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PubMed1978

[Unwed mothers].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Spatial distribution of tropospheric ozone in western Washington, USA.

We quantified the distribution of tropospheric ozone in topographically complex western Washington state, USA (total area approximately 6000 km(2)), using passive ozone samplers along nine river drainages to measure ozone exposure from near sea level to high-elevation mountain sites. Weekly average ozone concentrations were higher with increasing distance from the urban core and at higher elevations, increasing a mean of 1.3 ppbv per 100 m elevation gain for all mountain transects. Weekly average ozone concentrations were generally highest in Cascade Mountains drainages east and southeast of Seattle (maximum=55-67 pbv) and in the Columbia River Gorge east of Portland (maximum=59 ppbv), and lowest in the western Olympic Peninsula (maximum=34 ppbv). Higher ozone concentrations in the Cascade Mountains and Columbia River locations downwind of large cities indicate that significant quantities of ozone and ozone precursors are being transported eastward toward rural wildland areas by prevailing westerly winds. In addition, temporal (week to week) variation in ozone distribution is synchronous within and between all drainages sampled, which indicates that there is regional coherence in air pollution detectable with weekly averages. These data provide insight on large-scale spatial variation of ozone distribution in western Washington, and will help regulatory agencies optimize future monitoring networks and identify locations where human health and natural resources could be at risk.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Microsatellite data support subpopulation structuring among Basques.

Genomic diversity based on 13 short tandem repeat (STR) loci (D3S1358, vWA, FGA, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, TH01, TPOX, and CSF1PO) is reported for the first time in Basques from the provinces of Guipúzcoa and Navarre (Spain). STR data from previous studies on Basques from Alava and Vizcaya provinces were also examined using hierarchal analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and genetic admixture estimations to ascertain whether the Basques are genetically heterogeneous. To assess the genetic position of Basques in a broader geographic context, we conducted phylogenetic analyses based on F(ST) genetic distances [neighbor-joining trees and multidimensional scaling (MDS)] using data compiled in previous publications. The genetic profile of the Basque groups revealed distinctive regional partitioning of short tandem repeat (STR) diversity. Consistent with the above, native Basques clearly segregated from other populations from Europe (including Spain), North Africa, and the Middle East. The main line of genetic discontinuity inferred from the spatial variability of the microsatellite diversity in Basques significantly overlapped the geographic distribution of the Basque language. The genetic heterogeneity among native Basque groups correlates with the peculiar geography of peopling and marital structure in rural Basque zones and with language boundaries resulting from the uneven impact of Romance languages in the different Basque territories.

DNA↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Contribution to studies on the modern health care system in the Republic of Congo: geographical approach].

We carried out a geographic analysis of the modern health care system in the rural areas of Kouilou and Niari (Republic of Congo). Spatial differences in physical (e.g. vegetation, relief) and human (social and demographic profiles) factors must be characterized because they have an effect on the organization and spatial distribution of the health care system. The location of health care structures depended on the structure of the local environment. The health care system seemed primarily to be a component of the economic development determining population distribution in the forest area. In the savannah, it was part of the local administrative framework, the key factor determining the structure of the local space. Health care services were most used in areas with average to large population densities, in which there were the largest number of health care structures. Areas with "marginal" population densities and health care center distributions had the lowest rates of health care use. Health care zones can be defined by considering geographical characteristics and the characteristics of the health care system. This makes health planning (e.g. opening of health centers, improvement of health centers) much easier to undertake.

Congo↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Some economic implications of population dispersion in Canada.

In New Brunswick, as in the rest of Atlantic Canada, the quality of life is highly prized, and for many inhabitants this means a rural life style. New Brunswick (with the exception of Prince Edward Island) is the most rural of the Canadian provinces. In addition, over time it is becoming more rural. This paper examines some of the economic implications arising from the rural life style. The provincial government also has expressed concern over rural dispersion in New Brunswick, hence this paper is predominantly policy-oriented. It argues that social costs are considerable, and advocates increased emphasis on user-pay pricing. The intention is not to prohibit rural non-farm residence, but merely to charge rural dwellers a portion of the social costs they impose. The political feasibility of such a policy is open to question, but the alternatives may be increased tax rates or a reduced level of service, and these may be even more politically unpopular.

Americas↗
PubMed1985

[Multiregional approaches in demography].

"Regional populations and their migrations are analysed as a system of populations. Such a system can be studied by multiregional models constructed on the basis of the multiregional approach. The results thus achieved may substantially differ from those received by the conventional approach. The theoretical formulations are illustrated by empirical studies of the rural and urban population of Bulgaria in 1960-1982." (summary in ENG, RUS)

Bulgaria↗
PubMed1989

A study of standards for the differentiation of the urban population in China.

