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PubMed2004

Mitochondrial DNA and STR analyses of maggot crop contents: effect of specimen preservation technique.

DNA analysis of maggot crop contents can be used to identify a missing body or aid entomologists with interpreting evidence used for PMI estimations. Entomological evidence is often collected and preserved to keep identifiable external features intact. The preservation methods currently in use may not be suitable for preserving DNA in the maggot crop for later analysis. In this study, carrion maggots raised on human tissue were preserved under the following 8 preservation conditions: no fluid at -70 degrees C, no fluid at 4 degrees C, no fluid at 24 degrees C, 70% ethanol at 4 degrees C, 70% ethanol at 24 degrees C, 95% ethanol at 24 degrees C, Kahle's solution at 24 degrees C and formaldehyde at 24 degrees C. Maggots were dissected following 2 weeks, 8 weeks and 6 months of preservation. The maggot crops were extracted, human DNA was quantitated, and an attempt was made at amplifying mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and short tandem repeat (STR) loci. Both mtDNA and STRs were successfully amplified from maggots stored in ethanol or without any preservation fluid. Formalin-containing preservation solutions reduced the recovery of DNA. The best results were observed from maggots stored without any preservation fluid at -70 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Allele distribution of the ten STR loci in Central Poland population].

Allele frequency data for ten STR loci: D3S1358, vWA, D16S539, D2S1338, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D19S433, TH01, FGA were estimated in a sample of 350 unrelated individuals in Central Poland population (Lodz region). The accordance with the Hardy and Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) for all investigated loci was proved. The allele distributions were compared to the similar data for other populations.

Alleles↗
PubMed2004

Population genetics of 10 short tandem repeat (STR) loci in a population sample of the ethnic group of Polish Tatars living in the Podlasie area (Northeastern Poland).

Laboratories worldwide are contributing to a large and growing database for different populations. This study provides a 10 STR database for a population sample of Polish Tatars living in the area of Podlasie for the use as a highly discriminatory system of genetic markers in the forensic community. The genotype frequency distributions showed no deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) except for D3S1358, FGA, D18S51 and D16S539, based on the Fisher Exact Test. Significant differences between the Polish Tatars and the native population of Podlasie were found in loci D3S1358, FGA, D2S1338, D21S11 and D19S433. The combined values of the Matching Probability and of the Power of Exclusion are 1 in 2.83 x 10(-12) and 0.998, respectively.

DNA↗
PubMed2004

[STR polymorphism in populations of indigenous Daghestan ethnic groups].

Genomic diversity of 21 STR loci has been studied in six ethnic populations of Daghestan (the Caucasus), namely, Avars, Dargins, Kubachians, Lezgins, and Nogais, and the results have been compared with these data for European, African, and East Asian ethnic groups. Daghestan is unique in its ethnic diversity, which is the greatest in the Caucasus: 26 out of approximately 50 autochthonous ethnic groups of the Caucasus live there. The genetic origin of this wide ethnic diversity of Daghestan and the Caucasus as a whole is still obscure. The genetic heterogeneity of Daghestan populations has been found to be lower than that of most other populations in the world. This is explained by a prolonged isolation and gene drift in their demographic history. Generalized genetic distances between ethnic groups calculated for the whole set of loci studied allow differentiating Asian populations from African ones, with European populations occupying intermediate positions. All Daghestan ethnic populations form a distinct common group together with some European populations (Finnish, Polish, and French). Nogais are genetically close to Southeast Asian populations. The genetic closeness and the apparently equal genetic diversity of Daghestan and European populations suggest that the ethnic differentiation of the ancestral populations of Daghestan and European ethnic groups occurred in the earliest populations of modern humans.

Ethnicity↗
PubMed2004

[Polymorphism of STR loci D12S391/D18S865 in Wenzhou Han population].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the polymorphism and forensic efficiency values of STR loci D12S391/D18S865 METHODS: Population studies on D12S391 and D18S865 were carried out in a sample of 454 unrelated Wenzhou Han individuals using PCR followed by PAGE and silver stain detection. RESULTS: 11/7 alleles and 50/21 genotypes of D12S391/D18S865 were respectively observed among the 454 unrelated individuals. The genotype frequency matched the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, The heterozygotes (H) in D12S391/D18S865 were 0.7974/0.7379, Power of Exclusion were 0.9566/0.9077, polymorphism information content (PIC) were 0.8260/0.7279 respectively. CONCLUSION: D12S391 and D18S865 were high polymorphic loci and the frequencies were in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.5), so the two loci can be used in forensic medicine and in other genetic research areas.

Alleles↗
PubMed2004

Y-STR haplotypes from eight south Indian groups based on five loci.

