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PubMed1995

[Characteristics of the effect of microinjections of scopolamine into the rat neostriatum on the realization of a conditioned food reflex with different degrees of reinforcement].

In chronic experiments in 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats on the model of food instrumental reflex (Skinner box) it was shown that the effect of Neostriatal scopolamine microinjections (0.3 mkg) depended on the stage of reflex consolidation. Before the complete reflex consolidation the bilateral microinjections of scopolamine into Nucleus Caudatus produce prolonged inhibition of instrumental reflex. Bilateral Neostriatal microinjections of scopolamine in the same doze had no effect in the case of full consolidation of instrumental reflex. Our results suggest that the cholinergic Neostriatal system is crucially involved in the forming of motor engram of instrumental reaction. In the same time the cholinergic neostriatal system either is not involved in the execution of full consolidate instrumental reactions, or another different forebrain structures patricipate in their realization compensating disturbances of striatal cholinergic function.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The use of scopolamine in the treatment of detrusor instability.

PURPOSE: A prospective randomized double-blind study was done to evaluate the efficiency of transdermal scopolamine in the treatment of detrusor instability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 20 female patients with detrusor instability was assigned randomly into 2 groups of 10 each. The study group received 4 transdermal scopolamine dermal patches postauricularly, while in the control group placebo patches were applied. Both groups were similar regarding patient age, parity, duration of symptoms and previous anti-incontinence surgery. RESULTS: The patients were reassessed after 14 days. Improvement in complaints of diurnal frequency (p < 0.05), nocturia (p < 0.005), urgency (p < 0.05) and urge incontinence (p < 0.05) was noted in the study group and not in the control group. A significantly (p < 0.05) less pressure increase on filling and a decreased volume at which pressure exceeded 15 cm. water (p < 0.05) were noted on cystometry in the study group only. No significant side effects were reported and no patient discontinued treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Transdermal scopolamine was effective and safe in the treatment of female patients with detrusor instability.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1997

Effects of NIK-247 on cholinesterase and scopolamine-induced amnesia.

The effects of NIK-247 on cholinesterase, scopolamine-induced amnesia and spontaneous movement were examined and compared with those of the well-known cholinesterase inhibitors tacrine and E-2020. NIK-247, tacrine and E-2020 all strongly inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in human red blood cells (IC50s = 1.0 x 10(-6), 2.9 x 10(-7) and 3.7 x 10(-8) M, respectively). In addition, NIK-247 and tacrine, but not E-2020, strongly inhibited butyrylcholinestrase (BuChE) in human serum. All three drugs produced mixed inhibition of AChE activity. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of NIK-247 on AChE was reversible. All compounds at 0.1-1 mg/kg p.o. significantly improved the amnesia induced by scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg s.c.) in rats performing a passive avoidance task. The three compounds at 1 and 3 mg/kg p.o. did not significantly decrease spontaneous movement by rats. These findings suggest that NIK-247 at a low dose (0.1-1 mg/kg p.o.) improves scopolamine-induced amnesia but does not affect spontaneous movement. The findings suggest that NIK-247 may be a useful drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1998

Ipidacrine (NIK-247), a novel antidementia, rapidly enters the brain and improves scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats during the Morris water maze task.

The effects of single and repeated administrations of ipidacrine (NIK-247, 9-amino-2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8-hexahydro-1H-cyclopenta [b] quinoline monohydrochloride monohydrate) on scopolamine-induced spatial learning deficit were investigated in rats using the Morris water maze task. A single oral administration of ipidacrine (0.3 and 1 mg/kg) reduced the increased total latency induced by scopolamine in this task. The repeated administration of ipidacrine (1 mg/kg) of once a day for 5 successive days reduced the increased total latency induced by scopolamine to the levels of the saline-treated control rats in this task. In this pharmaco-kinetic study, ipidacrine was rapidly taken up into the brain within 5 min. Moreover, higher drug levels were observed mainly in the cortex and hippocampus, which both play important roles in learning and memory. Thus, a previous study together with this investigation indicate that ipidacrine improves amnesia which consists of the impairment of the working and reference memory in various animal models, suggesting that ipidacrine is a useful candidate for the therapy of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Aminoquinolines↗
PubMed1976

[Influence of strophanthin and 2,4-dinitrophenol to the scopolamine-evoked acetylcholine release in rat cortex].

