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PubMed1995

Physiological sensations of initial smoking in the development of regular smoking behavior.

This study examined the relationships between adolescents' physiological sensations of smoking during initiation and early experience. For a national sample of a birth cohort of 2,043 adolescents, ages 15 to 22 years at the follow-up, variables of interest included measures of smoking behavior and physiological sensations reported from the initial smoking experience. Analysis showed that adolescents experimenting with smoking were more likely to become regular smokers over three years if they indicated that they felt relaxed, felt dizzy, did not feel sick, and did not cough during the initial smoking experience. Antismoking interventions may impede the transition to regular smoking by helping adolescents interpret the physiological sensations as negative and unhealthy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Phantom sensations in a patient with cervical nerve root avulsion.

This case study reports detailed phantom sensations in a 35-yr.-old man who had his C5 and C6 cervical nerve roots avulsed from the cord during a motorcycle accident at the age of 22 years. The subject, who was left with a paralyzed right deltoid muscle, anesthetic sensation along the upper lateral portion of the right arm, and absent right biceps reflex, became aware of phantom right arm and hand sensations a few months after the original injury. This finding--which has important implications for understanding the process involved in bodily perception as well as the development of these perceptions--provides evidence of a distributed neural representation of the body that has both genetic and experiential determinants. The implications of these findings are discussed with reference to recent concepts of phantom limb experiences and related phenomena.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Self-esteem, alcoholism, sensation seeking, GPA, and Differential Aptitude Test scores of high school students in an honor society.

29 high school students (10 boys, 19 girls), members of an honor society from a rural north central Kansas school district, were administered the MacAndrew Alcohol Scale, the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory--School Form, and the Sensation Seeking Scale (Form V). Their GPAs and the Differential Aptitude Test scores (verbal reasoning, numerical reasoning, verbal plus numerical reasoning) were collected from their school files. Although ranges were restricted, this group's scores fell within normal levels on these measures. Boys scored higher on the MacAndrew scale, verbal plus numerical reasoning, and sensation seeking than girls. The seniors and juniors scored higher on sensation seeking than the sophomores. Correlations among scores were of low magnitude and likely reflected social pressures on this small scholastically able group.

Achievement↗
PubMed1996

Locus of control, sensation seeking, and stress.

We explored the relations among locus of control, sensation seeking, and stress (N = 68 students). Corroborating evidence was found that subjects with an external locus of control are more vulnerable to stress. Subjects scoring higher on the thrill and adventure seeking-dimension of sensation seeking reported less severe physical and psychological complaints thought to be associated with stress. These results suggest that high sensation seeking is associated with protective mechanisms against life-stress. Some possible intervening mechanisms are further discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Sensation seeking in a French population of pathological gamblers: comparison with regular and nongamblers.

To test the hypothesis that pathological gamblers in the French general population who play games available in cafés score lower on sensation seeking than regular and nongamblers, the Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale was administered to 57 diagnosed pathological gamblers, 40 regular gamblers, and a control group of 97 nongamblers. Whereas pathological gamblers did not obtain a significantly lower Sensation Seeking mean than the regular and nongamblers groups, analysis indicated that those pathological gamblers seek different and multiple forms of games to reduce boredom, but they do not necessarily seek excitement-generating activities. One possible interpretation is that the types of games investigated in this study are "passive" forms of games that required low involvement from the gamblers.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Changes in cold-induced vasodilatation, pain and cold sensation in fingers caused by repeated finger cooling in a cool environment.

To examine how repeated cooling of fingers with a rest pause schedule at work affects cold-induced vasodilatation (CIVD), pain and cold sensation in fingers, six healthy men aged 21 to 23 years immersed their left index fingers six times in stirred water at 10 degrees C for 10 minutes. After each cold-water immersion of the fingers, 5-minute rest pause was taken to observe the recovery process of the indicators. This cold-water immersion/rest pause test was carried out in a range of three ambient temperature conditions: 30 degrees C (warm), 25 degrees C (thermoneutral), and 20 degrees C (cool) as experienced in daily life. At the ambient temperatures of 30 degrees C and 25 degrees C, marked CIVD response occurred and the CIVD reactivity did not significantly change upon repetition of cold-water immersion. The lowered finger skin temperature also tended to recover quickly to the pre-immersion level during each post-immersion rest period. At the ambient temperature of 20 degrees C, however, the CIVD response weakened continuously upon repetition of immersion and almost disappeared during the final immersion. The recovery of finger skin temperature during each post-immersion rest was gradually delayed upon repetition of immersion. At every ambient temperature, finger pain and cold sensation induced by each cold-water immersion significantly decreased upon repetition of immersion and completely disappeared during each post-immersion rest period. Oral temperature during the experiment showed no significant change at the ambient temperatures of 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C, but it decreased significantly at the ambient temperature of 20 degrees C. These results suggest that in a cool work environment where the body core temperature is liable to decrease, repeated finger cooling may weaken CIVD reactivity and delay the recovery of finger temperature during post-immersion rest periods. In such lower ambient temperature work conditions, subjective judgements such as the decrease in finger pain and cold sensation during repeated finger cooling and the absence of them during post-immersion rest may not be reliable indicators for monitoring the risk of progressive tissue cooling and frostbite formation.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Correlates of sensation seeking in alcoholics.

