternal respiration was found. In each case the Apgar score was 10 after 5 minutes. In summary, the use of an electronic pump syringe to deliver a Bupivacaine-Fentanyl mixture in obstetrical labour is a great improvement in analgesia without any secondary effects in the mother and child.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Factors affecting drug delivery from a syringe-pump infusion set.

In vitro testing of drug delivery via dual-lumen, small-volume i.v. extension tubing designed for use with a syringe pump was conducted. From a dual-lumen extension set with intraluminal diameters of 0.020 inch, effluent samples were collected at 5, 10, and 20 minutes after injection of a 1-mL volume of drug solution intended for delivery over 20 minutes by a syringe infusion pump. Variables were flow rate (5 or 25 mL/hr) of the primary infusion, tubing position (vertical or horizontal), and density of the drug solution (penicillin G potassium 250,000 units/mL and aminophylline 25 mg/mL represented high and low specific gravities, respectively). Each drug solution was labeled with radioactive carbon and the drug content of the effluent was analyzed by liquid scintillation. For each set of variables, samples were also tested after the tubing was flushed with 5% dextrose injection 0.2-0.6 mL. Similar procedures were followed to determine delivery of the labeled penicillin G potassium solution via a dual-lumen extension set with intraluminal diameters of 0.020 inch (for drug) and 0.060 inch (for the primary infusion); a 13-mm-diameter, 0.2 micron filter was attached to the smaller-lumen tubing. A primary infusion flow rate of 5 mL/hr and flush volumes of 0.3 and 0.6 mL were used in this study. To determine the influence of intraluminal diameter on the flush volume required for delivery of a dose of aminophylline (1-mL volume), single-lumen extension tubings with different diameters were tested. The final percentage of the drug dose delivered via the dual-lumen extension set with 0.020-inch lumens was affected only by flush volume.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Infusions, Parenteral↗

PubMed1979

[Material changes of plastic syringes (author's transl)].

During storage of syringes changes can develop in the material possibly depending on surrounding conditions. This can lead to precipitation of oleic acid amide into the lumen of the syringe. This material floats in corpuscular form on the injection fluid.

Oleic Acids↗

PubMed1980

Multiple use of disposable insulin syringe-needle units.

Fourteen insulin-dependent diabetics were asked to use their insulin syringe-needle units three times in succession to determine the efficacy and safety of this practice. The mean duration of time each patient participated in the study was 20.4 weeks, and a total of 2,000 injections were taken. No signs of infections at the injection site were observed. Multiple use of disposable insulin syringe-needle units appears to be safe and cost beneficial.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Syringe holder for constant Fogarty balloon catheter inflation.

Use of the Fogarty balloon catheter for hemostasis in vascular trauma and difficult vascular dissections requires constant balloon inflation. A syringe holder to maintain balloon inflation without requiring constant attention of an assistant has been designed. Other applications of the syringe holder are discussed, including use with endotracheal tubes, gastrointestinal tubes, and for Fogarty balloon occlusion of pulmonary segments.

Catheterization↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Technology of preparing gauges for calibration of medical syringe cylinders].

Thermal treatment substantially influences the resistance of calibres used in mollification (vacuum calibrating) of glass cylinders for medical syringes, the highest resistance of calibres made of the XH32T alloy and the 12X18H10T steel being achieved through their preliminary annealing in the argon atmosphere. The quality of manufactured syringes is affected also by wrong calibres shape and, formostly, by their out-of-roundness, whose degree in individual cases reaches 2--3 micrometer.

Syringes↗

PubMed1995

[Problems of commercially available heparinized syringes in measurements of blood gases and electrolytes].

We compared the measured values of blood gases and electrolytes by commercially available heparinized syringes (PZ-II, Quick-lite and QS90) with normal and decreased calcium concentrations. With normal calcium concentration, the measured value of [Ca2+] in PZ-II was significantly less than that in Quick-lite and QS90, seemingly due to contained heparin. With hypocalcemia, the measured values of [Ca2+] in Quick-lite and QS90 were significantly greater than those in non-heparinized syringe. The pH and PO2 decreased, and PCO2 increased as time passed. The [Ca2+] was suggested to be more influenced by heparin than by acid-base balance.