In rats narcotized by urethan we investigated the effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol and ouabain with regard to the cortical release of acetylcholine stimulated by scopolamine and to the acetylcholine content of telencephalon changed in that way. Dinitrophenol increased the liberating effect of scopolamine. In the presence of dinitrophenol and scopolamine ouabain reduced acetylcholine synthesis resulting in an strong decrease of acetylcholine content on persistent diminished increase of acetylcholine release.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1976

Effects of undrugged partners on scopolamine-induced changes in activity and sociability.

One group of 6 rats was injected with saline, one with 1.0 mg/Kg scopolamine (D/D) and two others had half the members in each injected with saline and half with scopolamine (S/D). Each was tested in a 36 X 36 in. open field for 10 min. The frequency of ambulation, rearing, social contacts, and the shortest and perimeter distances between rats were found. The presence of the partners in the S/D groups eliminated most of the scopolamine-induced changes found in the D/D group, showing that the nature of the social environment affects drug-induced changes in activity and sociability.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Blood-brain barrier and electromagnetic fields: effects of scopolamine methylbromide on working memory after whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz microwaves in rats.

We first verified that our 12-arm radial maze test enabled demonstration of memory deficits in rats treated with the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine hydrobromide (0.5mg/kg, i.p.). We then investigated whether a systemically-injected quaternary-ammonium derivate of this antagonist (scopolamine methylbromide; MBR), which poorly crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB), altered maze performance after a 45-min exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic field (EMF; 2 micros pulse width, 500 pps, whole-body specific energy absorption rate [SAR] of 2.0 W/kg, +/-2dB and brain averaged SAR of 3.0 W/kg, +/-3 dB); if observed, such an alteration would reflect changes in BBB permeability. The drug was injected before or after exposure. Controls were naive rats (no experience of the exposure device) and sham-exposed rats (experience of the exposure device without microwaves). In a final approach, rats were subjected to i.v. injections of Evans blue, a dye binding serum albumin, before or after EMF exposure. Whether scopolamine MBR was injected before or after exposure, the exposed rats did not perform differently from their naive or sham-exposed counterparts. Thus, EMFs most probably failed to disrupt the BBB. This conclusion was further supported by the absence of Evans blue extravasation into the brain parenchyma of our exposed rats.

Albumins↗
PubMed2002

Safety and efficacy of glucagon as a premedication for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy--a comparative study with butyl scopolamine bromide.

BACKGROUND: Glucagon inhibits digestive motility and is used for endoscopic premedication; however, its effect on cardiopulmonary function during endoscopy has not yet been fully investigated. AIM: To clarify the efficacy and safety of glucagon compared with butyl scopolamine bromide as upper gastrointestinal endoscopy premedication. METHODS: Two hundred and forty consecutive patients over 40 years of age, referred for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, without any complications, were studied. These patients were randomly premedicated with butyl scopolamine bromide (SC group) or glucagon (G group). Time course changes in blood pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate and the number of retching episodes during endoscopy were examined. The efficacy of glucose tablets after upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to prevent hypoglycaemia caused by glucagon was evaluated. Cardiopulmonary parameters were also examined in 77 complicated patients with glucagon premedication (GC group). RESULTS: A continuous increase in heart rate during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was observed in the SC group, but not in the G and GC groups. Blood pressure, arterial oxygen saturation and number of retching episodes were not different between the groups. Hypoglycaemia-related symptoms were frequent in the G group without glucose tablets, but were prevented by the administration of glucose. CONCLUSIONS: Glucagon has a weaker effect on cardiopulmonary function during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy than butyl scopolamine bromide. Glucose administration prevents hypoglycaemia-related symptoms caused by glucagon.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Spasmolysis at CT colonography: butyl scopolamine versus glucagon.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively determine if the use of butyl scopolamine or glucagon in the supine patient improves colonic distention and reduces the number of collapsed intestinal segments at computed tomographic (CT) colonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study had institutional review board approval; subject informed consent was not required. CT colonography was performed without the administration of an intravenous spasmolytic in 80 asymptomatic subjects (group 1; 45 women, 35 men; age range, 48-77 years; mean, 61.9 years). These subjects were matched with two groups of 80 subjects who were similar in age but were premedicated with glucagon (group 2; 41 women, 39 men; age range, 43-76 years; mean, 63.1 years) or butyl scopolamine (group 3; 43 women, 37 men; age range, 34-77 years; mean, 63.4 years). All 240 subjects were examined in the supine position with multisection CT and a section thickness of 1 mm after intravenous contrast agent administration and rectal carbon dioxide insufflation. The colon was divided into seven segments, and the colon length, total volume, radial distensibility, and number of non-distended segments were calculated for each subject and compared among the three groups. Statistical analysis was performed with analysis of variance and chi2 testing. RESULTS: Mean bowel length was not significantly different among the groups. Mean colon volumes and radial distensibilities, respectively, were 1.84 L and 3.69 cm in group 1, 2.14 L and 3.98 cm in group 2, and 2.35 L and 4.23 cm in group 3; differences in colon volume and radial distensibility were significant only between group 1 and group 3 (P < .001). At CT colonography, 29 segments in 20 group 1 subjects were collapsed, 23 segments in 12 group 2 subjects were collapsed, and 11 segments in six group 3 subjects were collapsed (P = .016). CONCLUSION: Premedication with butyl scopolamine or, less effectively, glucagon improves colonic distention in the supine subject.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