Alcoholics differentiated on the basis of their scores on the Sensation-Seeking Scale were found to differ markedly in their use of other psychoactive drugs, in the number and type of reinforcers given in the Reinforcer List, on some of their self-reported reasons for drinking, and in age. When subjects were classified on the basis of their MMPI profiles into subtypes, it was observed that there were differences in sensation seeking between different subtypes. The results suggest that sensation seeking may be a clinically important variable differentiating subgroups of alcoholics.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An "economic" theory of addiction, hypomania, and sensation seeking.

Research into the relationship between mania, sensation seeking, and substance abuse has shown that hypomanics and sensation seekers use substances frequently and often for the purpose of adjusting their moods. This essay develops an "economic" theory of addiction that attempts to account for those phenomena. The theory also supports the notion that sensation-seeking behavior and variants of manic behavior share many of the characteristics of the addictive behaviors. Implications for the treatment of addictive behaviors are discussed. Data from drug users in the military (Navy) are presented to support the theory, and suggestions for future research are outlined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Neural response telemetry and auditory/nonauditory sensations in 15 recipients of auditory brainstem implants.

Auditory brainstem implants (ABIs) provide a means of restoring some hearing sensations to individuals with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) who are deaf after vestibular schwannoma removal. In this study, neural response telemetry (NRT) was used to record electrically evoked neuronal activity near the ABI electrode array in 15 such subjects. Our interest was to investigate whether NRT recordings from the brainstem might be useful in implanting or programming ABIs. We therefore sought relationships between postoperative NRT recordings and the sensations reported by the subjects in response to the test stimuli. However, no clear relationships among these variables were found, and it was not possible to differentiate recordings associated with auditory versus nonauditory sensations. The findings suggest that the categorization of NRT recordings used in this study is inappropriate for assisting with placement of an ABI electrode array intra-operatively or for programming the sound processor postoperatively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Warm-up stretches reduce sensations of stiffness and soreness after eccentric exercise.

PURPOSE: A commonly used method for warm-up before exercise is to stretch muscles. How this benefits performance remains uncertain. After a period of eccentric exercise, there is muscle damage accompanied by an increase in passive tension, perceived as a sensation of increased stiffness in the exercised muscles. We have tested the idea that warm-up stretches might reduce levels of passive tension to reduce sensations of stiffness and soreness after eccentric exercise. METHODS: Subjects eccentrically exercised elbow flexors of one arm on an isokinetic dynamometer. The other arm acted as a control. After the exercise, measurements were made of resting elbow angle, as an indication of passive tension levels, before and after one or five large, passive arm extensions. Additional measurements made at 24 h included soreness levels in response to muscle stretch or vibration. RESULTS: After the exercise, the relaxed elbow adopted a more flexed posture than normal, an effect that slowly subsided over the next 4 d. Five rapid arm extensions returned arm posture back to near control levels. The flexed posture then gradually re-developed over the next hour. At 24 h postexercise, extending the arm produced some soreness as did muscle vibration. The pain from arm extension and vibration was reduced after a series of arm extensions. CONCLUSIONS: The flexed posture at the elbow is due to an increase in passive tension in elbow flexors as a result of muscle damage from the eccentric exercise. Stretch reduces passive tension. Benefits from the lower tension are reduced sensations of stiffness and soreness. This represents a new proposal for the mechanism for passive stretches as a warm-up strategy.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Gender-dependent differences in sensation seeking and social interaction are correlated with saliva testosterone titre in adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that gender - dependent differences in novelty seeking, leadership, and sympathy might correlate with testosterone titre. Since several studies report that the impact of testosterone on personality traits is more visible under emotional challenging situations, we harvested saliva testosterone upon an anticipated stressor (academic examination) and under basal conditions. SETTING AND DESIGN: 19 female and 23 male adolescents (17 to 19 years of age) completed standardized questionnaires on sensation seeking, anxiety, and social interaction. Two weeks later, they had to write an anticipated, rigorous examination in mathematics in their school. Before and after the examination, saliva had been harvested from each subject and testosterone titre has been estimated. METHODS: Saliva testosterone was quantified using a luminescence immunoassay (LIA). Each subject completed questionnaires on sensations seeking according to Zuckerman (SSS - V), anxiety (STAI), and social interactions. RESULTS: Both genders showed an increase in their testosterone titre shortly after examination or announcement of test scores. A Spearman correlation coefficient indicated a significant correlation between testosterone titre and sensation seeking subscales in female but not in male subjects. Analysis of social interactions revealed that peers regarded male subjects, who had high testosterone titres, as leaders but not as likeable individuals, whereas they regarded female subjects, who had high testosterone titres, not as leaders but as highly likeable individuals. CONCLUSION: Theses findings strongly suggest that testosterone has gender specific effects on novelty seeking, dominance, and sympathy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Tests to detect GI motility disorders and GI sensation in irritable bowel syndrome].