Five Y-chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) loci (DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, and DYS393) were typed in 81 males from seven tribal populations of south India, including 30 Koragas, 23 Yeravas, 5 Mullukurunan, 2 Mullukurumba, 4 Paniya, 3 Kuruchian and 3 Bettakurumba; and 11 south Indian caste individuals of mixed origins.

Chromosomes, Human, Y↗
PubMed2004

STR polymorphism among two tribal populations of India.

Two tribal populations of India, Bison Horn Maria and Muria from Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh in Central India were studied for DNA polymorphisms at tetranucleotide short tandem repeat (STR) loci (F13A01 and HUMvWA). A total of 63 random adult individuals for F13A01 locus and 53 samples for HUMvWA were analyzed in the present study.

DNA Fingerprinting↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An already archived latent fingerprint as a DNA source for STR typing in a murder case].

Former studies have shown that even a single skin contact, resulting in a latent fingerprint, can transfer enough DNA for genetic analysis. However, up to now latent fingerprints have usually not been used for DNA typing. In the present case the smeared trace of a hand was found in the suspect's car and archived. As it could not be evaluated in a classical manner, the evidence had to be examined by molecular genetic methods. DNA was extracted and typed in five different STR loci. Based on the yielded results, the significance of the findings is discussed.

DNA↗
PubMed2004

Systematic analysis of stutter percentages and allele peak height and peak area ratios at heterozygous STR loci for forensic casework and database samples.

To assist the interpretation of STR DNA typing results from forensic casework samples containing mixtures, the range of heterozygous allele peak height and peak area ratios (HR) and stutter percentages (stutter %) for the loci comprised in the AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus (PP) kit were assessed on 468 database and 275 casework single source samples. Stutter % medians were similar for database and casework samples, ranging from 2% to 7%. The upper limit of the stutter value range was 16%, calculated as median +3 SD, although lower locus-specific values could be used. HR medians were 93 +/- 6.5% for database samples, 88 +/- 12% for casework samples. For casework samples, the maximum signal imbalance noted was 52%, calculated as median -3 SD. No significant difference was observed between peak height and peak area calculated values. This study shows the importance of selecting the proper reference database for the establishment of HR threshold values.

Alleles↗
PubMed1992

The gene for the S7 ribosomal protein of Chlamydia trachomatis: characterization within the chlamydial str operon.

The prokaryotic ribosomal operon, str, contains open reading frames for the two elongation factors, elongation factor G (EF-G) and elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), and ribosomal proteins S7 and S12. The DNA sequence and predicted amino acid sequence for S7 from Chlamydia trachomatis are presented and compared with homologues from other prokaryotes. Also, the relationship of the S7 gene to the open reading frames for ribosomal protein S12 and EF-G is described. Significant amino acid homology is also noted when the amino-terminal sequence of chlamydial EF-G is compared with the cytoplasmic tetracycline resistance factors, tetM and tetO, from streptococci and Campylobacter jejuni. Related findings and possible resistance mechanisms for the newly recognized tetracycline-resistant clinical isolates of C. trachomatis are discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

A genetic basis for anomalous band patterns encountered during DNA STR profiling.

Since 1995 the Forensic Science Service (FSS) has carried out DNA profiling of reference samples for the UK National DNA Database and in forensic casework using two multiplex STR profiling systems. During this period, profiles with anomalous banding patterns, although comparatively rare, have been encountered regularly. The FSS has collected instances of triallelic patterns and aberrant diallelic patterns. A systematic examination of these patterns has provided insight into their underlying genetic cause. The triallelic patterns could be classified into two types based on the relative intensities of their component alleles. In the Type 1 pattern the alleles were of uneven intensity, whereas in the Type 2 pattern, all three alleles were of even intensity. Evidence is presented that the more frequent Type 1 pattern is the result of somatic mutation at a heterozygous locus, and the Type 2 pattern is the result of a localized chromosomal rearrangement at a heterozygous locus. Directly from the Type 1 pattern, it was possible to deduce the size difference between the progenitor and mutated allele. All mutational changes were found to be multiples of four nucleotides, suggesting the loss or addition of one or more tetrameric repeat units. Aberrant diallelic patterns were identified by analysts due to an unexpectedly large difference in intensity between alleles at a heterozygous locus. While some of these diallelic patterns are likely caused by the same genetic phenomena described above occurring at a homozygous locus, others are demonstrated to be caused by a mutation in the primer binding sequence, leading to a reduction in amplification efficiency of one allele. It is concluded that based on a visual inspection of a profile, it is possible to infer a likely genetic basis directly from the triallelic pattern. By contrast, the aberrant diallelic patterns can be due to any one of a number of possible genetic effects.

Child↗
PubMed2003

[Analysis of polymorphism of ACTBP2 locus in Han population in Chengdu and triplexing of three STR loci].