Blood Gas Analysis↗

PubMed1996

[Hepatitis B prevention and risk of HIV infection in children injured by discarded needles and/or syringes].

OBJECTIVES: Main aim: to study the application of mixed prophylaxis against Hepatitis B viral infection (HB) in children injured by discarded needles and/or syringes. Secondary aim: to find in the group under study the incidence of HIV infection caused by these accidents. DESCRIPTION: Descriptive study. SETTING: 12 de octubre University Hospital, Madrid. PATIENTS: Children injured by discarded needles and/or syringes and referred to the Preventive Medicine Service between May 1988 and April 1995 (7 years). INTERVENTIONS: 1) Serological study for HB and HIV; 2) application to unprotected children of HB mixed prophylaxis (specific Immunoglobulin--IGHB--plus vaccination) and 3) Post-vaccination serological check-ups for HB and HIV at 6 and 12 months from the incident. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: 249 children, whose average age was 5.8 +/- 3.37, were seen (158 boys, 63.5% and 91 girls, 36.5%). 189 (75.9% of the total) received a dose of IGHB and 171 (71.8%) completed the HB vaccinations. Post-vaccination serological check-ups covered 144 children (84.2%). 101 children (40.6%) completed the HIV check-ups. No HIV infection was detected. CONCLUSIONS: 1) HB mixed prophylaxis in children without serological protection is adequate for dealing with these incidents. 2) The risk of HIV infection should not be discounted, but is probably very slight. 3) The procedure should be put into practice in PC, with some shortening of HIV follow-up periods, as a measure to improve compliance.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Stability of vinblastine sulphate in 0.9% sodium chloride in polypropylene syringes.

The stability of vinblastine sulphate diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride solution for injection was studied. Vinblastine sulphate was reconstituted with 0.9% sodium chloride solution for injection to concentration of 1.0 mg/mL and stored in polypropylene syringes at 25 degrees C +/- 1 degree C protected from light. On different days the solutions were analysed and the vinblastine concentration was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. An high-pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for the quantitative determination of vinblastine in the presence of its degradation products. The degradation of vinblastine was studied by examining the percentage changes from the theoretical concentrations for each solution. The results of these studies indicate that vinblastine solutions in 0.9% sodium chloride solution for injection (1 mg/mL) in polypropylene syringes at 25 degrees C +/- 1 degree C protected from light are stable for up to one month.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗

PubMed1977

Intravitreal injections by a Dermojet syringe.

Dermojet is a spring-loaded device that injects a high velocity microspray capable of perforating the globe. An accidental intraocular injection of triamcinolone acetonide from a Dermojet syringe by a dermatologist is reported. The lack of untoward effects led to experimental intravitreal injections. The Dermojet syringe was used for intravitreal injections in 7 rabbit eyes with normal saline as the vehicle in 6 and India ink in one. There were no irreversible effects attribute to the injection noted clinically or histopathologically. While modification and further animal experimentation with this device are in order, it should not be use on human eyes at this time.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

[Study of depyrogen deactivation of syringes by using 3 efficacious pyrogen deactivator methods].

2% three-efficacious pyrogen deactivator (TEPD) was put into ultrasound washer for syringe washing. A total of 370 syringes were divided into three groups. Each group was washed by using a different program of sterilization, decontamination, and depyrogen. The results showed that the following program was not only effective for depyrogen but also convenient and inexpensive: (1)5 minutes' ultra-washing by using ultrasound washer with TEPD; (2)suspension over 1 hours; (3) another 5 minutes' ultra-washing; (4)ordinary washing and sterilization.

Equipment Contamination↗

PubMed1998

Outbreak of viral hepatitis B in a rural community in India linked to inadequately sterilized needles and syringes.