To evaluate the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome, we have to know how to examine gut motility and visceral sensation. Examination for gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders and abnormality of viscerosensory sensation originated from GI tract to the brain should be performed to evaluate pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. GI dysmotility is detected by intraluminal pressure recording, and abnormality of GI sensation could be detected by barostat method. Recent advance is showing that functional MRI imaging may have a big impact on clarification of the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome.

Gastrointestinal Motility↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experimental studies on nasal sensation of airflow.

Objective and subjective measurements of nasal airflow were made before and after inhalation of vanilla and a commercial mixture of aromatics used to treat nasal stuffiness. These substances had no effect on nasal resistance to airflow but caused significant changes in the subjective sensation of nasal airflow. The use of a visual numerical scale for the assessment of nasal sensation of airflow is discussed in terms of its significance as regards quantifying changes in nasal sensation of airflow before and after nasal surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Sensation-seeking and traumatic spinal cord injury: case-control study.

A retrospective case-control study was carried out to determine whether sensation-seeking preferences were associated with spinal cord injury (SCI). One hundred forty male SCI patients were individually matched by age, race, gender, educational attainment at the time of SCI, and current zip code with 140 current Louisiana driver's license holders. Participants were interviewed by telephone. Sensation-seeking was assessed by the Disinhibition (Dis) and Boredom Susceptibility (BS) subscales of Zuckerman's Sensation-Seeking Scale (SSS, Form V). Although an earlier study found no difference on the SSS between a group of SCI patients and published norms, modest but statistically significant differences were found between SCI subjects and control subjects with respect to both subscales and the combined SSS score. The mean difference on the latter was 1.6 units on a scale of 0-20 (t = 4.11, p = .0001). Compared to patients scoring below the tenth percentile on the SSS, those scoring above the 90th percentile were significantly younger at the time of SCI, more likely to report an arrest before their SCI, and more likely to be using drugs or alcohol at the time of SCI.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Nociceptor discharges and sensations due to prolonged noxious mechanical stimulation--a paradox.

Forceps were used to induce controlled squeeze stimuli to small skin folds of the dorsal surface of the hand of human volunteers. Psychophysical and microneurographic experiments were performed to characterize sensations and afferent input induced by stimuli exerting a constant force during a period of 120 s. The psychophysical data showed that forces greater than 4 N exerted on forceps faces of 30 mm2 elicited pain, which had two main characteristics: (a) stronger stimuli evoked a stronger pain response, (b) pain had a tendency to increase throughout the 120-s stimulus duration. In contrast, discharges of polymodal C-fibre nociceptors showed an initial high frequency dynamic discharge followed by adaptation. It was found that the ratio of C-fibre activity to activity in myelinated SA-fibres provided a better correlate of the time course of the stimulus-induced pain sensations than C-fibre activity alone. Possible reasons for the mismatch between nociceptor input and pain sensations are discussed.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of pain and heat sensation of contrast media in aortofemoral angiography: meglumine-amidotrizoate (Angiografin) mixed with lidocaine versus sodium-meglumine-ioxaglate (Hexabrix).

A total of 116 translumbar aortofemoral angiograms were performed in 92 patients. At random, 58 contrast injections were done with Hexabrix and 58 with Angiografin mixed with lidocaine. Pain and heat sensation was evaluated by a verbal rating system. Most patients in both groups had no or mild pain sensation. There was, however, a slight but statistically significant difference (p less than 0.05) in favor of Hexabrix. No difference was found in heat sensation in either of the groups.

Aortography↗
PubMed1980

Pressure sensation in Meniere's disease.

This article reports a case of Meniere's disease accompanied by a persistent feeling of pressure in the ear. The patient had undergone a series of surgical procedures to alleviate his symptoms. The pressure sensation was relieved only by translabyrinthine cochlear nerve section. The relationships of the result of translabyrinthine cochlear nerve section with the mechanism and pathway of the pressure sensation are discussed. Cochlear nerve section is recommended at the same time as vestibular nerve section for patients with unilateral Meniere's disease with severe pressure sensation in the ear.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Violence, sensation seeking, and impulsivity in schizophrenics found unfit to stand trial.

Many studies have confirmed an association between violent behavior, impulsivity, and sensation seeking in nonpsychotic subjects. Schizophrenic patients (n = 49) who had been found unfit to stand trial were investigated for violence, according to index offenses and longitudinal histories (before and after admission) for violence. Those charged with violent offenses were significantly more often married with children, and were equally likely to direct their assaultiveness to strangers, acquaintances, and family members. The nature of the index offense seemed to be a good indicator of general violent propensity. No significant differences were found on Barratt's Impulsivity Scale and Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale, except that schizophrenic patients with negative histories of violence scored higher on the thrill and adventure subscale. No pattern of substance abuse differentiated the groups. Patients charged with violent offenses more often presented with persecutory delusions, but this did not extend to those whose histories were positive for repetitive violence. Although impulsivity and sensation seeking do not seem to cause violent behavior in this group, psychopathology can also only be regarded as a necessary but not sufficient determinant.

Adolescent↗