[The effects of ZMS on learning and memory ability and brain choline acetyltransferase in scopolamine-induced mouse model].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of ZMS on learning and memory ability and on brain choline acetyltransferase activity. METHODS: A single intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine was used to establish a dementia mouse model. The learning and memory ability was detected by step-through and sted-down tests. And the choline acetyltransferase activity in brain was determined by 3H-acetyl-CoA incorporation analysis. RESULTS: ZMS could significantly reduce wrongness frequences, prolong incubation period of scopolamine-induced dementia mice in step-through and step-down tests (P < 0.01). ZMS could also significantly improve the activity of brain choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: ZMS could improve the learning and memory ability and the activity of brain ChAT in scopolamine-induced dementia mice. However, ZMS had no significant dose-response effect on improving the activity of brain ChAT, and the effect of Tacrine was similar to that of ZMS, it seemed unlikely that ZMS had a direct action on the ChAT. More probably, ZMS exerted its effect on ChAT activity and on learning and memory ability via elevating brain M receptor density.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Scopolamine butylbromide (0.2 mg.kg-1) prevents succinylcholine-induced bradycardia in infants and children].

We evaluated the effectiveness of scopolamine butylbromide in preventing succinylcholine-induced bradycardia in infants and children. Forty-two infants and children were randomly assigned into two groups. In group I, 0.2 mg.kg-1 and in group II, 0.4 mg.kg-1 of scopolamine butylbromide in mixture with succinylcholine (2 mg.kg-1) was administered after halothane induction. HR decreased significantly after halothane induction. Following the injection of the mixture, HR increased above the preinduction value within 20 seconds without any decrease in HR. HR changes were identical in the two groups. In conclusion, scopolamine butylbromide (0.2 mg.kg-1) was effective in preventing succinylcholine-induced bradycardia in infants and children.

Bradycardia↗
PubMed1989

Neuroleptic-induced emotional defecation: effects of scopolamine and haloperidol.

Most investigators have found a decrease in emotional defecation in rats given neuroleptics in novel environments, supporting their action as a major tranquilizer. We have found, however, that in rats a profound increase in emotional defecation can result from neuroleptic administration in well habituated environments, such as the homecage. Anticholinergics are known to be effective in treating the side effects associated with neuroleptic administration in humans. Therefore the present study determined the effects of anticholinergic treatment in this animal model. In male rats, defecation was measured for a 1-h test period in their homecage following various doses of the central and peripheral anticholinergics, scopolamine, and n-methylscopolamine, respectively. A decrease in fecal excretions and an attenuation of haloperidol-induced defecation was found following administration of scopolamine. n-Methylscopolamine reduced defecation at all doses. When n-methylscopolamine was combined with haloperidol, both fecal mass and number decreased significantly. Since both anticholinergic agents reduced haloperidol-induced defecation it is suggested that their effectiveness is mediated through peripheral mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Effect of scopolamine on maze learning performance in humans.

Scopolamine was administered orally to volunteers who were required to learn a digit memory task and a tactile maze task. Comparison of their performance with that under control drugs suggests that blockage of central cholinergic synapses may have a larger effect on spatial memory than on nonspatial memory. Subjects tended to make more errors under scopolamine and to insert extra turns in drawings of the maze.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Scopolamine but not haloperidol disrupts training-induced neuronal activity in cingulate cortex and limbic thalamus during learning in rabbits.