In China, the recent reclassification of the country into urban areas has led to an increase of urban population that is to a large extent purely administrative. To set a standard for differentiating the population into urban and rural, it is necessary to formulate a scientific standard. The author considers the problems and contradictions created by the differentiation of population according to cities and towns which are administratively established. Newly established cities and towns are comparatively large in number and their sizes are much expanded because a certain amount of agricultural population is included in the urban population. A survey of 347 cities revealed that on the average, the agricultural population accounted for 47% of the total. It is important to set the principles for standards of differentiation of the urban population with a view to the origin of the city. All the economic, social, and administrative principles have limitations, and no one set of principles can be used by itself to decide whether or not an area is urban. The standards should be based on actual conditions within China itself.

Asia↗
PubMed1996

Ethnographic results of a community STD study in the Eastern Highlands Province.

This paper reports on women's understanding of diseases believed to be sexually transmitted in the Asaro Valley of the Eastern Highlands Province. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) seemed to be a new category of disease as there were no local language terms for them. Women did not associate STDs with infertility. Although some symptoms were recognized and known to be sexually transmitted, STDs sometimes went untreated for years. STDs were thought of as milder than AIDS because they could be treated. Those informants who had good knowledge of AIDS claimed to have known an AIDS patient. It was interesting that those who knew an AIDS patient reported a change in sexual behaviour among people who saw the deteriorating state of their relative who was dying of AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1998

The contribution of a geographic approach to studies of the modern health care system of the republic of congo

We carried out a geographic analysis of the modern health care system in the rural areas of Kouilou and Niari (Republic of Congo). Spatial differences in physical (e.g. vegetation, relief) and human (social and demographic profiles) factors must be characterized because they have an effect on the organization and spatial distribution of the health care system. The location of health care structures depended on the structure of the local environment. The health care system seemed primarily to be a component of the economic development determining population distribution in the forest area. In the savannah, it was part of the local administrative framework, the key factor determining the structure of the local space. Health care services were most used in areas with average to large population densities, in which there were the largest number of health care structures. Areas with "marginal" population densities and health care center distributions had the lowest rates of health care use. Health care zones can be defined by considering geographical characteristics and the characteristics of the health care system. This makes health planning (e.g. opening of health centers, improvement of health centers) much easier to undertake.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

C3-C12 non-methane hydrocarbons in subtropical Hong Kong: spatial-temporal variations, source-receptor relationships and photochemical reactivity.

Annual data on C3-C12 non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) from different areas in Hong Kong are analyzed to examine the spatial distribution, seasonal variation, source-receptor relationships, and photochemical reactivity of NMHCs in subtropical Hong Kong. As expected, the highest levels of NMHCs were found at roadsides, and the lowest levels were observed at a rural site. For seasonal variations, the rural site showed the lowest NMHCs levels in summer, but the roadside site gave a different picture, with the highest NMHCs levels in summer. This was believed to be due to the strong evaporation of alkanes in the hot season. With the exception of isoprene, NMHCs levels in Hong Kong were generally low compared to those of other overseas cities. Principal component analysis suggested that while the isoprene at the rural site mainly came from biogenic emissions, vehicular emissions were the major source in the urban areas, especially at roadsides. Ratios of hydrocarbons with different reactivities were also analyzed to evaluate the ages of air masses and emission ratios. A high toluene-to-benzene ratio at roadsides was due to the widespread use of aromatic-rich unleaded fuels in Hong Kong. The ratios of total NMHCs to nitrogen oxides were found to be 2 to 10 (ppbC/ppbv) indicating that the formation of photochemical ozone (O3) in Hong Kong is controlled by the levels of NMHCs. The reactivity of hydroxyl radicals (OH) and O3 formation potential of NMHCs were evaluated using the propene-equivalent concentration and maximum incremental reactivity. Isoprene was found to have the highest OH-reactivity and O3 formation potential at the rural site, while toluene was the most important contributor to the two parameters at the roadside site. These results are valuable for the understanding of O3 pollution in Hong Kong and the formulation of an effective strategy to manage O3.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2004

Determinants of the geographical distribution of endemic giardiasis in Ontario, Canada: a spatial modelling approach.

Giardiasis surveillance data as well as drinking water, socioeconomic and land-use data were used in spatial regression models to investigate determinants of the geographic distribution of endemic giardiasis in southern Ontario. Higher giardiasis rates were observed in areas using surface water [rate ratio (RR) 2.36, 95 % CI 1.38-4.05] and in rural areas (RR 1.79, 95 % CI 1.32-2.37). Lower rates were observed in areas using filtered water (RR 0.55, 95 % CI 0.42-0.94) and in those with high median income (RR 0.62, 95 % CI 0.42-0.92). Chlorination of drinking water, cattle density and intensity of manure application on farmland were not significant determinants. The study shows that waterborne transmission plays an important role in giardiasis distribution in southern Ontario and that well-collected routine surveillance data could be useful for investigation of disease determinants and identification of high-risk communities. This information is useful in guiding decisions on control strategies.

Animals↗