OBJECTIVE: To obtain the polymorphism of ACTBP2 locus in Han Chinese in Chengdu and establish the triplexing of three STR loci (DHFRP2,FIBRA and ACTBP2). METHODS: Amp-FLP, PAGE and silver stain were used to analyze 147 individuals. RESULTS: Twenty alleles and 86 genotypes were observed in ACTBP2. The discriminating power (DP), observed heterozygosity(h), polymorphism information content (PIC) and chance of paternity exclusion power (EP) were 0.9861, 0.9728, 0.9310 and 0.8203, respectively. The distributions of the genotypes were in good agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Studies of the families revealed that the locus was in accord with the Mendelian law. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that ACTBP2 is of good polymorphism and can be applied to human genetic study, forensic parentage testing and identification.

Alleles↗
PubMed2004

[Genetic polymorphisms of STR loci THO1, TPOX, CSF1PO in Guizhou Han population].

To understand the genetic polymorphism at THO1, TPOX, CSF1PO STR loci for Han population in Guizhou Province, and construct a preliminary database, EDTA-blood specimens were collected from the 110 unrelated individuals in Han population from Guizhou. The DNA samples were extracted with Chelex method and amplified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The PAGE was used to type the PCR products. The allele frequencies were compared with other Han populations. The genotype distributions of THO1, TPOX and CSF1PO were in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The combined PD and PE were 0.9986 and 0.832 respectively. All of the three loci in this study provide useful marker for forensic paternity test and individual identification.

Alleles↗
PubMed2004

[Study of polymorphism at new Y-STR DYS605 in a Chinese Han population of Shanxi].

We study the polymorphism at DYS605 ,a new tetranucleotide Y-STR locus,in a Chinese Han population of Shanxi to meet the need of more genetic markers in forensic practice and genetic analysis. DNA were extracted from 128 unrelated male venous blood, and amplified using GDB primers. PCR products were detected using non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. Five alleles named 22,21,20,19,18 were observed with frequency of 0.0156;0.1797;0.4531;0.2891;0.0625. PCR products were not found in female DNA. Using a long enough gel for a long electrophoresis time is strongly encouraged because the rung between allele 20 and allele19 is smaller than expected. Allele sequences show that the repetitive units of DYS605 were composed with the variant units and non-variant units.

Alleles↗
PubMed2004

[Genetic polymorphism of 3 STR loci on chromosome X and its forensic application in Chinese population].

To investigate the genetic polymorphisms of three short tandem repeats loci of chromosome X in Chinese Han population in Chengdu area and its use in forensic science. Three X-chromosome linked short tandem repeat loci were analyzed by PCR followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested and forensic interested value was calculated . The power of exclution of DXS6804, DXS9896 and GATA144D04 is 0.5990, 0.6220, 0.4280, respectively. The result showed that all the three STR loci were polymorphic among 100 unrelated females and 120 unrelated males from Chinese Han population. Chi(2) tests demonstrated that genotype frequencies in females did not depart from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Three X-chromosome linked short tandem repeat loci have high polymorphism, they can be applied to forensic medicine and population genetics.

Alleles↗
PubMed2004

[Genetic polymorphism of two STR loci D2S1399 and D5S2500 in Eastern Chinese Han population].

OBJECTIVE: To obtain the genetic polymorphism data of two STR loci D2S1399 and D5S2500 in Eastern Chinese Han population. METHODS: Blood samples or buccal swabs of unrelated Han individuals living in eastern China were analyzed using PCR-nature polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-sliver staining method. RESULTS: 11 alleles of D2S1399 and 9 alleles of D5S2500 were observed in the samples respectively, the observed heterozygosity (Ho) values, the discrimination power (DP) values and the power of exclusion (PE) values of D2S1399 and D5S2500 is 0.745 and 0.807, 0.958 and 0.917, 0.554 and 0.643, respectively. CONCLUSION: The result showed that D2S1399 and D5S2500 were highly informative loci and suitable for forensic application.

Alleles↗
PubMed2005

[Detecting haplotypes of four Y-STR by multiplex amplification].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a multiplexing Y-STR system and study haplotype frequencies of 4 Y-specific loci in China Han population. METHODS: DYS439, DYS390, GATA-A7.2 and DYS393 loci were amplified simultaneously and were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. RESULTS: When 558 unrelated male individuals from the Han population in China were tested by the multiplex system, DYS439, DYS390, GATA-A7.2 and DYS393 show 7,7,7,6 alleles, respectively. 180 different haplotypes were detected. The power of discrimination of this system was 0.9853. CONCLUSION: The multiplex amplified system of these 4 Y-specific loci and their database are useful for human origin exploration and forensic practice.

Alleles↗