Rabbits previously trained to asymptotic performance of discriminative active avoidance behavior (n = 8) received systemic injections of scopolamine hydrobromide (SH: 1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 mg/kg) and scopolamine methylbromide (SM: 4.0 mg/kg). Each rabbit received all of the doses in a counterbalanced order. Single injections were administered 30 min before daily training sessions in which the multi-unit activity in the cingulate cortex and anterior thalamus was recorded. A single session in which saline was administered prior to testing preceded each of the drug sessions, and two days without training followed each drug session to allow dissipation of the drug effects. Additional groups received injections of haloperidol (HA: 0.025, 0.10, or 0.40 mg/kg; n = 7), or both SH/SM and HA (n = 5). The rabbits had been trained to step in an activity wheel in response to a tone CS + to avoid a footshock unconditional stimulus (US), and to ignore a different tone not followed by the US. SH and HA, but not SM, reduced significantly the frequency of conditioned avoidance responses (CRs). All doses of SH significantly attenuated cingulate cortical and AV thalamic training-induced neuronal discharges. HA injections also impaired CR performance but had no effect on the neuronal activity. These results suggest that the loss of the neuronal responses is contributory to the SH-induced CR loss. Absence of an effect of HA on neuronal activity indicates that the HA-induced CR impairment is due to disruption of other neural systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Scopolamine self-administration: cholinergic involvement in reward mechanisms.

Naive rats readily learned to self-administer scopolamine, a centrally active anticholinergic antimuscarinic agent, by the intravenous route; drug intake remained constant while response rates decreased with increasing unit dose ((0.005-0.02 mg/kg/infusion). Increases and decreases in scopolamine responding were elicited by pretreatment with muscarinic agonists and antagonists, respectively. An anticholinergic action at muscarinic synapses appears to be sufficient for reinforcing efficacy; such an action may mediate, in part, the addictive properties of other drugs (e.g., opiates and phencyclidine-like hallucinogens) that are known to have anticholinergic effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Scopolamine disrupts leverpress shock escape learning in rats.

Five groups of rats were tested on a discrete-trial leverpress shock escape task 30 min following an intraperitoneal injection of either 0 (saline), 0.2, 1.0, or 5.0 mg/kg scopolamine hydrobromide, or 5.0 mg/kg methylscopolamine hydrobromide. The results indicated that scopolamine, but not methylscopolamine, disrupted escape performance and this disruption was dose-related. These findings are consistent with both disinhibition and reduced freezing explanations of anticholinergic effects and support the view that reduced acetylcholine is involved in the behavioral effects of septal lesions.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Scopolamine disruption of septo-hippocampal activity and classical conditioning.

Sixteen New Zealand White rabbits were implanted with multiple-unit recording electrodes in the hippocampus and lateral septum. Animals received either scopolamine hydrobromide (HBr) or scopolamine methylbromide (MBr, 1.5 mg/kg sc) prior to nictitating membrane conditioning. Slow wave analysis indicated that HBr reduced 5- to 8-Hz and increased 9- to 12-Hz hippocampal activity and increased 1- to 4-Hz activity in both hippocampus and lateral septum. Integrated unit activity from the HBr group showed suppression of responses in septum and hippocampus during learning, whereas the MBr group developed conditioned responses in both structures. Behavioral findings indicated that HBr took longer to reach criterion (M = 329.5 +/- 45.3) than MBr (M = 120.2 +/- 16.0). This experiment showed that centrally active anticholinergic drugs alter the patterns of neuronal activity in the septo-hippocampal region that predict and accompany normal learning. Such drugs delay behavioral acquisition as well, a result suggesting a modulatory role for this brain system in the acquisition phase of classical conditioning.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Scopolamine-induced deficits in a two-trial object recognition task in mice.

The purpose of the present study was to design an object recognition task in mice and characterize the effects of scopolamine in this paradigm. This task consisted of exposing mice for 6 or 10 min to an object in an open field (trial 1) and, after a delay (1-24 h), testing mice for 10 min with the object and a novel object (trial 2). Mice explored the novel object more than the familiar object as the inter-trial delay decreased and/or the duration of trial 1 increased. Administration of scopolamine (0.3, 1 and 3 mg kg-1, s.c.) before trial 1 reduced recognition performance on trial 2 after a 3 h inter-trial delay and induced other behavioural effects, including an increase in locomotor activity on trial 1. Methylscopolamine (1 mg kg-1) had no effect on recognition performance. The present results show that this task is a useful model to test recognition memory in mice and that blocking the central cholinergic system impairs this form of memory.

Analysis of Variance↗