In India, virtually all outbreaks of viral hepatitis are considered to be due to faeco-orally transmitted hepatitis E virus. Recently, a cluster of 15 cases of viral hepatitis B was found in three villages in Gujarat State. The cases were epidemiologically linked to the use of inadequately sterilized needles and syringes by a local unqualified medical practitioner. The outbreak evolved slowly over a period of 3 months and was marked by a high case fatality rate (46.7%), probably because of concurrent infection with hepatitis D virus (HDV) or sexually transmitted infections. But for the many fatalities within 2-3 weeks of the onset of illness, the outbreak would have gone unnoticed. The findings emphasize the importance of inadequately sterilized needles and syringes in the transmission of viral hepatitis B in India, the need to strengthen the routine surveillance system, and to organize an education campaign targeting all health care workers including private practitioners, especially those working in rural areas, as well as the public at large, to take all possible measures to prevent this often fatal infection.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

[The two-way syringe. A comparison to modified aspiration methods in cataract surgery, and more recent indications for its use (author's transl)].

After description of construction, indication, and application of the two-way syringe in cataract surgery, this instrument is compared to some of its numerous modfications. The original device has the advantage of simplicity, and enables the surgeon to perform simultaneous irrigation and aspiration under zero pressure conditions without an assistant. More recent indications for the use of the two-way syringe are vitreous prolapse, and retinal detachment. These operations are described in detail.

Cataract Extraction↗

PubMed1990

Lateralization of syringeal function during song production in the canary.

The canary (Serinus canaria) vocal organ, the syrinx, has two separate sound sources, one in the cranial end of each bronchus. Previous investigations of whether song syllables are produced unilaterally or bilaterally have provided two contradictory results, as one researcher suggested that almost all syllables are produced by the left side of the syrinx alone, whereas another researcher suggested that both sides contribute similarly to all syllables. Our experiments, which involved unilateral bronchus plugging followed later by denervation of the ipsilateral syringeal muscles, attempted to resolve this disagreement. The males with right bronchus plugs, singing on the left side of the syrinx alone, produced nearly normal songs, whereas the birds with left bronchus plugs, singing on the right side, sang quite poorly. Interpretation of these data is difficult because it is not clear how syringeal function would be affected if the airflow rate through the intact side is increased above normal, nor is it known if the bird can compensate for bronchus occlusion. Nonetheless, we suggest that in male canaries most syllables are normally sung by the left side alone, with some syllables being produced by the right side alone and some being sung by both sides together. Right nerve section had little effect on the right-bronchus-plugged males' ability to sing, but the repertoires of the left-plugged males were altered after left nerve section, indicating the possibility that signals carried by the left nerve exert an influence on the contralateral side.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Anabolic steroid users identified by needle and syringe exchange contact.

The increasing prevalence in the extent of misuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids has been well recognised in the United States and more recently in Great Britain. The injecting misuse of steroids carries with it considerable risks in relation to liver damage, lipid metabolism disturbance and the potential of HIV and viral hepatitis transmission. This study of 21 steroid users contacted at a needle and syringe exchange showed that 42.8% had abnormal liver function tests and 28.5% had lowered high-density lipoprotein concentrations. None of this group reported engaging in high risk behaviour through sharing injecting equipment. The group did contain a bisexual and a previous injecting amphetamine user. Needle and syringe exchanges offering health examination facilities will provide a valuable role in contacting steroid users who will then be in a position to make informed decisions about their own drug use and the potential harm from steroids.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Placing the dynamics of syringe exchange programs in the United States.

Drawing upon the broader health, social, and political geography literature, this paper outlines a framework for considering place-based processes through which syringe exchange availability may be understood. It is argued that the geographic distribution of syringe exchange programs (SEPs) in the United States is linked to the social and political conditions of particular localities through three place characteristics: (1) structural constraints; (2) social and spatial distancing of injection drug users; and (3) localized action. Although SEPs remain controversial and face ongoing obstacles from the government, law enforcement and local communities, they continue to operate through the efforts of grassroots organizations and local activists. Action on this issue occurs locally, and the characteristics of place-based factors affect whether particular areas adopt SEPs.

Consumer Advocacy↗